CN107006158B - Rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107006158B CN107006158B CN201710203121.XA CN201710203121A CN107006158B CN 107006158 B CN107006158 B CN 107006158B CN 201710203121 A CN201710203121 A CN 201710203121A CN 107006158 B CN107006158 B CN 107006158B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
Abstract
The application discloses a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-contaminated soil, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the substrate comprises a substrate upper layer and a substrate lower layer; the composition of the upper layer of the substrate was as follows: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive; the composition of the lower layer of the matrix was as follows: 85 to 95 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 3 to 5 parts of slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5 to 1 part of soil yeast powder and 1 to 3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive. The survival rate of the composite matrix repairing plant is higher, the growth speed is faster, and the survival time is longer, so that the efficiency of plant repairing is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of soil remediation, and particularly relates to a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-contaminated soil, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
China is a big agricultural country, has rich rice resources, and has wide distribution of domestic rice. The annual output of agricultural and forestry organic wastes such as straws and the like in China also reaches more than 8 hundred million tons, wherein the rice straws account for about 27.5 percent, the annual output of rice hulls also reaches more than 3600 million tons, and the utilization rate of rich rice straw resources in China is very low. Most of straws are burnt and returned to the field at the field or the field, which not only causes serious waste of resources, but also brings about very serious problems of environmental pollution, social economy and the like. At present, a series of works have been carried out at home and abroad to discuss and realize the resource utilization of the rice straws, including the utilization of the rice straws for developing feed, biomass energy (biogas), biological materials, direct crushing and returning to fields and the like. However, these utilization methods have problems of high cost, instability, and an immature technology, and the resource utilization of rice straw is limited to a certain extent. Therefore, it is an important and urgent subject to expand the way of comprehensive utilization of rice straw resources and explore the way of low-cost, efficient and environment-friendly utilization of straws. The organic plant growth substrate prepared from the rice straws has the advantages of easily available raw materials, low cost, environmental protection and resource recycling, is an effective way for straw resource utilization, and has wide application prospect. The rice straw is a natural renewable organic biological resource, is rich in degradable cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and the like, and is an ideal soilless vegetation material and carrier. At present, a series of commercial soilless culture substrates and seedling culture substrates are developed at home and abroad by utilizing the plant growth effect of straws. However, as for gardening, agricultural production and urban greening, the straw-based organic cultivation substrate lacks stability due to its physicochemical properties, and may be harmful to pesticide residues, heavy metals and other harmful substances, and its popularization and application are also restricted to a certain extent. Therefore, the function and application field based on the straw plant growing matrix are further explored and are effective ways for solving the problem of efficient utilization of organic waste resources such as straws.
With the rapid and extensive development of industrial and agricultural industries in China, large-area national soil including farmlands is polluted by heavy metals, wherein cadmium (Cd) is one of the main soil pollution heavy metals, and the cadmium (Cd) has great harm to the environment and people. A series of research and treatment works are also developed at home and abroad aiming at the remediation of Cd-polluted soil. Wherein the plant ecological restoration is considered as an ideal treatment mode with low cost and environmental protection. But is not favorable for the growth of plants and the quick coverage of vegetation under the difficult field condition of heavy metal contaminated soil. Therefore, how to effectively improve the plant field conditions so as to meet the plant growth requirement and the rapid coverage is also the main research requirement of the current plant ecological restoration. The traditional methods mainly comprise soil dressing, soil conditioner application, high stress tolerance or enrichment plant screening and the like, but the work is greatly limited in practical application and causes secondary pollution and damage to the environment.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present application provides a rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration in cadmium-contaminated soil, and a preparation method and an application thereof, wherein the substrate is a composite plant growth substrate developed based on rice straws, and is used for optimizing the growth capacity and condition of restoration plants in cadmium-contaminated soil, and improving the bioavailability of cadmium in soil so as to promote the efficiency of plant restoration.
In order to solve the technical problem, the application discloses a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-contaminated soil, which comprises a substrate upper layer, wherein a substrate lower layer is arranged below the substrate upper layer;
the upper layer of the matrix comprises the following components in parts by mass: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive;
the matrix lower layer comprises the following components in parts by mass: 85 to 95 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 3 to 5 parts of slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5 to 1 part of soil yeast powder and 1 to 3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive.
Furthermore, the composite substrate is a strip of 45cm multiplied by 100cm, the thickness is 8-15cm, and the thickness of the upper layer of the substrate is 5-10 cm; the thickness of the lower layer of the matrix is 3-5 cm.
