CN106999831A - 用于车辆的蓄电池装置 - Google Patents

用于车辆的蓄电池装置 Download PDF

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CN106999831A
CN106999831A CN201580065718.1A CN201580065718A CN106999831A CN 106999831 A CN106999831 A CN 106999831A CN 201580065718 A CN201580065718 A CN 201580065718A CN 106999831 A CN106999831 A CN 106999831A
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air inlet
filter element
air
humidity
established
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M.贝利希
M.迈尔
A.格雷芬斯坦
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Mann and Hummel GmbH
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Abstract

一种用于车辆的蓄电池装置(6),所述蓄电池装置(6)具有金属‑空气蓄电池(1);过滤装置(11),所述过滤装置(11)被设立为对被输送给所述金属‑空气蓄电池(1)的进入空气(L)进行湿度处理,使得所述进入空气(L)具有预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是预先给定的(相对)空气湿度;以及控制装置(10),所述控制装置(10)被耦合到多个传感器装置(16、22、26)上,用来接收用于进入空气参数的传感器信号,而且所述控制装置(10)被设立为根据所述传感器信号调整用于进入空气流的阀装置(17、21、27),用来调节所述预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是所述(相对)空气湿度。

Description

用于车辆的蓄电池装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于车辆的蓄电池装置,其中所述蓄电池装置包括一个金属-空气蓄电池。
背景技术
金属-空气蓄电池由于其能达到的高能量密度而尤其是适合于移动应用、诸如适合于机动车。金属-空气蓄电池的示例是锂-空气蓄电池。所述锂-空气蓄电池的作用方式在下文简短地予以阐述。在锂-空气蓄电池放电时,在锂阳极上,在释放电子的情况下,正的锂离子通过电解质被释放到碳阴极上。在所述碳阴极上,在还原过程中,锂离子与氧气首先反应生成氧化锂并且然后生成过氧化锂。为了可以进行所述还原过程,碳阴极涂上催化剂,是高多孔性的并且因而具有很大的表面积。在锂-空气蓄电池充电时,该过程回转。在碳阴极上释放氧气,在锂阳极上沉积金属锂。
锂阳极是易受湿度影响的,因为金属锂可以与水剧烈反应。一方面,碳阴极由于其高多孔性而易受具有颗粒(诸如灰尘或者沙子)的污垢影响,另一方面,包含在空气中的有害气体可以作为催化剂毒气来起作用,所述催化剂毒气可能不可逆地损坏碳阴极。到目前为止,锂-空气蓄电池以及也包括其它金属-空气蓄电池仅仅在实验室条件下被测试并且在此注入高纯的(hochrein)气体。
发明内容
因而,本发明的任务是提供一种经改善的蓄电池装置。
因此,提出了一种用于车辆的蓄电池装置,所述蓄电池装置具有金属-空气蓄电池、过滤装置和控制装置,所述过滤装置被设立为对被输送给金属-空气蓄电池的进入空气进行湿度处理,使得所述进入空气具有预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是预先给定的(相对)空气湿度。控制装置被耦合到多个传感器装置上,用来接收用于进入空气参数的传感器信号,而且该控制装置被设立为根据所述传感器信号调整用于进入空气流的阀装置,用来调节预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是(相对)空气湿度。
优选地,金属-空气蓄电池具有阳极或第一电极以及阴极或第二电极,所述阳极或第一电极由金属块制成,所述阴极或第二电极由中间多孔的碳制成。视将哪种金属用于第一电极的材料而定,控制装置被设立为将包含在进入空气中的相对空气湿度调整到对于该金属必要的值。如果第一电极例如由锂制成,那么由于锂与水的高反应性而需要从所述进入空气抽走全部空气湿度或者至少几乎抽走全部空气湿度。而在将硅用作电极材料时,需要借助于控制装置将包含在进入空气中的空气湿度调节到所限定的并且恒定的值。经此,防止了金属电极材料在金属-空气蓄电池的使用寿命内的损坏。在实验室条件下,能省去给金属-空气蓄电池注入高纯的气体。控制装置可以是一个调节装置。优选地,控制装置与车辆的车辆控制设备耦合。进入空气值例如可被理解为进入空气的相对空气湿度、进入空气中有害气体的负荷量和/或进入空气中颗粒的加载量。
