CN106979999A - 当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准与制造工艺 - Google Patents
当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准与制造工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106979999A CN106979999A CN201610368058.0A CN201610368058A CN106979999A CN 106979999 A CN106979999 A CN 106979999A CN 201610368058 A CN201610368058 A CN 201610368058A CN 106979999 A CN106979999 A CN 106979999A
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种安全、高效、便捷的当归中药饮片。本发明提供的当归定性定量中药饮片制造工艺,采用一种炮制工艺,将符合质量标准的当归制备成片厚0.3~1mm的中药饮片,可冲泡服用改变传统煎煮服用方法,同时提供一种当归饮片质量标准,在现有质量标准的基础上增加相关检测项目,并提高含量测定中的阿魏酸、挥发油的标准限度,可有效对当归饮片的质量进行控制,提高了药品的质量标准,增加了用药安全性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中药领域,具体为当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准、操作规程与制造工艺。
背景技术
当归(学名:Angelica sinensis radix),别名:干归、马尾当归、秦哪、马尾归、云归、西当归、岷当归、金当归、涵归尾、土当归,属伞形科植物当归的干燥根,始载于东汉《神农本草经》,列为中品。《注解伤寒论》有述“脉者血之府,诸血皆属心,凡通脉者必先补心益血,故张仲景治手足厥寒,脉细欲绝者,用当归之苦温以助心血。”,据现行版《中国药典》记载,其功能与主治为补血活血,调经止痛,润肠通便。用于血虚萎黄,眩晕心悸,月经不调,经闭痛经,虚寒腹痛,风湿痹痛,跌扑损伤,痈疽疮疡,肠燥便秘。当归素有“十方九归”之称,广泛应用于临床各科。现代研究表明,当归功效的物质基础主要是挥发性油、有机酸类、多糖类等,尚含有维生素A、维生素B12、维生素E,17种氨基酸以及钠、钾、钙、镁等20余种无机元素。姚成的博士学位论文《当归和猫爪草成分的综合分析方法研究》中的1.4.5当归化学成分的研究详细综合了现代研究成果,并采用GC-MS分析挥发油分离得到72个色谱峰,并鉴定出其中44个成分等等,宋秋月等的《当归化学成分研究》则采用柱色谱法,利用理化性质及波谱数据分析,对当归的醋酸乙酯提取部位中的16个化合物分离鉴定等,均表明对当归成分的分析已达到较高水平。
中药饮片是中国中药产业不可缺失的部分,是中医临床辩证施治必需的传统武器,其品质直接影响中医临床防病、治病的疗效,本发明供的高品质的中药饮片有较大的市场需求。另外针对现代人快速的生活节奏,本发明提供一种炮制工艺,将符合质量标准的当归制备成片厚0.3~1mm的中药饮片,可冲泡服用改变传统煎煮服用方法。
当归,据《本草纲目》记载,“当归在陇西川谷四阳(五阳今漳县、岷阳今岷县、首阳今渭源、洮阳今临洮)”,相比较其它品种,当归种植地高度集中,我国甘肃中部为主产区,约占全国产量的70%,以岷县品质最佳,习称“岷归”。秉持对中药材高品质的追求,本公司对甘肃省岷县寺沟乡、清水乡等进行实地考察,选择甘肃岷归中药材科技有限公司等实力企业作为供货商,确保原料为高品质的道地药材。严辉的《我国当归药材生产现状与分析》就当归药材资源生产现状、存在的问题进行总结分析,文中提及“药材中农药残留超标和药性降低,临床疗效减弱。另外,加工规格多年来无突破、无创新。”,与本发明所要解决的问题-解决目前市场上的普遍存在中药饮片疗效不明显与中药材因环境污染而重金属超标、农药残留超标等质量问题,以及提供可冲泡服用改变传统煎煮服用方法,不谋而合。
附图说明
附图1是当归定性定量中药饮片生产工艺流程图。
发明内容
为了确保当归饮片的高品质要求,本发明提供的当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准与制造工艺,增加药屑杂质、重金属及有害元素、有机氯农药残留量、黄曲霉毒素B1、二氧化硫残留量、含量测定,并将含量测定中的阿魏酸的标准限度从0.050%(现行版《中国药典》未对当归饮片作含量测定要求,为当归中药材标准)提高至0.055%。并通过特定的工序生产出片厚0.3~1mm的当归中药饮片,确保中药饮片符合高标准高品质的要求。
本发明提供的当归定性定量中药饮片的制造工艺,包括以下步骤:
A10、净制:清除混在当归中的杂质及霉变品等,将当归按大小进行分档。注意:当归经净选后不得直接接触地面。