Further, a seed layer is arranged in the upper layer of the substrate, and the seed layer is prepared by the following method: adding the seeds into the liquid-state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, and then flatly spreading and drying the paper pulp to form a seed layer; the seed layer is arranged in the upper layer of the matrix and is close to the top 2cm of the upper layer of the matrix.
Further, the decomposed animal manure is one of chicken manure or cow manure, and the degradable high-molecular binder is one of starch glue or rice bran viscose.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil, which comprises the following steps:
step 2, preparing a mixture of the upper layer of the substrate: weighing the following components in parts by mass: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 4, compression molding: putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer of 3-5 cm; putting the mixture of the upper layer of the matrix into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the upper layer of the matrix of 5-10 cm; and overlapping the upper layer of the substrate on the lower layer of the substrate to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil.
Further, a seed layer is prepared after the step 3, and the seed layer is prepared by the following method: adding the seeds into the liquid-state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, and then flatly spreading and drying the paper pulp to form a seed layer; the seed layer is arranged in the upper layer of the matrix and is close to the top 2cm of the upper layer of the matrix.
Further, the raw material pretreatment in the step 1 comprises the following specific steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by using a straw crusher, and automatically sieving crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size of less than 5 meshes are used as a raw material for decomposing the straw; the straw particles with the particle size of more than 5 meshes are the long rice straw fibers;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles: according to the straw zymophyte: brown sugar: mixing water in a ratio of 1:10:150, and activating for 2-3 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ to prepare an activated straw fermentation microbial inoculum; diluting the activated straw fermentation inoculum with water according to the volume ratio of 1:100-150 to prepare activated and diluted straw bacteria liquid; the activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: mixing at a ratio of 600-1:800, spraying the bacteria liquid while mixing, stacking with plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, naturally fermenting, turning over every 2-3 days, detecting the temperature to 60-70 ℃ after 1 week, continuously stacking for 2-3 days, and cooling to below 35 ℃ to obtain decomposed rice straw matrix particles, and drying for later use.
Further, the preparation of the slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent in the step 3 specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) mixing chitosan with the concentration of 20-30mg/mL and 0.1-0.5mol/L soil chelating agent in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution with the volume of 2-4 times, and drying to obtain the slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent.
Further, the pressure of the forming machine in the step 4 is 150-200 kg/cm2The decomposed animal manure is chicken manure or cow manure, and the degradable high-molecular binder is starch glue or rice bran viscose glue.
The invention also discloses a use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium-polluted soil, which comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
Compared with the prior art, the application can obtain the following technical effects:
1) the rice straw composite substrate can provide a relatively good water-fertilizer micro-habitat for the growth of plants under the difficult field conditions of cadmium-polluted soil, the survival rate of the repaired plants is higher, the growth speed is faster, the survival time is longer, and therefore the plant repairing efficiency is improved.
2) The rice straw composite substrate adopts a layered assembly mode, the upper layer of the substrate is mainly formed by mixing thoroughly decomposed rice straw shells, slow-release normal micro fertilizer and plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer in proportion, and the main purpose is to provide a carrier and a nutrition support for plant growth; the lower layer of the matrix is mainly formed by mixing decomposed rice straws, a slow-release embedding chelating agent and a cadmium-tolerant microbial inoculum in proportion, and mainly improves the soil property and the bioavailability of cadmium in the soil; has better pertinence and plasticity.
3) The rice straw composite matrix can be dried and compressed into blocks or strips, so that the rice straw composite matrix is convenient to store, package, transport and install and use in a field;
4) the components of the matrix are all biological materials of degradable materials, so that secondary pollution cannot be caused, and the degraded materials can play a role in soil improvement;
5) the composite plant growth substrate can be industrially and standardly produced; the production material has rich sources and low cost, and the cost can be reasonably controlled;
6) provides a new use way for the utilization of agricultural biomass wastes such as rice straws (hulls) and the like, and brings economic value and ecological benefit.
Of course, it is not necessary for any one product to achieve all of the above-described technical effects simultaneously.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the application and together with the description serve to explain the application and not to limit the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a rice straw composite plant growth substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium contaminated soil according to the present application.
In the figure, 1 is a host upper layer, 2 is a host lower layer, and 3 is a seed layer.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments, so that how to implement the technical means for solving the technical problems and achieving the technical effects of the present application can be fully understood and implemented.
