CN107078520B - 用于管理电池的运行范围的方法 - Google Patents

用于管理电池的运行范围的方法 Download PDF

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CN107078520B
CN107078520B CN201580051013.4A CN201580051013A CN107078520B CN 107078520 B CN107078520 B CN 107078520B CN 201580051013 A CN201580051013 A CN 201580051013A CN 107078520 B CN107078520 B CN 107078520B
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CN107078520A (zh
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A·圣-马尔库
B·德洛贝尔
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Renault SAS
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    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于管理电池的授权运行范围的方法，所述授权运行范围限制在所述电池的充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)与最大水平(BSOCmax)之间，所述方法包括估计所述电池的功率健康状态(SOHP)的步骤，所述功率健康状态表征所述电池跨整个所述运行范围提供最小需要功率水平的容量，所述方法的特征在于，其还包括根据所述估计的功率健康状态(SOHP)确定所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)的步骤，当所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最小水平升高。

Description

用于管理电池的运行范围的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于管理蓄电池的运行范围的方法。
背景技术
可以想到的一种应用领域具体但不排他地为对电动、混合动力或可再充电混合动力车辆中所使用的锂离子电池的管理。这种类型的电池包括多个蓄电器或单元，这些蓄电器或单元包括被设计成用于供应额定电压的可再充电的电化学系统。
就充电和放电两者而言，电池的运行范围与电池的充电状态容许范围相对应。这个运行范围的特征一方面在于最大充电状态，对应于不容许电池升高至其以上的充电状态；并且其特征另一方面在于最小充电状态，不容许电池下降至所述最小充电状态以下。
最大容许充电状态由充电终止电压或截止电压限定，例如可以跨电池的端子对其进行测量。此电压实际上代表形成电池的单元的充电极限。换言之，它是为了判断充电实际上已经结束而在充电结束时跨每个单元的端子的最大电压必须达到的值。高充电终止电压提高电池寿命开始时可用的能量但相反造成电池更快老化。因而，为了管理充电终止电压，有必要在电池短期提供的能量水平与电池的持久性之间找到折中。
将可见的是，管理电池的最小充电状态的问题也同样关键。实际上，如果最小充电状态过高，可供用户使用的能量相对于所需的最小能量水平将不在期望水平，然而，如果它过低，在某些使用实例中，具体在涉及低温的条件下，电池有将不能够提供所需最小功率水平的充电状态水平。因而，为了管理电池的最小容许充电状态，还必须在我们期望为用户保证的期望能量水平与在电池的整个运行范围上(包括寒冷时)电池的可用放电功率之间找到折中。
就性能而言，主要由这些单元和专用BMS(Battery Management System，电池管理系统)计算机组成的电池系统因此必须保证所需的最小能量水平(不仅在寿命开始时而且还在一定年限以后)和所需的最小功率水平(不仅在整个运行范围内在寿命开始时而且还在一定年限以后)。
专利文献WO2012074406披露了一种用于管理电动车辆的电池的充电的方法，其中，BMS能够确定可更改的充电算法，所述可更改的充电算法旨在被提供给充电器以便保证电池的充电，其方式为便于根据不同条件(比如温度、电网络和充电器类型)适配充电。这种方法使得可以在额定条件下将电池充电至期望的能量水平。然而，所述方法不允许对可能影响可用能量水平的“扩散”的所有原因的管理。事实上，这些困难之一在于，对于预定的充电终止电压，可供用户使用的能量并不相同，主要符合三个因素：
-电池的温度：因而，电池的温度越低，从这个充电终止电压可以放电的能量总量越小，因为单元的内阻更大；
-电池的老化：电池的健康状态越退化，从这个充电终止电压可放电的能量总量越小，因为电池中可用的容量(以A.h为单位)有限；
-单元失衡，被定义为具有最高电荷的单元的充电状态与具有最低电荷的单元的充电状态之差：因而，单元失衡越大，从这个充电终止电压可放电的能量总量越小，因为最低的单元将比其他单元更早达到其极限放电终止电压(最小充电状态)。
因此，出现的且本发明旨在解决的一个问题是提供一种用于管理电池的运行范围的方法，从而使得可以保证严格必须的所需最小能量水平和所需的最小功率水平，符合电池的老化。
发明内容