A20、润药:净制后当归放置在全自动润药机中,真空负压状态下润药0.5-1.5h,至当归彻底润透,折断面无干心。润药参数:温度45-50℃,压力-0.05MPa,喷淋时间5s,喷淋延时100s。注意:当归需润透,折断面无干心,当归材内外软硬适宜。
切制:片厚0.3~1mm,按全自动高速切片机操作规程操作,调好刀距,切药时先试切,用游标卡尺检测,调整好切制厚度,符合要求后再正式切药。
A40、干燥:采用热风循环烘箱进行干燥,将当归铺于烘箱中烘盘上,摊铺厚度均匀,厚度在3cm以下。打开电源开关,开启加热开关、风机,在温度45±2℃进行干燥,在温度达到设定温度后干燥4~5h,干燥完毕,关闭加热开关,继续吹风,待箱内温度降下至35~40℃,关闭风机。干燥后岗位人员需填写中间产品请检单,交质管部由QA取样进行水分检查。
A50、包装:根据本品包装规格要求进行包装。包装前需对包装间进行检查,确认包装生产线的清场已经完成,并核对包装材料是否符合要求。内包装:在设备上调整好需要印制的生产日期、批号,QA监控,称取规定重量的当归放入料斗中,用封口机封口,要求做到封口严密、平整、美观。操作过程中每隔30min抽样检测装量、封口及生产日期印制是否清晰等情况。外包装:在设备上调整好需印制的生产日期及批号,QA监控,在外包装盒子上打印批号、生产日期,打印过程中需注意批号及生产日期是否清晰。将内包装完成后的饮片及检验报告书放入外包盒中,4袋/盒。将每10盒饮片,套入1个热缩膜中,进行热收缩;热收缩后装入大纸箱中,240盒/箱。操作过程中,QA随时抽检。包装后岗位人员需填写成品请检单,交质量部由QA取样进行产品检查。
A60、成品:包装后岗位人员需填写成品请检单,交质量部由QA取样进行产品检查。
增加药屑杂质、重金属及有害元素、有机氯农药残留量、黄曲霉毒素B1、二氧化硫残留量、含量测定,并将含量测定中的阿魏酸的标准限度从0.050%(现行版《中国药典》未对当归饮片作含量测定要求,为当归中药材标准)提高至0.055%。修订后的当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准如下所示:
当归饮片
拼音名称:Danggui Yinpian
包装:纯铝复合膜包装。
【性状】取本品适量,在日光下观察,本品呈类圆形、椭圆形或不规则薄片。外表皮浅棕色至棕褐色。切面浅棕黄色或黄白色,平坦,有裂隙,中间有浅棕色的形成层环,并有多数棕色的油点。嗅之,香气浓郁。尝之,味甘、辛、微苦。
鉴别
显微鉴别
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、药典筛、显微镜、酒精灯
试剂及试液:水合氯醛试液、甘油醋酸试液、甘油乙醇试液、稀甘油(试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
测定及结果判定:取本品粉末(过四号筛)适量,挑取少许置载玻片上,滴加甘油醋酸试液、水合氯醛试液或其他试液1~2滴,盖上盖玻片。必要时滴加水合氯醛试液后,在酒精灯上加热透化,并滴加甘油乙醇试液或稀甘油,盖上盖玻片,于显微镜下观察:粉末淡黄棕色。韧皮薄壁细胞纺锤形,壁略厚,表面有极微细的斜向交错纹理,有时可见菲薄的横隔。梯纹导管和网纹导管多见,直径约至8um。有时可见油室碎片。
薄层鉴别
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、超声波清洗机、恒温水浴锅、点样器、展开缸、薄层板、三用紫外仪
试剂及试液:乙醚、乙醇、正已烷、乙酸乙酯、碳酸氢钠、甲醇、环已烷、二氯甲烷、甲酸、稀盐酸(试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
对照药材及对照品:当归对照药材、阿魏酸对照品、藁本内酯对照品
取本品粉末0.5g,加乙醚20ml,超声处理10分钟,滤过,滤液蒸干,残渣加乙醇1ml使溶解,作为供拭品溶液。另取当归对照药材0.5g,同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法(通则0502)试验,吸取上述两种溶液各10μl,分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上,以正已烷-乙酸乙酯(4∶1)为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干,置紫外光灯(365nm)下检视。结果判定:供试品色谱中,在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