The invention provides a rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium contaminated soil, which comprises a substrate upper layer 1, a substrate lower layer 2 arranged below the substrate upper layer 1, and a seed layer 3 arranged in the substrate upper layer 1, as shown in figure 1.
The composite matrix is dried and compressed into a strip shape of 45cm × 100cm with a thickness of about 15cm, wherein the upper layer of the matrix is 5-10cm thick, and the lower layer of the matrix is 3-5cm thick. A seed layer 3 can be added at 2cm of the upper layer 1 of the substrate according to the requirement. When in use, the composite matrix is placed in a repairing field and fully watered, and then the repairing plants are transplanted or the seeds of the seed layer 3 germinate, and daily management and protection are carried out.
The substrate upper layer 1 comprises the following components in parts by mass: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive. The upper layer 1 of the substrate is mainly used for providing a carrier and a nutrition support for plant growth;
wherein, the decomposed rice straw substrate particles mainly play a role in anchoring plants, providing organic fertilizer and optimizing the rhizosphere environment of the plants; straw fibers with the grain size of more than 5 meshes after being crushed and processed are used as the straw long fibers, so that the porosity of the upper plant matrix is increased, the water retention and ventilation of the upper matrix are facilitated, and the growth of plants is facilitated. The decomposed animal wastes mainly provide high-quality long-acting fertilizer and trace elements for plant growth; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer mainly provides a quick-acting fertilizer for plant growth. Meanwhile, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the decomposed rice straw substrate particles is higher, so that the development and growth of plant roots are not facilitated, and the decomposed animal manure and the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer can play a role in adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate. The proportional combination of several substances in this range can basically ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate is regulated to be between 30 and 45, and is favorable for the synergistic action of the plant root system and rhizosphere microorganisms to promote the growth and development of plants. The plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer is a composite bacterial fertilizer mainly comprising actinomycetes and bacillus, on one hand, the actinomycetes mainly inhibit harmful mixed bacteria in the rhizosphere, and on the other hand, the bacillus is beneficial to accelerating the obtaining of rhizosphere nutrient components. The degradable high molecular adhesive can be selected from starch glue or rice bran adhesive, and is mainly used for promoting the adhesive degree of matrix components to facilitate compression molding.
The lower matrix layer 2 comprises, by mass, 85-95 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 3-5 parts of a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5-1 part of soil yeast powder and 1-3 parts of a degradable high-molecular adhesive. The substrate lower layer 2 is mainly used for improving the soil property and improving the bioavailability of cadmium in the soil.
The slow release agent is used for embedding the soil chelating agent and promoting the bioavailability of the cadmium in the soil; the soil yeast powder has the effects of loosening soil and improving the air permeability of the soil, and the bacterial strains can produce a large amount of antibiotics by breeding, so that the bacteria in the soil can be killed, the healthy growth of plant root systems can be guaranteed, the contact between the root systems and the soil can be promoted, and the absorption of Cd in the soil is improved. The degradable high molecular adhesive may be starch glue or rice bran glue, and is used to promote the adhesion of the matrix components for easy pressing.
The seed layer 3 is seed paper prepared by uniformly adhering paper pulp to plant seeds and drying the plant seeds, specifically, the seeds are added into the liquid-state paper pulp and then fully and uniformly stirred, and then the paper pulp is flatly laid and dried to form the seed layer 3.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium-polluted soil, which comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by a straw crusher, and then automatically sieving the crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size smaller than 5 meshes are used as a straw decomposing raw material, the substrate particles with smaller particle size are easy to decompose, the decomposed substrate particles are more beneficial to the growth of plants, and are more easy to degrade and enter the soil, so that the organic matter content of the soil is improved; straw particles with the grain size of more than 5 meshes are used as long fibers of rice straws on the upper layer of the substrate blanket, and mainly play a role in increasing the porosity of the upper layer of the substrate, so that the water retention and ventilation of the upper layer of the substrate are facilitated, and the growth of plants is facilitated;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles:
commercially available straw fermentation bacteria (such as straw fermentation agent of Zhengzhou nongfukang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) are prepared according to the following microbial agents: brown sugar: mixing water at a ratio of 1:10:150, and activating at 30-40 deg.C for 2-3 days. The activated straw fermentation inoculum and water are diluted according to the volume ratio of 1: 100-150. The activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: mixing at a ratio of 600-1:800, spraying the bacteria liquid while mixing, stacking with plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, naturally fermenting, turning over every 2-3 days, detecting the temperature to 60-70 ℃ after 1 week, and finishing the fermentation. Continuously stacking for 2-3 days, cooling to below 35 deg.C to obtain decomposed rice straw matrix particles, and drying.