所述蓄电池装置尤其是适合于车辆,如机动车、载货车、摩托车、飞行器、工程运输车、轨道车辆以及船只。此外,所述蓄电池装置即使在不移动的应用中、如在建筑工程学或者诸如此类的中也可以被采用。
在实施方式中,过滤装置具有预分离器和/或颗粒过滤器,用于使来自进入空气的颗粒沉积。预分离器例如可以是旋风分离器。为了进行颗粒过滤,颗粒过滤器可包括由纸和/或塑料制成的过滤介质。此外,该过滤介质可以涂层、浸透和/或配备纳米纤维层。
在其它实施方式中,在预分离器和/或颗粒过滤器下游,设置有第一传感器装置,用于检测进入空气参数,如所述进入空气中有害气体和/或湿度的加载量。优选地,第一传感器装置借助于信号线与控制装置连接。
在其它实施方式中,过滤装置具有过滤元件,所述过滤元件被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气中除掉,其中所述过滤元件布置在第一传感器装置下游。尤其是,过滤元件被设立为将有害气体(如硫氧化物SOx、氨气NH3、氮氧化物NOx、硫化氢H2S、一氧化碳CO、二氧化碳CO2)以化学方式从进入空气L中滤出。为了以化学方式过滤,过滤元件例如可具有活性炭。此外,过滤元件还可具有碳酸钾K2CO3和/或氢氧化钙Ca(OH)2,所述过滤元件与酸性有害气体(诸如硫氧化物SOx或者硫化氢H2S)发生化学反应,以便中和所述有害气体。在被设立用于将湿度从进入空气中除掉的过滤元件上游或者下游,可以布置被设立用于将有害气体从进入空气中除掉的过滤元件。
在其它实施方式中,在第一传感器装置下游设置有第一阀装置,所述第一阀装置被设立为根据由第一传感器装置检测到的进入空气参数使所述进入空气传导穿过过滤元件或者在所述过滤元件旁边经过,所述过滤元件被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气中除掉。优选地,第一阀装置是多路阀,所述多路阀能由控制装置来操控。
在其它实施方式中,在如下过滤元件下游设置有第二传感器装置,用于检测进入空气参数、如所述进入空气中有害气体和/或湿度的加载量,所述过滤元件被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气中除掉。优选地,第二传感器装置借助于信号线与控制装置连接。
在其它实施方式中,过滤装置具有过滤元件,所述过滤元件被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气中除掉,其中所述过滤元件布置在第二传感器装置下游。过滤元件可具有干燥剂、诸如硅胶珠。所述硅胶珠可以撒在过滤元件的过滤介质上并且与所述过滤介质粘在一起。此外,过滤介质还可以一层一层地来构造,其中例如可以在两个纤维网层之间布置一层硅胶珠。附加地或者可选地,过滤介质可包括吸收材料(尤其是所谓的超级吸收剂)、经功能化的薄膜或者诸如此类的。
在其它实施方式中,在第二传感器装置下游设置有第二阀装置,所述第二阀装置被设立为根据由第二传感器装置检测到的进入空气参数使所述进入空气传导穿过过滤元件或者在所述过滤元件旁边经过,所述过滤元件被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气中除掉。优选地,第二阀装置是多路阀,所述多路阀能由控制装置来操控。
在其它实施方式中,在如下过滤元件下游设置有第三传感器装置,用于检测进入空气的湿度,所述过滤元件被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气中除掉。优选地,第三传感器装置借助于信号线与控制装置连接。
在其它实施方式中,在第三传感器装置下游设置有第三阀装置,所述第三阀装置被设立为根据由第三传感器装置检测到的进入空气的湿度将所述进入空气引导给金属-空气蓄电池或者空气输出端,用于使过滤元件还原,所述过滤元件被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气中除掉。优选地,第三阀装置是多路阀,所述多路阀能由控制装置来操控。被引导给空气输出端的进入空气可以借助于加热装置来加热并且为了使过滤元件还原而被传导穿过所述过滤元件。
蓄电池装置的其它可能的实现方案也包括之前或者在下文关于实施例所描述的特征或者所述蓄电池装置的实施方式的没有明确提到的组合。在此,本领域技术人员也将把单个方面作为改善方案或补充方案添加到蓄电池装置的相应的基本形式或者修改成蓄电池装置的相应的基本形式。