取本品粉末3g,加1%碳酸氢钠溶液50ml,超声处理10分钟,离心,取上清液用稀盐酸调节pH值2~3,用乙醚振摇提取2次,每次20ml合并乙醚液,挥干,残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解,作为供试品溶液。另取阿魏酸对照品、藁本内酯对照品,加甲醇制成每1ml各含1mg的溶液,作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法(通则0502)试验,吸取上述三种溶液各10μl,分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上,以环已烷-二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(4∶1∶1∶0.1)为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干,置紫外光灯(365nm)下检视。结果判定:供试品色谱中,在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
检查
药屑、杂质
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛
测定及结果判定:照杂质检查法(通则2301)测定。
取供试品约100g(精确到0.1g),摊开,拣出杂质,用6号筛筛出药屑,合并,称重,计算其在供试品中的量(%)。
结果判定:本品药屑、杂质不得过3%。
水分
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、电热恒温鼓风干燥箱、称量瓶
测定及结果判定:照水分测定法(通则0832第二法)测定。取供试品适量(约相当于含水量1~4ml),精密称定,置500ml的短颈圆底烧瓶中,加甲苯约200ml,必要时加入干燥、洁净的无釉小瓷片数片或玻璃珠数粒,连接仪器,自冷凝管顶端加入甲苯至充满水分测定管的狭细部分。将圆底烧瓶置电热套中或用其他适宜方法缓缓加热,待甲苯开始沸腾时,调节温度,使每秒馏出2滴。待水分完全馏出,即测定管刻度部分的水量不再增加时,将冷凝管内部先用甲苯冲洗,再用饱蘸甲苯的长刷或其他适宜方法,将管壁上附着的甲苯推下,继续蒸馏5分钟,放冷至室温,拆卸装置,如有水黏附在水分测定管的管壁上,可用蘸甲苯的铜丝推下,放置使水分与甲苯完全分离(可加亚甲蓝粉末少量,使水染成蓝色,以便分离观察)。检读水量,并计算成供试品的含水量(%)。结果判定:本品水分不得过15.0%。
总灰分
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、马弗炉、电炉、坩埚
测定及结果判定:照灰分测定法(通则2302)测定。取供试品2~3g(如须测定酸不溶性灰分,可取供试品3~5g),置炽灼至恒重的坩埚中,称定重量(准确至0.01g),缓缓炽热,注意避免燃烧,至完全炭化时,逐渐升高温度至500~600℃,使完全灰化并至恒重。根据残渣重量,计算供试品中总灰分的含量(%)。结果判定:本品总灰分不得过7.0%。
酸不溶性灰分
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、马弗炉、电炉、坩埚
试剂及试液:稀盐酸(试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
测定及结果判定:照灰分测定法(通则2302)测定。取上项所得的灰分,在坩埚中小心加入稀盐酸约10ml,用表面皿覆盖坩埚,置水浴上加热10分钟,表面皿用热水5ml冲洗,洗液并入坩埚中,用无灰滤纸滤过,坩埚内的残渣用水洗于滤纸上,并洗涤至洗液不显氯化物反应为止。滤渣连同滤纸移置同一坩埚中,干燥,炽灼至恒重。根据残渣重量,计算供试品中酸不溶性灰分的含量(%)。结果判定:本品酸不溶性灰分不得过2.0%。
重金属及有害元素
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、微波消解仪、原子吸收分光光度计
试剂及试液:硝酸、磷酸二氢铵、硝酸镁、碘化钾、抗坏血酸、盐酸、硼氢化钠、氢氧化钠、硫酸、高锰酸钾、盐酸羟胺(其中硝酸、磷酸二氢铵、硝酸镁为优级纯,其他试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
标准样品:铅单元素标准样品、镉单元素标准样品、砷单元素标准样品、汞单元素标准样品、铜单元素标准样品
方法:照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法(通则2321)测定
铅的测定(石墨炉法)
测定条件 参考条件:波长283.3nm,干燥温度100~120℃,持续20秒;灰化温度400~750℃,持续20~25秒;原子化温度1700~~2100℃,持续4~5秒。
铅标准贮备液的制备 精密量取铅单元素标准溶液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释,制成每1ml含铅(Pb)1μg的溶液,即得(0~5℃贮存)。
标准曲线的制备分别精密量取铅标准贮备液适量,用2%硝酸溶液制成每1ml分别含铅0ng、5ng、20ng、40ng、60ng、80ng的溶液。分别精密量取1ml,精密加含1%磷酸二氢铵和0.2%硝酸镁的溶液0.5ml,混匀,精密吸取20μl注入石墨炉原子化器,测定吸光度,以吸光度为纵坐标,浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。