Step 2, preparing a mixture of the substrate upper layer 1: weighing the following components in parts by mass: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
wherein, if the proportion of the long fibers of the rice straws is less than 10 percent, the water retention and ventilation effects are not obvious, and if the proportion of the long fibers of the rice straws is more than 20 percent, the matrix void space is too large, and the water retention and fertilizer retention properties are deteriorated.
preparing a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent: mixing chitosan with concentration of 20-30mg/mL and 0.1-0.5mol/L soil chelating agent (such as citric acid and EDTA) in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution with volume 2-4 times, and drying to prepare a polyethylene-coated chelating agent slow release agent, namely the slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent;
weighing the following components in percentage by mass: 85 to 95 percent of decomposed rice straw substrate particles, 3 to 5 percent of slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5 to 1 percent of soil yeast powder and 1 to 3 percent of degradable high molecular adhesive; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 4, putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer 2 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer 2 of 3-5 cm; putting the mixture of the upper substrate layer 1 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the upper substrate layer 1 of 5-10 cm; stacking the upper substrate layer 1 on the lower substrate layer 2 to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil; thus, the layers are superposed to form an integral substrate block or blanket, and the shape and the size can be selected according to the requirement. The suggested overall thickness is 15 cm.
Step 5, preparing a seed layer 3: adding the seeds into the liquid state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, flatly paving and drying the paper pulp to form seed paper, namely a seed layer 3, if the seed layer needs to be added, pressing the upper layer 1 of the matrix for two times, putting the seed paper when the mixture of the upper layer 1 of the matrix is pressed to be 3-5cm thick, and then pressing the rest mixture of the upper layer 1 of the matrix for 2 cm.
Wherein, the thickness of the upper substrate mixed compression is about 5-10cm, which can basically ensure the plants to grow on the substrate in a healthy way no matter from seeds or transplanting, and can not reach the heavy metal or other adverse environmental effects of soil in the early growth or planting stage. If thick then can influence the abundant contact of plant roots and soil, influence the enrichment of plant to soil heavy metal Cd, if thin then can make plant roots receive the influence of soil heavy metal Cd or other harmful factors too early, and influence vegetation and Cd enrichment ability.
2. The chelating agent embedded in the slow release agent has the function of promoting the bioavailability of the cadmium in the soil through the slow release chelating agent. The soil yeast powder has the effects of loosening soil and improving the air permeability of the soil, and the bacterial strains can produce a large amount of antibiotics by breeding, so that the bacteria in the soil can be killed, the healthy growth of plant root systems can be guaranteed, the contact between the root systems and the soil can be promoted, and the absorption of Cd in the soil is improved. Degradable high molecular adhesive, such as starch glue and rice bran viscose, is mainly used for promoting the adhesive degree of matrix components to facilitate compression molding; 3. the thickness of the lower layer of the substrate after mixing and compression is about 3-5cm, plant roots can not enter the lower layer of the substrate in the initial stage, and all components of the substrate can enter the surface layer of the soil after absorbing moisture, so that the soil is loosened, the microbial flora of the soil is improved, and the bioavailability of heavy metal cadmium in the soil is improved.
4. The seed layer can fix the seeds, so that the seed is convenient to install and transport; and the seed distribution is more uniform than that of the manual sowing mode, and the method is more favorable for the uniform growth and the establishment of plants on the substrate. The seed layer is arranged at the position 2cm thick on the upper layer of the substrate, so that the covering and the protection of the seed layer can be ensured, and the seed layer can be prevented from being buried too deep to be favorable for germination and growth.
The invention also provides a use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium-polluted soil, which comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
As shown in figure 1, the rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium-contaminated soil comprises a substrate upper layer 1, a substrate lower layer 2 is arranged below the substrate upper layer 1, and a seed layer 3 is arranged in the substrate upper layer 1.
The composite substrate is dried and compressed into a strip shape of 45cm multiplied by 100cm with the thickness of 15cm, wherein the thickness of the upper layer 1 of the substrate is 10cm, the thickness of the lower layer of the substrate is 5cm, and a seed layer 3 is added at the position of 2cm of the upper layer 1 of the substrate.