蓄电池装置的其它设计方案是从属权利要求以及在下文所描述的蓄电池装置的实施例的主题。在下文中,所述蓄电池装置依据实施例参考随附的附图进一步予以阐述。
附图说明
图1:金属-空气蓄电池在充电状态下的实施方式的示意性截面图;
图2:按照图1的金属-空气蓄电池在放电状态下的示意性截面图;
图3:金属-空气蓄电池在放电状态下的另一实施方式的示意性截面图;
图4:金属-空气蓄电池在放电状态下的另一实施方式的示意性截面图;以及
图5:蓄电池装置的实施方式的示意性截面图。
在所述附图中,只要不另作说明,相同的附图标记就表示相同或功能相同的要素。
具体实施方式
图1示出了金属-空气蓄电池1在充电状态下的示意性截面图。图2示出了金属-空气蓄电池1在放电状态下的示意性截面图。金属-空气蓄电池1具有阴极或第二电极3以及由金属、尤其是由锂Li制成的阳极或第一电极2。在下文,明确地只探讨锂-空气蓄电池1。
第二电极3由中间多孔的碳C构造,而且不直接参与电化学过程。根据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC))的限定,中间多孔的固体是具有在2nm到50nm之间的孔径的多孔材料。碳C用作电导体和连接端子,所述电导体和连接端子具有中间多孔的接口,用于使表面积最大,以便在第二电极3的区域内使氧气O2与锂离子Li+的反应变得容易。
第一电极2由如下块组成,所述块由金属锂Li构成。可替换地,第一电极2可以由另一金属(诸如硅)组成。电解质4处在所述两个电极2、3之间,所述电解质4视锂-空气蓄电池1的实施方式而定可以是液体或者固体。在后者的情况下,存在固体蓄电池。此外,电解质4还可以是有机液体,所述有机液体不与金属锂Li反应。
图3示出了具有水基电解质4的锂-空气蓄电池1的实施方式的示意性截面图。为了防止金属锂Li与电解质4反应,在第一电极2与含水电解质4之间设置有保护层5。保护层5可以是放在金属锂Li上的玻璃陶瓷层。例如,保护层5是所谓的LiSICON层(LiM2(PO4)3)。保护层5能够实现锂Li在含水环境下保持稳定。
图4示出了混合型锂-空气蓄电池1的实施方式的示意性截面图。在这种情况下,在第一电极2与保护层5之间布置有有机电解质4,而在保护层5与第二电极3之间布置有含水电解质4。
在所有类型的锂-空气蓄电池1中的基本工作原理基本上相同。在放电(图2、3、4)时,在第一电极2上,在释放电子e-的情况下,正的锂离子Li+通过电解质4被释放到第二电极3上,在那里,锂离子Li+与氧气O2首先氧化成氧化锂Li2O并且然后氧化成过氧化锂Li2O2。在此,进行如下还原过程:O2 + 4e- → 2O2-。为了可以进行所述还原过程,第二电极3涂上催化剂,是高多孔性的并且因而具有很大的表面积。因而,一方面,第二电极3易受具有颗粒(诸如灰尘或沙子)的污垢影响,所述颗粒可能堵塞或者隔绝第二电极3,另一方面,有害气体(如硫氧化物SxOy、氨气NH3、氮氧化物NOx、硫化氢H2S、一氧化碳CO、二氧化碳CO2以及其它有害气体)作为催化剂毒气来起作用,所述催化剂毒气可能不可逆地损坏第二电极3。此外,第二电极3也是对湿度敏感的。
在锂-空气蓄电池1充电(图1)时,该过程回转。在第二电极3上释放氧气O2,在第一电极2上沉积金属锂Li。第一电极2是易受湿度影响的,因为金属锂Li可以与水剧烈反应。
图5示出了如之前所描述的具有锂-空气蓄电池1的蓄电池装置6的实施方式的示意图。锂-空气蓄电池1包括蓄电池控制设备7,所述蓄电池控制设备7通过电信号线8、9与蓄电池装置6的控制装置10耦合。在图5中用实线示出了电信号线而用虚线示出了空气路径。空气路径例如可以是管道或者通道。空气路径可以集成在蓄电池装置6的外壳内。
进入空气L被输送给蓄电池装置6。蓄电池装置6包括过滤装置11,所述过滤装置11被设立为对被输送给锂-空气蓄电池1的进入空气L进行湿度处理,使得所述进入空气L具有预先给定的相对空气湿度。过滤装置11包括预分离器12(诸如旋风分离器)以及被布置在预分离器12下游的颗粒过滤器13。颗粒过滤器13适合于颗粒过滤。也就是说,颗粒过滤器13被设立为以机械方式阻拦包含在进入空气L中的颗粒,诸如灰尘、花粉、沙子或者诸如此类的。经此,防止了对中间多孔的第二电极3的混入和堵塞。为了进行颗粒过滤,颗粒过滤器13可包括由纸和/或塑料制成的过滤介质。此外,该过滤介质可以涂层、浸透和/或配备纳米纤维层。
在颗粒过滤器13下游布置有过滤元件14,所述过滤元件14被设立为净化进入空气L来除掉有害气体。尤其是,过滤元件14被设立为将有害气体(如硫氧化物SOx、氨气NH3、氮氧化物NOx、硫化氢H2S、一氧化碳CO、二氧化碳CO2)以化学方式从进入空气L中滤出。这些有害气体可以作为催化剂毒气来起作用,所述催化剂毒气可能持久地损害被设置在第二电极3上的催化剂。为了以化学方式过滤,过滤元件14例如可具有活性炭。此外,过滤元件14还可具有碳酸钾K2CO3和/或氢氧化钙Ca(OH)2,所述过滤元件与酸性有害气体(诸如硫氧化物SOx或者硫化氢H2S)发生化学反应,以便中和所述有害气体。经此,持久地保持催化剂作用。