供试品溶液的制备A法 取供试品粗粉0.5g,精密称定,置聚四氯乙烯消解罐内,加硝酸3~5ml,混匀,浸泡过夜,盖好内盖,旋紧外套,置适宜的微波消解炉内,进行消解(按仪器规定的消解程序操作)。消解完全后,取消解内罐置电热板上缓缓加热至红棕色蒸气挥尽,并继续缓缓浓缩至2~3ml,放冷,用水转入25ml量瓶中,并稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。同法同时制备试剂空白溶液。
测定法 精密量取空白溶液与供试品溶液各1ml,精密加含1%磷酸二氢铵和0.2%硝酸镁的溶液0.5ml,混匀,精密吸取10~20μl,照标准曲线的制备项下方法测定吸光度,从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中铅(Pb)的含量,计算,即得。
镉的测定(石墨炉法)
测定条件 参考条件:波长228.8nm,干燥温度100~120℃,持续20秒;灰化温度300~500℃,持续20~25秒;原子化温度1500~1900℃,持续4~5秒。
镉标准贮备液的制备 精密量取镉单元素标准溶液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释,制成每1ml含镉(Cd)lμg的溶液,即得(0~5℃贮存)。
标准曲线的制备 分别精密量取镉标准贮备液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释制成每1ml分别含镉0ng、0.8ng、2.0ng、4.0ng、6.0ng、8.0ng的溶液。分别精密吸取10μl,注入石墨炉原子化器,测定吸光度,以吸光度为纵坐标,浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。
供试品溶液的制备 同铅测定项下供试品溶液的制备。
测定法 精密吸取空白溶液与供试品溶液各10~20μl,照标准曲线的制备项下方法测定吸光度(若供试品有干扰,可分别精密量取标准溶液、空白溶液和供试品溶液各1ml,精密加含1%磷酸二氢铵和0.2%硝酸镁的溶液0.5ml,混匀,依法测定),从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中镉(Cd)的含量,计算,即得。
砷的测定(氢化物法)
测定条件 采用适宜的氢化物发生装置,以含硼氢化钠和0.3%氢氧化钠溶液(临用前配制)作为还原剂,盐酸溶液(1→100)为载液,氮气为载气,检测波长为193.7nm。
砷标准贮备液的制备 精密量取砷单元素标准溶液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释,制成每1ml含砷(As)1μg的溶液,即得(0~5℃贮存)。
标准曲线的制备 分别精密量取砷标准贮备液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释制成每1ml分别含砷0ng、5ng、10ng、20ng、30ng、40ng的溶液。分别精密量取10ml,置25ml量瓶中,加25%碘化钾溶液(临用前配制)1ml,摇匀,加10%抗坏血酸溶液(临用前配制) 1ml,摇匀,用盐酸溶液(20→100)稀释至刻度,摇匀,密塞,置80℃水浴中加热3分钟,取出,放冷。取适量,吸入氢化物发生装置,测定吸收值,以峰面积(或吸光度)为纵坐标,浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。
供试品溶液的制备 同铅测定项下供试品溶液的制备中的A法制备。
测定法精密吸取空白溶液与供试品溶液各10ml,照标准曲线的制备项下,自“加25%碘化钾溶液(临用前配制)1ml”起,依法测定。从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中砷(As)的含量,计算,即得。
汞的测定(冷蒸气吸收法)
测定条件 采用适宜的氢化物发生装置,以含0.5%硼氢化钠和0.1%氢氧化钠的溶液(临用前配制)作为还原剂,盐酸溶液(1→100)为载液,氮气为载气,检测波长为253.6nm。
汞标准贮备液的制备 精密量取汞单元素标准溶液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释,制成每1ml含汞(Hg)1μg的溶液,即得(0~5℃贮存)。
标准曲线的制备 分别精密量取汞标准贮备液0ml、0.1ml、0.3ml、0.5ml、0.7ml、0.9ml,置50ml量瓶中,加20%硫酸溶液10ml、5%高锰酸钾溶液0.5ml,摇匀,滴加5%盐酸羟胺溶液至紫红色恰消失,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀。取适量,吸入氢化物发生装置,测定吸收值,以峰面积(或吸光度)为纵坐标,浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。