为此，本发明提供了一种用于管理电池的容许运行范围的方法，所述容许运行范围界定在所述电池的充电状态最小水平与最大水平之间，所述方法包括估计所述电池的功率健康状态的步骤，所述功率健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小功率水平的容量，所述方法的特征在于，其还包括根据所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平的步骤，当所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最小水平升高。
因而，借助这种根据电池的功率健康状态对最小可能充电状态水平的调整，可以补偿对电池的可能放电功率的逐渐减小(伴随老化)。
有利的是，所述方法还可以包括：根据所述电池的所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平的步骤，当所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。这有利地使得可以补偿容许的放电功率伴随老化的逐渐减小。
有利的是，为了补偿电池容量的损失，所述方法还可以包括以下步骤：
-估计所述电池的能量健康状态，所述能量健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小能量水平的容量；
-根据所述电池的所述估计的能量健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平的步骤，当所述能量健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
根据另一有利特征，所述方法可以包括：包括在所述电池的寿命开始时减小所述电池的所述充电状态最低水平的步骤，从而使得可以在电池的整个使用寿命内保证严格必须的所需最小功率水平。
根据另一有利特征，所述方法还可以包括：包括在所述电池的寿命开始时减小所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平的步骤，从而使得可以通过限制其运行范围来限制寿命开始时电池的退化。
有利地，所述估计所述电池的所述功率健康状态包括：比较在给定温度和充电状态条件下所述电池的内阻与当所述电池是新的时所述条件下所述内阻的值。
根据另一方面，本发明涉及包括多条指令的计算机程序，当这些指令被处理器执行时，所述指令用于执行本发明方法的步骤。
上述用于管理电池的运行范围的方法可以通过数字处理装置实现，例如微处理器、微控制器、或另一装置。它可以有利地用专用电池系统计算机(BMS)实现。
还提供了一种用于管理电池的容许运行范围的设备，所述容许运行范围界定在所述电池的充电状态最小水平与最大水平之间，所述设备包括：用于估计所述电池的功率健康状态的装置，所述功率健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小功率水平的容量；以及处理装置，所述处理装置能够根据所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平，从而使得当所述电池的所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最小水平升高。
有利的是，所述处理装置能够根据所述电池的所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平，从而使得当所述电池的功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
优选地，所述设备包括：用于估计所述电池的能量健康状态的装置，所述能量健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小能量水平的容量，所述处理装置能够根据所述电池的所述估计的能量健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平，从而使得当所述电池的所述能量健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
这个装置可以例如包括或者被整合到一个或多个处理器中。
本发明还涉及一种电动车辆，包括电池以及比如上文所描述的用于管理所述电池的容许运行范围的设备。
附图说明
本发明的其他特征和优点将从参见附图通过完全非限制指示给出的本发明的一个特定实施例的在下文中给出的说明而清楚地显露，在附图中：
-图1示出了图形的示例，所述图形根据电池的老化展示了所谓的参考电池的容许运行范围，并且还并行地根据这种老化展示了在环境温度(例如，25℃)下可供用户使用的能量、以及在寒冷时充电状态最小可用水平上可用的功率；
-图2重复了来自图1的这些图形，展示了根据本发明的第一种方式管理电池的容许运行范围的示例，所述电池的容许运行范围使得可以提供严格必须的期望性能水平(可用能量和可用功率)；
-图3重复了来自图1的图形，展示了根据本发明的第二种方式管理电池的容许运行范围的示例，所述第二种方式可以与第一种方式结合；
-图4示出了展示用于估计电池的功率健康状态的实施例的图形；
-图5示出了展示用于确定电池的可用放电功率的实施例的图形；
-图6示出了展示充电状态的最小容许水平根据电池的老化的图的示例的图形；
-图7示出了展示充电状态的最大容许水平根据电池的老化的图的示例；
-图8示出了展示根据电池的能量健康状态确定充电终止电压的示例的图形。
具体实施方式
下面列出了说明书的剩余部分中将使用的变量：
N：电池中单元的数量。