Wherein the upper layer 1 of the matrix is prepared by mixing 65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 14.5 parts of rice straw long fibers, 10 parts of decomposed animal manure (chicken manure or cow manure), 8 parts of slow-release normal micro fertilizer, 0.5 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 2 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive in proportion;
the lower substrate layer 2 is prepared by mixing 93.2 parts of decomposed rice straw substrate particles, 4 parts of slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.8 part of cadmium tolerant microbial inoculum and 2 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive agent in proportion, and mainly improves the soil property and the bioavailability of cadmium in the soil.
The seed layer 3 is seed paper prepared by uniformly bonding paper pulp with plant seeds and drying.
The preparation method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by a straw crusher, and then automatically sieving the crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size of less than 5 meshes are used as a raw material for decomposing the straw; straw particles with the grain size of more than 5 meshes are used as long rice straw fibers on the upper layer of the substrate blanket;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles:
commercially available straw fermentation bacteria (such as straw fermentation agent of Zhengzhou nongfukang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) are prepared according to the following microbial agents: brown sugar: after mixing water at a ratio of 1:10:150, activation was performed at 35 ℃ for 2 days. The activated straw fermentation inoculum and water are diluted according to the volume ratio of 1: 125. The activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 700, uniformly mixing, spraying the bacteria liquid while uniformly mixing, then covering plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, stacking, naturally fermenting, turning over every 2 days, detecting the temperature to 65 ℃ after 1 week, and finishing the fermentation. Continuously stacking for 2 days, cooling to below 35 deg.C to obtain decomposed rice straw matrix particles, and drying for use.
Step 2, preparing a mixture of the substrate upper layer 1: weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, rice straw long fibers, decomposed animal excrement, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
preparing a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent: mixing chitosan with the concentration of 25mg/mL and a soil chelating agent with the concentration of 0.3mol/L in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% (mass concentration) polyvinyl alcohol solution with the volume of 3 times, and drying to prepare a polyethylene-coated chelating agent slow release agent;
weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, soil yeast powder and a degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 4, seed layer 3 preparation: adding the seeds into the liquid-state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, and flatly spreading and drying the paper pulp to obtain the seed paper, namely the seed layer 3.
Step 5, putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer 2 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer 2 of 5 cm; putting seed paper when the upper substrate layer 1 is pressed to be 8cm thick, and then pressing the upper substrate layer 1 of 2 cm; stacking the upper substrate layer 1 on the lower substrate layer 2 to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil; thus, the layers are superposed to form an integral substrate block or blanket, and the shape and the size can be selected according to the requirement. The proposed overall thickness is about 15 cm.
The use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
Example 2
As shown in figure 1, the rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium-contaminated soil comprises a substrate upper layer 1, a substrate lower layer 2 is arranged below the substrate upper layer 1, and a seed layer 3 is arranged in the substrate upper layer 1.
The composite matrix is dried and compressed into a strip shape of 45cm multiplied by 100cm with a thickness of 8cm, wherein the upper layer of the matrix is 1 cm thick and the lower layer of the matrix is 3cm thick.
The substrate upper layer 1 comprises the following components in parts by mass: 55 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive. The upper layer 1 of the substrate is mainly used for providing a carrier and a nutrition support for plant growth;
the lower matrix layer 2 comprises, by mass, 85 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 5 parts of a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 1 part of soil yeast powder and 3 parts of a degradable high-molecular adhesive.
The seed layer 3 is seed paper prepared by uniformly adhering paper pulp to plant seeds and drying the plant seeds, specifically, the seeds are added into the liquid-state paper pulp and then fully and uniformly stirred, and then the paper pulp is flatly laid and dried to form the seed layer 3.
The preparation method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by a straw crusher, and then automatically sieving the crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size of less than 5 meshes are used as a raw material for decomposing the straw; straw particles with the grain size of more than 5 meshes are used as long rice straw fibers on the upper layer of the substrate blanket;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles:
commercially available straw fermentation bacteria (such as straw fermentation agent of Zhengzhou nongfukang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) are prepared according to the following microbial agents: brown sugar: after mixing water at a ratio of 1:10:150, activation was performed at 30 ℃ for 3 days. The activated straw fermentation inoculum and water are diluted according to the volume ratio of 1: 100. And (3) uniformly mixing the activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles according to the mass ratio of 1:800, uniformly mixing while spraying the bacterium liquid in the mixing process, then stacking the mixture on plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, naturally fermenting, turning the stack every 2 days, and after 1 week, detecting the temperature to reach 70 ℃, and finishing the fermentation. Continuously stacking for 2 days, cooling to below 35 deg.C to obtain decomposed rice straw matrix particles, and drying for use.