供试品溶液的制备A法 取供试品粗粉0.5g,精密称定,置聚四氟乙烯消解罐内,加硝酸3~5ml,混匀,浸泡过夜,盖好内盖,旋紧外套,置适宜的微波消解炉内进行消解(按仪器规定的消解程序操作)。消解完全后,取消解内罐置电热板上,于120℃缓缓加热至红棕色蒸气挥尽,并继续浓缩至2~3ml,放冷,加20%硫酸溶液2ml、5%高锰酸钾溶液0.5ml,摇匀,滴加5%盐酸羟胺溶液至紫红色恰消失,转入10ml量瓶中,用水洗涤容器,洗液合并于量瓶中,并稀释至刻度,摇匀,必要时离心,取上清液,即得。同法同时制备试剂空白溶液。
测定法 精密吸取空白溶液与供试品溶液适量,照标准曲线制备项下的方法测定从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中汞(Hg)的含量,计算,即得。
铜的测定(火焰法)
测定条件 检测波长为324.7nm,采用空气-乙炔火焰,必要时进行背景校正。
铜标准贮备液的制备精密量取铜单元素标准溶液适量,用2%硝酸溶液稀释,制成每1ml含铜(Cu)10μg的溶液,即得(0~5℃贮存)。
标准曲线的制备 分别精密量取铜标准贮备液适量,用2%硝酸溶液制成每1ml分别含铜0μg、0.05μg、0.2μg、0.4μg、0.6μg、0.8μg的溶液。依次喷入火焰,测定吸光度,以吸光度为纵坐标,浓度为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。
供试品溶液的制备 同铅测定项下供试品溶液的制备。
测定法 精密吸取空白溶液与供试品溶液适量,照标准曲线的制备项下的方法测定。从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中铜(Cu)的含量,计算,即得。
结果判定:本品含铅不得过8mg/kg;镉不得过0.8mg/kg;砷不得过4mg/kg;汞不得过0.8mg/kg;铜不得过20mg/kg;
有机氯类农药残留量
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、旋转蒸发仪、超声波清洗机、气相色谱仪
试剂及试液:石油醚(60~90℃)、丙酮、氯化钠、二氯甲烷、无水硫酸钠(其中石油醚(60~90℃)为色谱纯,其他试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
对照品:α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC、p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDT、PCNB农药对照品
方法:照农药残留量测定法(通则0512第一法)测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以(14%-氰丙基-苯基)甲基聚硅氧烷或(5%苯基)甲基聚硅氧烷为固定液的弹性石英毛细管柱(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm),63Ni-ECD电子捕获检测器。进样口温度230℃,检测器温度300℃,不分流进样。程序升温:初始100℃,每分钟10℃升至220℃,每分钟8℃升至250℃,保持10分钟。理论板数按α-BHC峰计算应不低于1×106,两个相邻色谱峰的分离度应大于1.5。
对照品贮备溶液的制备 精密称取六六六(BHC)(α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC)、滴滴涕(DDT)(p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDT)及五氯硝基苯(PCNB)农药对照品适量,用石油醚(60~90℃)分别制成每1ml约含4~5μg的溶液,即得。
混合对照品贮备溶液的制备 精密量取上述各对照品贮备液0.5ml,置10ml量瓶中,用石油醚(60~90℃)稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。
混合对照品溶液的制备 精密量取上述混合对照品贮备液,用石油醚(60~90℃)制成每1L分别含0μg、1μg、5μg、10μg、50μg、100μg、250μg的溶液,即得。
供试品溶液的制备 取供试品,粉碎成粉末(过三号筛),取约2g,精密称定,置100ml具塞锥形瓶中,加水20ml浸泡过夜,精密加丙酮40ml,称定重量,超声处理30分钟,放冷,再称定重量,用丙酮补足减失的重量,再加氯化钠约6g,精密加二氯甲烷30ml,称定重量,超声15分钟,再称定重量,用二氯甲烷补足减失的重量,静置(使分层),将有机相迅速移入装有适量无水硫酸钠的100ml具塞锥形瓶中,放置4小时。精密量取35ml,于40℃水浴上减压浓缩至近干,加少量石油醚(60~90℃)如前反复操作至二氯甲烷及丙酮除净,用石油醚(60~90℃)溶解并转移至10ml具塞刻度离心管中,加石油醚(60~90℃)精密稀释至5ml,小心加入硫酸1ml,振摇1分钟,离心(3000转/分钟)10分钟,精密量取上清液2ml,置具刻度的浓缩瓶中,连接旋转蒸发器,40℃下(或用氮气)将溶液浓缩至适量,精密稀释至1ml,即得。