Figure BDA0001251388780000051
第i个单元的电压——单位[V]，
Figure BDA0001251388780000052
最大单元电压——单位[V]，
Figure BDA0001251388780000053
最小单元电压——单位[V]，
BSOC：电池的充电状态(SOC为充电状态)-单位[％]，
OCV：单元的非负载电压——单位[V]。为了给出BSOC和温度的值，对应地存在OCV水平。
BSOCmin：充电状态最低水平，不允许电池降低至其以下——单位[％]，
BSOCmax：最大充电状态最大水平，不允许电池升高至其以上——单位[％]，
Qmax：电池的总容量，单位[A.h.]，
SOHE：电池的能量健康状态——单位[％]。能量健康状态表示电池提供所需的最小能量水平的容量并且在下文中被定义为：一方面在电池寿命的给定时间、在达到截止电压(例如，2.5V)为止、在恒定的参考电流水平(例如，1C)、在给定的温度(例如，25℃)下，用充满电的电池可以放电的能量，与另一方面当电池是新的时在相同条件下用电池可以放电的能量之间的比。因而，在寿命开始时，此比例是100％，并且它逐渐地下降。实际上，在电池的使用寿命期间，由于在使用和老化过程中发生的不可逆物理和化学变化，其健康(其性能)趋向于逐渐恶化，直到最终电池不再能使用。因而，SOHE反映了电池的健康状态以及相对于新电池就可用的能量而言其提供指定性能的容量。
Figure BDA0001251388780000061
电池的内阻-单位[Ohm]。
SOHP：电池的功率健康状态——单位[％]。功率健康状态表示电池提供所需的最小功率水平的容量并且在下文中被定义为：一方面在电池寿命的给定时间、在参考充电状态(例如，BSOC＝20％)、在参考温度(例如，-20℃)下，电池10秒的内阻，与另一方面当电池是新的时在相同条件下的内阻的比。因而，在寿命开始时，此比例是100％，并且它逐渐地降低(至少超过电池的一定老化水平)。因而，SOHP反映了电池的健康状态以及其相对于新电池此时就电池容许可用放电功率提供指定性能的容量。
BMS系统始终定义电池的容许运行范围，后者可能能够取决于温度。默认地，如图1中的图形中所展示的，最初可以认为，这个容许的运行范围(界定在充电状态最小水平BSOCmin与最大水平BSOCmax之间)不根据电池的老化而变化。换言之，随着电池的老化，充电状态最小容许水平BSOCmin与最大容许水平BSOCmax保持固定。
在这种情况下，如果电池的容量大小被设定为便于同时保证在环境温度下在最小时间段(一般为2年)内所需的最小能量水平以及在寒冷时在BSOCmin所需的最小功率水平，然后在电池的寿命周期开始时，如图1中的图形中所示，发现用户具有寒冷(一般为-20℃)时在BSOCmin可用的过剩功率以及在环境温度时可用的过剩能量。
因而，如图2中的图形中所展示的，优化对电池的运行范围的管理的第一种方式在于：在电池的寿命开始时定义较低水平的BSOCmin，从而在电池的整个使用寿命内保证严格必须的所需最小功率水平。除了这种方式之外，还可以减小BSOCmax，同时相对于图1中所展示的电池的运行范围的配置保持对可供用户使用的相同能量水平。充电状态最大容许水平的这种减小使得可以显著地提高电池的持久性，因为至少在电池的寿命开始时，电池将花费较少时间在高充电状态(这，在实践中使得电池退化)。相反，在电池的寿命开始时，如示出了环境温度下可供用户使用的能量根据老化的图2中的图形所展示的，相对于所需最小能量水平可用的能量用户将潜在地仍然具有不必要能量剩余。因而，虽然这第一种优化方式使得可以在电池的整个使用寿命内相对于所需的最小功率水平就可用功率而言保证严格必须的期望性能水平，然而，它并不使得可以相对于所需的最小能量水平就严格必须的可用能量而言提供期望性能水平。
因而，如图3中的图形中所展示的，优化对电池的运行范围的管理的第二种方式在于：在电池的寿命开始时另外地减小BSOCmax，从而在电池的整个使用寿命内相对于所需的最小能量水平为用户保证严格必须的可用能量。充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax的这种另外减小使得可以提高电池的持久性，因为至少在电池的寿命开始时，电池将花费甚至更少的时间在高充电状态(这，在实践中使得电池退化)。这第二种优化方式可以与上文提出的第一种优化方式结合，以便电池持久性的额外增加。
相对于前述内容，根据一个优选实施例，BMS系统因此被设计成用于实现以下逻辑：所述逻辑用于根据电池的功率健康状态SOHP调整电池的充电状态最小容许水平BSOCmin，从而补偿随着老化电池的容许放电功率的逐渐减小。更精确地，充电状态最小容许水平根据电池升高的老化状态而提高，直至极限值，从而在电池的整个使用寿命内保证所需最小功率水平。如图2和图3中所指示的，电池越老化，越有必要提高充电状态最小水平BSOCmin，从而补偿可用放电功率的损失。换言之，当电池的功率健康状态降低时，充电状态最小水平降低。
而且，BMS系统优选地被设计成用于实现以下逻辑：所述逻辑用于根据电池的能量健康状态SOHE调整电池的充电状态最大可能水平BSOCmax，从而补偿电池总容量的损失并因此在保持持久性的同时在足够长的时间段内维持所需的最小能量水平。
从而，根据本发明，基于对电池的功率健康状态的计算(这取决于老化)管理电池不允许降低至其以下的充电状态最低水平。参照图4描述了对电池的功率健康状态的计算的基本原理。因而，将界定在时间t1与t2之间的时间段(例如，等于10秒)内的电流变化ΔIbat与单元电压的变化ΔV单元进行比较。这两个变化之比因而对应于单元的表观电阻
