CN106914219A - 一种磁性碳微球在去除废水中六价铬的应用 - Google Patents
一种磁性碳微球在去除废水中六价铬的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种磁性碳微球在去除废水中六价铬的应用,属于重金属废水处理技术领域。本发明以壳聚糖为碳源,采用水热碳化法一步合成了磁性碳微球,该吸附剂内核为四氧化三铁,壳聚糖碳化产物包裹在四氧化三铁的表面。该吸附剂表面具有丰富含氧基团和氨基等活性基团,可用于水体中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附去除,在pH=2和298K的条件下对水中六价铬的最大吸附量为310mg/g,同时吸附速率快,5分钟即对六价铬的去除率高达93%。由于该吸附剂具有较高的饱和磁化强度,在外加磁场的条件下,可快速实现磁性分离,解决了壳聚糖碳化产物吸附饱和后难以分离的难题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于重金属废水处理技术领域,具体涉及磁性碳微球的制备及其在吸附去除废水中六价铬的应用。
背景技术
重金属铬是我国优先控制的污染物之一,主要来源于电镀、冶金、制革、印染和化工等行业排放的三废。铬在自然界中主要以Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)两种形态存在。铬的毒性与其存在价态有关,通常Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性比Cr(Ⅲ)高100倍,且更易为人体吸收而在体内蓄积。所谓的铬污染主要是指Cr(Ⅵ)污染,Cr(Ⅵ)被公认为致畸、致癌、致突变物质。由于铬的毒性强,且不能被微生物分解,易在生物体内富集,因此水溶性Cr(Ⅵ)已被列为对人体危害最大的8种化学物质之一,是国际公认的3种致癌金属物之一。
目前,含铬废水的处理方法主要有化学沉淀法、离子交换法、膜分离法、光催化法、电化学法、生物化学法等。吸附法具有操作简单、成本较低、处理效果好等优点,已广泛用于处理含铬废水。近来废弃生物材料和粘土矿物等以其来源广泛、成本低廉和环境友好等特点在含铬废水治理方面受到关注,已有将农业副产品如木屑、树皮、果皮、谷壳等非活体生物材料,及沸石、伊利石、膨润土和凹凸棒石等粘土矿物用于Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附去除研究(Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137(2):762-811;Chemsophere,2015,138:726-734),但这些材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量有限,有部分吸附剂还不能进行广泛的应用。
壳聚糖是通过甲壳素脱乙酰基而制得的一种天然阳离子多聚糖,具有生物相容性、环境友好性等特点,其分子链上富含—OH和—NH2等活性基团,可以通过静电或络合作用从废水中吸附重金属离子等污染物。但是由于壳聚糖在酸性水溶液中容易发生溶解并形成胶体,通常无法直接在酸性条件下使用。但是对于Cr(Ⅵ)只能在酸性条件下才能有良好效果。为了提高在酸性条件下的稳定性,必须对壳聚糖进行改性,如和戊二醛、环氧氯丙烷和乙二胺等发生交联反应。典型专利和文献有:
中国专利“一种磁性壳聚糖微球处理剂及其制备方法”(申请号201310097557.7,公开号103127914A,公开日2013年6月5日)是将电气石和磁性壳聚糖微球混合粉加入海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇中溶解、混匀,然后固化成球,用于吸附去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)。
中国专利“改性磁性壳聚糖微球重金属离子吸附剂的制备方法”(申请号201310189171.9,公开号103263895A,公开日2013年8月28日)首先以壳聚糖为原料制备磁性壳聚糖微球,然后对其进行化学接枝改性,得到一种Cr(Ⅵ)吸附剂。
中国专利“一种壳聚糖与磁性生物碳复合的磁性吸附剂去除废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的方法”(申请号201510126324.4,公开号104787831A,公开日2015年7月22日)先利用FeCl3·6H2O对水葫芦生物质进行浸泡,然后对浸泡过的生物质进行热解煅烧,从而制得磁性生物炭,再将壳聚糖复合到磁性生物炭表面。
Materials Science and Engineering C,2013,33:1214-1218。作者采用加热回流法制备磁性壳聚糖微球,然后在加以改性。
这些交联改性的制备过程相当复杂,且需要大量的有机溶剂,易产生二次污染,有时还会导致吸附性能的下降。
近年来,有学者提出将壳聚糖进行水热碳化后得到一种碳化材料,该材料具有抗酸性且保留了壳聚糖的活性基团,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量较高(International Journal ofBiological Macromolecules,2016,91:443-449),但是吸附后难以分离限制其工业化应用。
发明内容
为克服现有技术的不足,本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种磁性碳微球在去除水中六价铬的应用,以期吸附效率高、碳微球吸附饱和后固液分离容易。
本发明的技术问题是通过以下技术方案予以实现的。
本发明提供了一种磁性碳微球在去除水中六价铬中的应用,具体是将磁性碳微球投入初始浓度为100~600mg/L的六价铬废水中,在pH=2条件下吸附去除六价铬。
所述磁性碳微球是通过以下步骤予以制备的:
1)将六水合三氯化铁加入到乙二醇中,在磁力搅拌条件下加入壳聚糖粉末,得到淡黄色粘稠液体。
2)在步骤1)得到的淡黄色粘稠液中加入醋酸钠固体,并不断搅拌。
3)将步骤2)处理得到的溶液转移至100mL聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃水热条件下反应12~48h。
4)反应结束自然冷却后磁分离,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水各洗涤3~4次,得到的黑色产物经烘干、研磨、过筛,即得磁性碳微球。
上述六水合三氯化铁和壳聚糖粉末的质量比为1:0.3~4.5;上述六水合三氯化铁和醋酸钠的质量比为1:3。
进一步的,所述六价铬废水的初始浓度为200mg/L;磁性碳微球和六价铬废水的质量比为1:800,吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为5min,此时对废水中六价铬的吸附去除率高达93%。
本发明科学原理:
本发明以壳聚糖为碳源,采用高温水热碳化法一步制备出磁性碳微球。该吸附剂具有核-壳结构,内核为磁性四氧化三铁,外壳为壳聚糖碳化产物,表面具有丰富含氧基团和氨基等活性基团,可用于水体中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附去除;内核为四氧化三铁,具有较高的饱和磁化强度,在外加磁场的条件下,可快速磁性分离,解决了壳聚糖碳化产物吸附饱和后难以分离的难题。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点:
(1)吸附容量大。本发明提供的吸附剂表面富含OH、COOH和NH2等活性基团,对六价铬具有较强的吸附能力。在298K、pH=2和磁性碳微球与含铬废水的质量比为1/800的条件下,该吸附剂的最大理论吸附量为310mg/g。
(2)吸附去除率高。在六价铬初始浓度200mg/L,pH=2和磁性碳微球与含铬废水的质量比=1/800的条件下,5分钟内对六价铬的吸附去除率高达93%。
(3)可实现快速固液分离。本发明提供的吸附剂具有典型的核壳结构,内核为磁性四氧化三铁,外壳为壳聚糖水热碳化产物。吸附饱和后,可在外加磁场条件下实现快速固液分离。
(4)制备工艺简单,能耗低,易操作;采用高温水热碳化法一步制备出磁性碳微球。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例3中磁性碳微球的扫描电镜(SEM)图。
图2是本发明实施例3中磁性碳微球的X射线衍射(XRD)图。
图3是本发明实施例3中磁性碳微球的红外光谱(FTIR)图;(其中:A代表Fe3O4,B代表磁性碳微球)。
图4是本发明实施例3中磁性碳微球的磁滞回线图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实例,对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明不局限于下述实施例。
实施例1
1)将1.0g六水合三氯化铁加入到70mL乙二醇中,在磁力搅拌条件下再加入0.3g壳聚糖粉末,得到淡黄色粘稠液体;
2)在步骤1)处理得到的液体中加入3.0g醋酸钠,并不断搅拌;
3)将步骤2)处理得到的溶液转移至100mL聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃水热条件下反应24h;
4)自然冷却后磁分离,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水各洗涤3~4次,得到的黑色产物放入到电热鼓风干燥箱中60℃烘干、研磨过筛,即得磁性碳微球;
5)称取0.05g实例1中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为43.5%。
实施例2
1)同实施例1,所不同的是在磁性碳微球制备过程中添加的壳聚糖为1.5g;
2)称取0.05g步骤1)中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为88.9%。
实施例3
1)同实施例1,所不同的是在磁性微球制备过程中添加的壳聚糖为3.0g;
2)称取0.05g步骤1)中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为93.5%。
实施例4
1)同实施例1,所不同的是在磁性碳微球制备过程中添加的壳聚糖为4.5g;
2)称取0.05g步骤1)中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为96.7%。但是实施例4制备的吸附剂磁性较弱,外加磁场不能完全分离。
实施例5
1)同实施例3,所不同的是水热反应时间为12h;
2)称取0.05g步骤1)中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为80.7%。
实施例6
1)同实施例3,所不同的是水热反应时间为48h;
2)称取0.05g步骤1)中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(pH=2,300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,计算得到Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为96.9%。
实施例7
称取0.05g实施例3中制备的吸附剂,加入到40mLK2Cr2O7溶液中(300mg/L),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,当吸附溶液pH=3,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为28.4%。吸附溶液pH=4,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为22.6%;吸附溶液pH=5,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为18.9%;吸附溶液pH=6,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为11.4%。
由此可知,实施例3制备的吸附剂对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随着pH的升高而逐渐减小。
实施例8
称取若干份0.050g实施例3中制备的吸附剂,分别加入到20mL重铬酸钾溶液中(pH=2,200mg/L),在298K时振荡,在预先设定时间点取样,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)剩余浓度,计算结果列于表1中。
表1吸附动力学
由表1可知,本发明提供的吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附速率较快,在吸附1h后基本能达到平衡,去除率高达99%。
实施例9
称取若干份0.050g实施例3中制备的吸附剂,分别加入到40mL不同浓度(100~600mg/L)重铬酸钾溶液中(pH=2),在298K时振荡至吸附平衡,磁分离后测定上清液中Cr(Ⅵ)剩余浓度,计算结果列于表2中。
表2吸附等温线
对表2数据进行F和L型线性拟合,结果符合L型吸附。根据L型方程计算理论最大吸附量为310mg/g。
以上所述是本发明的优选实施方案,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (2)
1.一种磁性碳微球在去除废水中六价铬的应用,其特征在于,将磁性碳微球投入初始浓度为100~600mg/L的六价铬废水中,在pH=2条件下吸附去除六价铬;
所述磁性碳微球是通过以下步骤予以制备的:
1)将六水合三氯化铁加入到乙二醇中,在磁力搅拌条件下加入壳聚糖粉末,得到淡黄色粘稠液体;
2)在步骤1)得到的淡黄色粘稠液中加入醋酸钠固体,并不断搅拌;
3)将步骤2)处理得到的溶液转移至100mL聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃水热条件下反应12~48h;
4)反应结束自然冷却后磁分离,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水各洗涤3~4次,得到的黑色产物经烘干、研磨、过筛,即得磁性碳微球;
所述的六水合三氯化铁和壳聚糖粉末的质量比为1:0.3~4.5;所述的六水合三氯化铁和醋酸钠的质量比为1:3。
2.如权利要求1所述的磁性碳微球在去除废水中六价铬的应用,其特征在于,所述磁性碳微球与六价铬废水的质量比为1:800,吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为5min。
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