在过滤元件14下游设置有另一过滤元件15,所述过滤元件15被设立为将湿度从进入空气L抽走。过滤元件15可具有干燥剂、诸如硅胶珠。所述硅胶珠可以撒在过滤元件15的过滤介质上并且与所述过滤介质粘在一起。此外,过滤介质还可以一层一层地来构造,其中例如可以在两个纤维网层之间布置一层硅胶珠。附加地或者可选地,过滤介质可包括吸收材料(尤其是所谓的超级吸收剂)、经功能化的薄膜或者诸如此类的。
在颗粒过滤器13与过滤元件14之间布置传感器装置16和阀装置17,其中所述阀装置17安置在传感器装置16下游。传感器装置16被设立用于确定空气质量。也就是说,传感器装置16可以被设立为确定进入空气L中有害气体的加载量。此外,传感器装置16可以被设立为确定进入空气L的湿度。确定进入空气L中有害气体的加载量以及进入空气L的湿度,作为进入空气参数。传感器装置16借助于信号线18与控制装置10耦合。阀装置17借助于信号线19与控制装置10有效连接。阀装置17布置在连接传感器装置16与过滤元件14的空气路径20中或者连接传感器装置16与过滤元件14的空气路径20上。
在过滤元件14与15之间安置有另一阀装置21以及另一传感器装置22。阀装置21布置在传感器装置22下游。尤其是,阀装置17设置在连接传感器装置22与过滤元件15的空气路径23中或者布置在连接传感器装置22与过滤元件15的空气路径23上。传感器装置22同样用于空气质量确定。尤其是,传感器装置22可以被设立为确定进入空气L的空气湿度以及所述相同的进入空气L中有害气体的加载量。传感器装置22借助于信号线24与控制装置10连接。阀装置21借助于信号线25与控制装置10连接。
另一传感器装置26以及另一阀装置27安置在过滤元件15与锂-空气蓄电池1之间,其中所述阀装置27布置在传感器装置26下游。传感器装置26通过信号线28与控制装置10有效连接。阀装置27借助于信号线30与控制装置10连接,所述阀装置27设置在连接传感器装置26和锂-空气蓄电池1的空气路径29上或者连接传感器装置26和锂-空气蓄电池1的空气路径29中。在锂-空气蓄电池1下游设置有另一阀装置31,所述另一阀装置31借助于信号线32与控制装置10连接。车辆的车辆控制设备33通过信号线34、35与控制装置10进行通信。
在蓄电池装置6运行时,进入空气L首先流经预分离器12和颗粒过滤器13,其中所述进入空气L被粗糙的以及细小的颗粒净化。传感器装置16检测由颗粒净化的进入空气L中有害气体和/或湿度的加载量。如果经过滤的进入空气L不含有害气体或者只含有害气体的低于规定的极限值的量,那么借助于阀装置17和空气路径36使进入空气L围绕着过滤元件14和传感器装置22地传导到空气路径23中。如果进入空气L包含要除掉的有害气体,那么切换阀装置17,使得进入空气L被传导经过过滤元件14,以便从所述进入空气L中除掉有害气体。
在过滤元件14之后,可以借助于传感器装置22重新确定进入空气L的空气质量。如果有害气体的加载量过高,那么控制装置10识别出,应使过滤元件14还原。为此,切换阀装置21,使得将进入空气L传导到空气输出端37。如果控制装置10借助于传感器装置22识别出进入空气L的相对空气湿度已经对应于所希望的值,那么切换阀装置21,使得所述进入空气L借助于空气路径38绕着过滤元件15和传感器装置26被传导到空气路径29中。优选地,在锂-空气蓄电池1中,将全部空气湿度从进入空气L抽走。在将其它金属(诸如硅)用于电极3的情况下,也可能需要将进入空气L的相对空气湿度调整到所限定的值。如果不仅不需要有害气体过滤而且不需要对进入空气L的湿度进行湿度处理,那么通过空气路径38将进入空气L从阀装置17传导到空气路径29中。如果进入空气L的湿度超过预先确定的极限值,那么切换阀装置21,使得所述进入空气L流经过滤元件15和传感器装置26。
如果即使进入空气L已经被传导经过过滤元件15,传感器装置26也确定了所述进入空气L的湿度的过高的值,那么控制装置识别出应使所述过滤元件15还原。接着,切换阀装置27,使得进入空气L流到空气输出端39。这里,进入空气L可以被加热并且重新被传导穿过过滤元件15,以便使所述过滤元件15还原。可以通过热来使具有进行湿度处理的特性的过滤元件15(诸如硅胶)还原。为此,过滤元件15被加热或流经过滤元件15的进入空气L被加热。可以切换阀装置31,使得锂-空气蓄电池1的排出空气A流到周围环境中。