Figure BDA0001251388780000071
将要注意的是，如果这个电阻是在特定频率范围上确定的，将反而参照单元阻抗。基于这条信息，BMS系统被设置为用于将这个表观阻抗与在相同条件下这个单元(如果它是新的)本应该具有内阻值
Figure BDA0001251388780000084
进行比较。实践中，BMS系统因而通过以下方式计算电池的功率健康状态SOHP：
Figure BDA0001251388780000081
将可以选择在整个温度和充电状态范围内有效的SOHP的单个值，或者另外将可以选择根据电池温度确定SOHP的值。
因而BMS系统被设置为用于根据由此所估计的电池的功率健康状态确定电池的充电状态最小容许水平。
可用放电功率对应于电池已知要提供的功率的最大值，一方面无需下降至截止电压水平Vmin并且另一方面无需超过最大放电电流Ibat_MAX。
因而，在数学上，可以通过以下方式计算来自充电状态水平的可用放电功率：
Figure BDA0001251388780000082
因而，如参照图5所展示的，可用放电功率直接取决于电池的内阻。如果考虑电池的功率健康状态SOHP，以及寿命开始时电池的内阻水平DCRBOL，获得了下述内容：
Figure BDA0001251388780000083
看起来随着电池老化电池的功率健康状态SOHP的减小导致可用功率针对给定充电状态的减小。因而，对于已老化的电池，即具有小于100％的SOHP，为了保证所需的最小功率水平，有必要提高非负载电压OCV并因此提高充电状态最小水平BSOCmin。
因而，在每个温度(更不必说在寒冷时)下，并且针对每个SOHP水平，可以确定充电状态最小水平BSOCmin，从而使得可以保证所需的最小功率。如图6中所展示的，因此可以从中导出充电状态最小容许水平BSOCmin根据老化以及更具体地根据电池的功率健康状态SOHP进展变化的图，从中看起来当电池的功率健康状态降低时充电状态最小容许水平升高。
BMS系统还被设置为用于估计电池的能量健康状态SOHE。存在若干种用于估计电池的能量健康状态的方法。针对这种估计，可以使用例如专利“METHOD AND APPARATUS OFESTIMATING STATE OF HEALTH OF BATTERY(用于估计电池的健康状态的方法和装置)”(US2007/0001679A1)中或R.斯伯特尼在Journal of Power Sources，在113(2003)72-80中R.斯伯特尼的文章“Simulation of capacity fade in lithium ion batteries(对锂离子电池的容量衰减的仿真)”中提出的方法之一。
上文可见，除了由根据功率健康状态SOHP调整充电状态最小容许水平BSOCmin从而在电池的整个使用寿命内保证严格必须的所需最小功率水平组成的第一种优化方式以外，还可以根据功率健康状态SOHP调整充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax，从而相对于图1中所展示的参考运行范围的配置保持相同的能量总量。作为第一种近似法，因此可以视为期望在电池的整个使用寿命内保持BSOCmax与BSOCmin之间恒定的充电状态间隙，如图7中所展示的。在低充电状态时一安培小时比高充电状态时一安培小时包含更多能量时，将可以稍微更改BSOCmax与BSOCmin之间的这个间隙，同时保留基于电池的功率健康状态SOHP排他地确定充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax的原则。
在在前述的对电池的运行范围的管理的方式进行优化的第二种方式的上下文中，确定电池的充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax，从而保证严格必须的所需能量水平。也就是说，不再根据电池的功率健康水平SOHP、而是根据电池的能量健康水平SOHE来对其进行确定。为了做到这一点，BMS中实现的示意图V截止＝f(SOHE)使得可以通过上文提出的方式基于所估计的SOHE确定充电终止电压V截止，并使得可以通过提高充电终止电压V截止来补偿电池的容量损失(电池的能量健康状态SOHE减小)，如图8中所展示的。因而，充电终止电压以及因此充电状态最大容许水平根据电池升高的老化状态(降低的能量健康状态)而提高，直至极限值，从而在电池的整个使用寿命内保证所需恒定最小功率水平。
因而如上文所解释的不仅可以根据电池的能量健康状态SOHE(如刚才所解释的)而且还可以根据电池的功率健康状态SOHP(这已经完成)确定电池的充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax,从而考虑充电状态最低水平BSOCmin依照电池的功率健康状态SOHP的降低而升高，并因此相对于参考运行范围为用户维持相同的能量水平。为了做到这一点，可能有用的是考虑SOHP的进展与SOHE的进展之间存在相互关系，能够基于对单元进行的(离线)测试凭经验确定这种相互关系。换言之，为了管理不允许电池升高至其以上的充电状态最大水平，BMS系统被设计成用于实现以下逻辑：所述逻辑用于或者只根据SOHP的计算或者只根据SOHE的计算、或另外根据这两者(SOHP与SOHE)的组合调整充电状态最大容许水平BSOCmax。