测定法 分别精密吸取供试品溶液和与之相对应浓度的混合对照品溶液各1μl,注入气相色谱仪,按外标法计算供试品中9种有机氯农药残留量。
结果判定:本品含总六六六(α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC之和)不得过0.2mg/kg;总滴滴涕(pp′-DDE、pp′-DDD、op′-DDT、pp′-DDT之和)不得过0.2mg/kg;五氯硝基苯不得过0.1mg/kg。
黄曲霉毒素B1
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、均质瓶、离心机、高效液相色谱仪(配置荧光检测器及衍生化泵、衍生化保温箱)
试剂及试液:甲醇、乙腈、碘、氯化钠、免疫亲合柱(其中乙腈为色谱纯,其他试剂为分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
对照品:黄曲霉毒素B1对照品
方法:照黄曲霉毒素测定法(通则2351)测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以甲醇-乙腈-水(40∶18∶42)为流动相;采用柱后衍生法检测,碘衍生法:衍生溶液为0.05%的碘溶液(取碘0.5g,加入甲醇100ml使溶解,用水稀释至1000ml制成),衍生化泵流速每分钟0.3ml,衍生化温度70℃以荧光检测器检测,激发波长λex=360nm(或365nm),发射波长λex=450nm。两个相邻色谱峰的分离度应大于1.5。
混合对照品溶液的制备精密量取黄曲霉毒素B1对照品溶液(标示浓度为1.0μg/ml)0.5ml,置10ml量瓶中,用甲醇稀释至刻度,作为贮备溶液。精密量取贮备溶液1ml,置25ml量瓶中,用甲醇稀释至刻度,即得。
供试品溶液的制备取供试品粉末约15g(过二号筛),精密称定,置于均质瓶中,加入氯化钠3g,精密加入70%甲醇溶液75ml,高速搅拌2分钟(搅拌速度大于11000转/分钟),离心5分钟(离心速度2500转/分钟),精密量取上清液15ml,置50ml量瓶中,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,用微孔滤膜(0.45μm)滤过,量取续滤液20.0ml,通过免疫亲合柱,流速每分钟3ml,用水20ml洗脱,洗脱液弃去,使空气进入柱子,将水挤出柱子,再用适量甲醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,置2ml量瓶中,并用甲醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。
测定法分别精密吸取上述混合对照品溶液5μl、10μl、15μl、20μ1、25μl,注入液相色谱仪,测定峰面积,以峰面积为纵坐标,进样量为横坐标,绘制标准曲线。另精密吸取上述供试品溶液20~25μl,注入液相色谱仪,测定峰面积,从标准曲线上读出供试品中相当于黄曲霉毒素B1的量,计算,即得。
结果判定:本品每1000g含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5μg。
二氧化硫残留量
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、电热套
试剂及试液:过氧化氢、甲基红乙醇溶液、0.01mol/L氢氧化钠滴定液、盐酸溶液(6mol/L)(试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
方法:照二氧化硫残留量定定法(通则2331)测定。
取药材或饮片细粉约10g,精密称定,置两颈圆底烧瓶中,加水300~400ml。打开回流冷凝管开关给水,将冷凝管的上端E口处连接一橡胶导气管置于100ml锥形瓶底部。锥形瓶内加入3%过氧化氢溶液50ml作为吸收液(橡胶导气管的末端应在吸收液液面 以下)。使用前,在吸收液中加入3滴甲基红乙醇溶液指示剂(2.5mg/ml),并用0.01mol/L氢氧化钠滴定液滴定至黄色(即终点;如果超过终点,则应舍弃该吸收溶液)。开通氮气,使用流量计调节气体流量至约0.2L/min;打开分液漏斗C的活塞,使盐酸溶液(6mol/L)10ml流入蒸馏瓶,立即加热两颈烧瓶内的溶液至沸,并保持微沸;烧瓶内的水沸腾1.5小时后,停止加热。吸收液放冷后,置于磁力搅拌器上不断搅拌,用氢氧化钠滴定液(0.01mol/L)滴定,至黄色持续时间20秒不褪,并将滴定的结果用空白实验校正。
结果判定:本品二氧化硫残留量不得过150mg/kg。
浸出物