Step 2, preparing a mixture of the substrate upper layer 1: weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, rice straw long fibers, decomposed animal excrement, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
preparing a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent: mixing chitosan with the concentration of 20mg/mL and a soil chelating agent with the concentration of 0.5mol/L in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution with the volume of 2 times, and drying to prepare a polyethylene-coated chelating agent slow release agent;
weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, soil yeast powder and a degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 4, seed layer 3 preparation: adding the seeds into the liquid-state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, and flatly spreading and drying the paper pulp to obtain the seed paper, namely the seed layer 3.
Step 5, putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer 2 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer 2 of 3 cm; putting seed paper when the upper layer 1 of the matrix is pressed to be 3cm thick, and then pressing the upper layer 1 of the matrix at 2 cm; stacking the upper substrate layer 1 on the lower substrate layer 2 to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil; thus, the layers are superposed to form an integral substrate block or blanket, and the shape and the size can be selected according to the requirement. The proposed overall thickness is about 15 cm.
The use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
Example 3
A rice straw composite substrate for promoting plant restoration on cadmium contaminated soil is shown in figure 1, and comprises a substrate upper layer 1, and a substrate lower layer 2 is arranged below the substrate upper layer 1.
The composite matrix is dried and compressed into a strip of 45cm × 100cm with a thickness of about 12cm, wherein the upper layer of the matrix is 1 cm thick and 8cm thick, and the lower layer of the matrix is 4cm thick.
The substrate upper layer 1 comprises the following components in parts by mass: 60 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1 part of degradable high-molecular adhesive. The upper layer 1 of the substrate is mainly used for providing a carrier and a nutrition support for plant growth;
the lower matrix layer 2 comprises, by mass, 95 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 3 parts of a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5 part of soil yeast powder and 1 part of a degradable high-molecular adhesive.
The preparation method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by a straw crusher, and then automatically sieving the crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size of less than 5 meshes are used as a raw material for decomposing the straw; straw particles with the grain size of more than 5 meshes are used as long rice straw fibers on the upper layer of the substrate blanket;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles:
commercially available straw fermentation bacteria (such as straw fermentation agent of Zhengzhou nongfukang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) are prepared according to the following microbial agents: brown sugar: after mixing water at a ratio of 1:10:150, activation was performed at 40 ℃ for 3 days. Diluting the activated straw fermentation inoculum with water according to the volume ratio of 1: 150. The activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 600, uniformly mixing, spraying the bacteria liquid while uniformly mixing, then covering plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, stacking, naturally fermenting, turning over every 3 days, detecting the temperature to 60 ℃ after 1 week, and finishing fermentation. Continuously stacking for 3 days, cooling to below 35 deg.C to obtain decomposed rice straw matrix particles, and drying.
Step 2, preparing a mixture of the substrate upper layer 1: weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, rice straw long fibers, decomposed animal excrement, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
preparing a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent: mixing chitosan with the concentration of 30mg/mL and a soil chelating agent with the concentration of 0.1mol/L in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution with the volume of 4 times, and drying to prepare a polyethylene-coated chelating agent slow release agent;
weighing decomposed rice straw matrix particles, a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, soil yeast powder and a degradable high-molecular adhesive according to the mass percentage; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 4, putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer 2 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer 2 of 4 cm; putting the mixture of the upper matrix layer 1 into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into a lower matrix layer 2 of 8 cm; stacking the upper substrate layer 1 on the lower substrate layer 2 to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil; thus, the layers are superposed to form an integral substrate block or blanket, and the shape and the size can be selected according to the requirement.
The use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil comprises the following steps:
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
The invention can support and anchor plants by using the soilless vegetation substrate in the heavy metal contaminated soil area and provide relatively stable and coordinated water, fertilizer, gas, heat and rhizosphere environment conditions for plant growth so as to promote plant growth and vegetation rapid coverage.