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于车辆的蓄电池装置(6),所述蓄电池装置(6)具有金属-空气蓄电池(1);过滤装置(11),所述过滤装置(11)被设立为对被输送给所述金属-空气蓄电池(1)的进入空气(L)进行湿度处理,使得所述进入空气(L)具有预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是预先给定的相对空气湿度,所述过滤装置(11)具有至少一个过滤元件(14、15),具有用于至少一个进入空气值的至少一个传感器装置(16、22、26)并且具有至少一个阀装置(17、21、27);以及控制装置(10),所述控制装置(10)被耦合到所述传感器装置(16、22、26)上,用来接收用于所述进入空气值的传感器信号,而且所述控制装置(10)被设立为根据所述传感器信号调整用于进入空气流的阀装置(17、21、27),用来调节所述预先给定的进入空气值、尤其是所述相对空气湿度,使得所述进入空气至少能被引导穿过所述过滤元件(14、15)、在所述过滤元件(14、15)旁边经过或者被传导到空气输出端(37、39),用来使所述过滤元件(14、15)还原。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池装置,其中,所述过滤装置(11)具有预分离器(12)和/或颗粒过滤器(13),用于使来自所述进入空气(L)的颗粒沉积。
3.根据权利要求2所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述预分离器(12)和/或所述颗粒过滤器(13)下游,设置有第一传感器装置(16),用于检测进入空气参数,如所述进入空气(L)中有害气体和/或湿度的加载量。
4.根据权利要求3所述的蓄电池装置,其中,所述过滤装置(11)具有过滤元件(14),所述过滤元件(14)被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气(L)中除掉,而且其中,所述过滤元件(14)布置在所述第一传感器装置(16)下游。
5.根据权利要求4所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述第一传感器装置(16)下游设置有第一阀装置(17),所述第一阀装置(17)被设立为根据由所述第一传感器装置(16)检测到的进入空气参数使所述进入空气(L)传导穿过所述过滤元件(14)或者在所述过滤元件(14)旁边经过,所述过滤元件(14)被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气(L)中除掉。
6.根据权利要求5所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述过滤元件(14)下游设置有第二传感器装置(22),用于检测进入空气参数、如所述进入空气(L)中有害气体和/或湿度的加载量,所述过滤元件(14)被设立为将有害气体从所述进入空气(L)中除掉。
7.根据权利要求6所述的蓄电池装置,其中,所述过滤装置(11)具有过滤元件(15),所述过滤元件(15)被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气(L)中除掉,而且其中,所述过滤元件(15)布置在所述第二传感器装置(22)下游。
8.根据权利要求7所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述第二传感器装置(22)下游设置有第二阀装置(21),所述第二阀装置(17)被设立为根据由所述第二传感器装置(22)检测到的进入空气参数使所述进入空气(L)传导穿过所述过滤元件(15)或者在所述过滤元件(15)旁边经过,所述过滤元件(15)被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气(L)中除掉。
9.根据权利要求8所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述过滤元件(15)下游设置有第三传感器装置(26),用于检测所述进入空气(L)的湿度,所述过滤元件(15)被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气(L)中除掉。
10.根据权利要求9所述的蓄电池装置,其中,在所述第三传感器装置(26)下游设置有第三阀装置(27),所述第三阀装置(27)被设立为根据由所述第三传感器装置(26)检测到的所述进入空气(L)的湿度将所述进入空气(L)引导给所述金属-空气蓄电池(1)或者空气输出端(39),用于使所述过滤元件(15)还原,所述过滤元件(15)被设立为将湿度从所述进入空气(L)中除掉。
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