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、恒温水浴锅、电热恒温鼓风干燥箱
试剂及试液:70%乙醇(试剂使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
方法:照醇溶性浸出物测定法(通则2201)项下的热浸法测定,用70%乙醇作溶剂。
取供试品约2~4g,精密称定,置100~250ml的锥形瓶中,精密加70%乙醇50~100ml,密塞,称定重量,静置1小时后,连接回流冷凝管,加热至沸腾,并保持微沸1小时。放冷后,取下锥形瓶,密塞,再称定重量,用70%乙醇补足减失的重量,摇匀,用干燥滤器滤过,精密量取滤液25ml,置已干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中,在水浴上蒸干后,于105℃干燥3小时,置干燥器中冷却30分钟,迅速精密称定重量。除另有规定外,以干燥品计算供试品中醇溶性浸出物的含量(%)。
结果判定:本品醇溶性浸出物不得少于50.0%。
含量测定
挥发油
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、电热套
试剂及试液:二甲苯(试剂使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
方法:照挥发油测定法(通则2204乙法)测定。取水约300ml与玻璃珠数粒,置烧瓶中,连接挥发油测定器。自测定器上端加水使充满刻度部分,并溢流入烧瓶时为止,再用移液管加入二甲苯1ml,然后连接回流冷凝管。将烧瓶内容物加热至沸腾,并继续蒸馏,其速度以保持冷凝管的中部呈冷却状态为度。30分钟后,停止加热,放置15分钟以上,读取二甲苯的容积。取供试品适量,称定重量(准确至0.01g),置烧瓶中,置电热套中或用其他适宜方法缓缓加热至沸,并保持微沸约5小时,至测定器中油量不再增加,停止加热,放置片刻,开启测定器下端的活塞,将水缓缓放出,至油层上端到达刻度0线上面5mm处为止。放置1小时以上,再开启活塞使油层下降至其上端恰与刻度0线平齐,读油量,自油层量中减去二甲苯量,即为挥发油量,再计算供试品中挥发油的含量(%)。
结果判定:本品含挥发油不得少于0.4(ml/g)。
阿魏酸
仪器及用具:中药粉碎机、分析天平、药典筛、恒温水浴锅
试剂及试液:70%甲醇、乙腈、磷酸(其中乙腈为色谱纯,其他试剂均使用分析纯,实验用水为纯化水)
对照品:阿魏酸对照品
方法:照高效液相色谱法(通则0512)测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验色谱条件与系统适用性试验以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以乙腈-0.085%磷酸溶液(17∶83)为流动相;检测波长为316mn;柱温35℃。理论板数按阿魏酸峰计算应不低于5000。
对照品溶液的制备对照品溶液的制备取阿魏酸对照品适量,精密称定,置棕色量瓶中,加70%甲醇制成每1ml含12μg的溶液,即得。
供试品溶液的制备供试品溶液的制备取本品粉末(过三号筛)约0.2g,精密称定,置具塞锥形瓶中,精密加入70%甲醇20ml,密塞,称定重量,加热回流30分钟,放冷,再称定重量,用70%甲醇补足减失的重量,摇匀,静置,取上清液滤过,取续滤液,即得。
测定法分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl,注入液相色谱仪,测定,即得。
结果判定:本品按干燥品计算,含阿魏酸(C10H10O4)不得少于0.055%。
微生物限度
沙门菌取本品10g,以无菌接种至适宜体积(经方法适用性实验确定)的胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,混匀,按非无菌产品微生物限度检查:控制菌检查法检查。
结果判定:沙门菌不得检出(10g)。
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌取本品,以无菌胰酪大豆胨液体培养基为稀释剂,制成1∶10的供试液,混匀,按非无菌产品微生物限度检查:控制菌检查法检查。
结果判定:耐胆盐革兰阴性菌应小于104cfu(1g)。
Claims (3)
1.当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准,其特征在于:在现行版《中国药典》质量标准的基础上增加药屑杂质、重金属及有害元素、有机氯农药残留量、黄曲霉毒素B1、二氧化硫残留量、含量测定,并将含量测定中的阿魏酸的标准限度从0.050%(现行版《中国药典》未对当归饮片作含量测定要求,为当归中药材标准)提高至0.055%。
2.如权利要求1中所述的当归定性定量中药饮片的质量标准,其特征在于:
药屑杂质照杂质检查法(《中国药典》2015年版四部通则2301)测定(《中国药典》2015年版四部通则以下简称通则),应不得过3%.