The composite matrix of the invention has the following characteristics: firstly, the nutrient culture medium can play a role of a nutrient culture medium, but the nutrient culture medium does not enter a food chain and has no high requirement on each item of the culture medium; secondly, the soil conditioner can be completely degraded without causing secondary pollution to the environment and can improve the repaired soil; and thirdly, the requirement of low cost. The plant growth substrate prepared by taking the straws as the carrier should have the characteristics. In addition, the straw planting substrate is covered to facilitate soil moisture and fertilizer conservation and improve the function of rhizosphere ecology, and physical adsorption of Cd is promoted; the degradation of the straw can increase the organic matters of the soil, can improve the bioavailability of Cd in the soil, and promotes the biological transportation and adsorption of Cd by plants; and aiming at the characteristics of Cd-polluted soil, the straw matrix carrier, a soil conditioner, a soil nutrient, a slow-release material, a degradable high-molecular material, plant seeds and the like are reasonably combined in a modularized manner, so that the plant growth effect and the soil improvement effect of the composite matrix can be greatly promoted.
The Cd contaminated soil has the following remediation effects:
the red amaranth seedlings are grown conventionally on peat soil, after 15-20 days of seedling emergence, the red amaranth reaches 3-leaf stage, and the red amaranth with uniform growth vigor is selected as a test material to be transplanted into the experimental flowerpot of each treatment group. The cadmium pollution treatment of the soil comprises the following steps: 0mg/Kg,5mg/Kg and 50mg/Kg, every kind of cadmium pollution treatment divide into again and use this patent design's matrix and no matrix, a total 6 experimental treatment groups (Cd0, Cd0+ matrix, Cd5, Cd5+ matrix, Cd50 and Cd50+ matrix), every handles 5 bar flowerpot (length and width height dimension 57cm x 18cm x 15cm), every basin dress soil 10Kg and 5 plants. After 45 days of treatment, the above-ground and below-ground parts of the plants and soil samples were collected for analysis. The test results are as follows:
TABLE 1 growth index and enrichment capacity of red amaranth under various treatment conditions
Note: different lower case letters in the same column indicate that the difference reaches a significant level of 5%.
The experimental results show that: under the cadmium pollution stress condition, the survival rate of the red amaranth can be improved by using the matrix designed by the patent, and the higher the cadmium stress concentration is, the more obvious the effect of the matrix is; under the same cadmium pollution level, the use of the substrate can obviously promote the biomass of the red amaranth to be improved by 20 to 60 percent. Under the same cadmium pollution level, the enrichment amount of the overground part and the root system of the red amaranth to cadmium is improved by using the substrate, which shows that the cadmium content with biological effectiveness in the soil is also increased by the action of the substrate. In conclusion, the substrate is used for improving the biomass of the plant under the cadmium stress, improving the bioavailability of the cadmium in the soil and promoting the enrichment amount of the cadmium by the unit weight of the plant, so that the substrate designed by the patent can promote the tolerance capacity and the removal capacity of the red amaranth to the cadmium in the soil.
As used in the specification and claims, certain terms are used to refer to particular components or methods. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different regions may refer to a component by different names. The present specification and claims do not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not in name. In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. "substantially" means within an acceptable error range, and a person skilled in the art can solve the technical problem within a certain error range to substantially achieve the technical effect. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the present application, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the application and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the application. The protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the definitions of the appended claims.
It is also noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a good or system that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such good or system. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a commodity or system that includes the element.