根据本发明的用于管理电池的运行范围的经优化策略因而使得可以在寿命开始时针对充电状态最小容许水平和充电状态最大容许水平通过将电池(即其运行范围)限制为严格必须的来保证严格必须的所需最小能量水平和所需最小功率水平。在使用车辆的最初几年，这种策略使得可以通过逐渐提高不允许电池降至其以下的充电状态最低水平来补偿可用放电功率的损失。此外，通过在寿命开始时限制电池的运行范围并根据老化逐渐地提高充电终止电压(因此充电状态最大容许水平)，这种策略还使得可以在使用车辆的最初几年补偿电池容量的损失。这种策略有利地使得可以掩饰电池退化(就可用功率而言和就可用能量而言)的事实(至少在最初几年)，并且还使得可以在寿命开始时限制电池的退化，因为它在有限的运行范围内(伴随减小的充电终止电压)使用。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于管理电池的容许运行范围的方法，所述容许运行范围界定在所述电池的充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)与最大水平(BSOCmax)之间，所述方法包括估计所述电池的功率健康状态(SOHP)的步骤，所述功率健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小功率水平的容量，所述方法的特征在于，其还包括根据所述估计的功率健康状态(SOHP)确定所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)的步骤，当所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最小水平升高，所述方法还包括以下步骤：
-估计所述电池的能量健康状态(SOHE)，所述能量健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小能量水平的容量；
-根据所述电池的所述估计的能量健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平(BSOCmax)，当所述能量健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，包括根据所述电池的所述估计的功率健康状态(SOHP)确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平(BSOCmax)的步骤，当所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，包括：包括在所述电池的寿命开始时减小所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)的步骤。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，包括：包括在所述电池的寿命开始时减小所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平(BSOCmax)的步骤。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述估计所述电池的所述功率健康状态(SOHP)包括：比较在给定温度和充电状态条件下所述电池的内阻与当所述电池是新的时在所述条件下所述内阻的值。
6.一种用于管理电池的容许运行范围的设备，所述容许运行范围界定在所述电池的充电状态最小水平(BSOCmin)与最大水平(BSOCmax)之间，所述设备包括：用于估计所述电池的功率健康状态(SOHP)的装置，所述功率健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小功率水平的容量；以及处理装置，所述处理装置能够根据所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最小水平，从而使得当所述电池的所述功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最小水平升高，其特征在于，所述设备包括：用于估计所述电池的能量健康状态(SOHE)的装置，所述能量健康状态表征所述电池在整个所述运行范围上提供所需最小能量水平的容量，所述处理装置能够根据所述电池的所述估计的能量健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平(BSOCmax)，从而使得当所述电池的所述能量健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
7.如权利要求6所述的设备，其特征在于，所述处理装置能够根据所述电池的所述估计的功率健康状态确定所述电池的所述充电状态最大水平(BSOCmax)，从而使得当所述电池的功率健康状态降低时所述充电状态最大水平升高。
8.一种机动车辆，包括电池以及如权利要求6或7所述的用于管理所述电池的容许运行范围的设备。
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CN107078520A (zh) 2017-08-18
WO2016038276A1 (fr) 2016-03-17
FR3025663B1 (fr) 2017-12-29
JP6585164B2 (ja) 2019-10-02
EP3191337A1 (fr) 2017-07-19
US10222428B2 (en) 2019-03-05
US20170299660A1 (en) 2017-10-19

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