重金属及有害元素照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法(通则2321)测定,本品含铅不得过8mg/kg、镉不得过0.8mg/kg、砷不得过4mg/kg、汞不得过0.8mg/kg、铜不得过20mg/kg。
有机氯农药残留量照农药残留量测定法(通则0512第一法)测定,本品含总六六六(α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC之和)不得过0.2mg/kg、总滴滴涕(pp′-DDE、pp′-DDD、op′-DDT、pp′-DDT之和)不得过0.2mg/kg、五氯硝基苯不得过0.1mg/kg。
黄曲霉毒素B1照黄曲霉毒素测定法(通则2351)测定,本品含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5μg/kg。
二氧化硫残留量照二氧化硫残留量测定法(通则2331)测定,本品二氧化硫残留量不得过150mg/kg。
挥发油含量测定照挥发油测定法(通则2204乙法)测定,本品含挥发油不得少于0.4(ml/g)。
阿魏酸含量测定照高效液相色谱法(通则0512)测定,本品按干燥品计算,含阿魏酸(C10H10O4)不得少于0.055%。
3.当归定性定量中药饮片的制造工艺,其特征在于制备出片厚0.3~1mm的当归中药饮片,包括以下步骤:
A10、净制:清除混在当归中的杂质及霉变品等,将当归按大小进行分档。注意:当归经净选后不得直接接触地面。
A20、润药:净制后当归放置在全自动润药机中,真空负压状态下润药0.5-1.5h,至当归彻底润透,折断面无干心。润药参数:温度45-50℃,压力-0.05MPa,喷淋时间5s,喷淋延时100s。注意:当归需润透,折断面无干心,当归材内外软硬适宜。
A30、切制:片厚0.3~1mm,按全自动高速切片机操作规程操作,调好刀距,切药时先试切,用游标卡尺检测,调整好切制厚度,符合要求后再正式切药。
A40、干燥:采用热风循环烘箱进行干燥,将当归铺于烘箱中烘盘上,摊铺厚度均匀,厚度在3cm以下。打开电源开关,开启加热开关、风机,在温度45±2℃进行干燥,在温度达到设定温度后干燥4~5h,干燥完毕,关闭加热开关,继续吹风,待箱内温度降下至35~40℃,关闭风机。干燥后岗位人员需填写中间产品请检单,交质管部由QA取样进行水分检查。
A50、包装:根据本品包装规格要求进行包装。包装前需对包装间进行检查,确认包装生产线的清场已经完成,并核对包装材料是否符合要求。内包装:在设备上调整好需要印制的生产日期、批号,QA监控,称取规定重量的当归放入料斗中,用封口机封口,要求做到封口严密、平整、美观。操作过程中每隔30min抽样检测装量、封口及生产日期印制是否清晰等情况。外包装:在设备上调整好需印制的生产日期及批号,QA监控,在外包装盒子上打印批号、生产日期,打印过程中需注意批号及生产日期是否清晰。将内包装完成后的饮片及检验报告书放入外包盒中,4袋/盒。将每10盒饮片,套入1个热缩膜中,进行热收缩;热收缩后装入大纸箱中,240盒/箱。操作过程中,QA随时抽检。包装后岗位人员需填写成品请检单,交质量部由QA取样进行产品检查。
A60、成品:包装后岗位人员需填写成品请检单,交质量部由QA取样进行产品检查。
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