While the foregoing description shows and describes several preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood, as noted above, that the invention is not limited to the forms disclosed herein, but is not to be construed as excluding other embodiments and is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings, or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. And that modifications and variations may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. A preparation method of a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-contaminated soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, raw material pretreatment: crushing and grading the rice straws to prepare decomposed rice straw matrix particles and rice straw long fibers;
step 2, preparing a mixture of the substrate upper layer (1): weighing the following components in parts by mass: 55-65 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 10-20 parts of rice straw long fibers, 5-10 parts of decomposed animal manure, 5-10 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.5-1 part of plant rhizosphere bacterial fertilizer and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use;
step 3, preparing a mixture of the substrate lower layer (2): preparing a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent; weighing the following components in parts by mass: 85-95 parts of decomposed rice straw matrix particles, 3-5 parts of slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent, 0.5-1 part of soil yeast powder and 1-3 parts of degradable high-molecular adhesive; uniformly mixing the weighed components for later use; preparing a seed layer (3), wherein the seed layer (3) is prepared by the following method: adding the seeds into the liquid-state paper pulp, fully and uniformly stirring, and flatly spreading and drying the paper pulp to form a seed layer (3); the seed layer (3) is arranged in the substrate upper layer (1) and is close to the top 2cm of the substrate upper layer (1);
step 4, compression molding: putting the mixture of the lower substrate layer (2) into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the lower substrate layer (2) of 3-5 cm; putting the mixture of the upper substrate layer (1) into a forming machine for pressing, and pressing into the upper substrate layer (1) of 5-10 cm; stacking the upper substrate layer (1) on the lower substrate layer (2) to prepare the rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil; the composite substrate is a strip shape of 45cm multiplied by 100cm, the thickness is 8-15cm, and the thickness of the substrate upper layer (1) is 5-10 cm; the thickness of the substrate lower layer (2) is 3-5 cm;
the decomposed animal manure is one of chicken manure or cow manure, and the degradable high-molecular binder is one of starch glue or rice bran viscose;
wherein, the raw material pretreatment in the step 1 comprises the following specific steps:
step 1.1, crushing and grading rice straws: collecting the dried rice straws, crushing and processing the rice straws by using a straw crusher, and automatically sieving crushed straw particles by using a 5-mesh screen; straw particles with the particle size of less than 5 meshes are used as a raw material for decomposing the straw; the straw particles with the particle size of more than 5 meshes are the long rice straw fibers;
step 1.2, preparing decomposed rice straw substrate particles:
according to the straw zymophyte: brown sugar: mixing water in a ratio of 1:10:150, and activating for 2-3 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ to prepare an activated straw fermentation microbial inoculum; diluting the activated straw fermentation inoculum with water according to the volume ratio of 1:100-150 to prepare activated and diluted straw bacteria liquid; the activated and diluted straw bacterium liquid and straw particles are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: mixing at a ratio of 600-1:800, spraying the bacteria liquid while mixing, stacking with plastic cloth in a ventilated warehouse, naturally fermenting, turning over every 2-3 days, detecting the temperature to 60-70 ℃ after 1 week, continuously stacking for 2-3 days, and cooling to below 35 ℃ to obtain decomposed rice straw substrate particles, and drying for later use;
the preparation of the slow release agent embedded soil chelating agent in the step 3 specifically comprises the following steps: mixing chitosan with the concentration of 20-30mg/mL and a soil chelating agent with the concentration of 0.1-0.5mol/L in equal volume for crosslinking, coating a crosslinking system with 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution with the volume of 2-4 times, and drying to obtain a slow-release agent embedded soil chelating agent;
the pressure of the forming machine in the step 4 is 150-200 kg/cm2。
2. The use method of the rice straw composite substrate for promoting the phytoremediation in the cadmium-contaminated soil according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, land leveling: leveling the land of the repair field and removing weeds;
step 2, paving a substrate block: laying a rice straw composite substrate for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil on the leveled land; for sloping terrain, the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on cadmium-polluted soil needs to be reinforced by a nylon net, and four corners of the rice straw composite matrix are fixed by plastic rivets;
step 3, planting and managing and protecting the enriched plants: after the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil is laid, fully watering, and directly transplanting cadmium-enriched plant seedlings, plants or directly sowing seeds on the rice straw composite matrix for promoting phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil after the rice straw composite matrix material for promoting phytoremediation on the cadmium-polluted soil absorbs water for balancing for 12-24 hours; for the rice straw composite matrix with the seed layer and capable of promoting plant restoration on cadmium-polluted soil, seeds in the seed layer only need to be germinated, the actual climate condition of the rhizosphere is watered and protected for 1-3 times every week, and the surface of the rice straw composite matrix capable of promoting plant restoration on cadmium-polluted soil is kept not dry for 2 centimeters.
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| CN108293352A (en) * | 2018-03-08 | 2018-07-20 | 张家口润雨生物科技有限公司 | A kind of method of soil improvement |
| CN108377881B (en) * | 2018-03-16 | 2021-04-09 | 北京三聚绿能科技有限公司 | Seedling substrate and seedling pot prepared from same |
| CN108323356A (en) * | 2018-04-08 | 2018-07-27 | 肖免 | The degradable rice seedling nursing disc of multifunctional biomass and preparation method |
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Effective date of registration: 20230802 Address after: 621000 building 27, No. 382, Fujin Road, jinjialin headquarters city, Fucheng District, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province (cluster registration) Patentee after: Sichuan Gerun Ecological Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: No. 56 Qinglong Avenue, Fucheng District, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, 621010 Patentee before: Southwest University of Science and Technology |