CN106900437B - Method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-culture, which aims at the problem of serious non-point source pollution of the existing paddy field and puts river crabs into the paddy field according to the theories of rice breeding of crabs, crab breeding and rice crab co-culture. The method can obviously reduce the nitrogen concentration on the water surface of the rice field, play roles in purifying water quality and preventing and treating non-point source pollution of the rice field, increase the standard yield of the river crabs to a certain extent, have obvious environmental benefit and economic benefit, and realize win-win of rice planting, river crab culture and ecological environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping, belonging to the technical field of non-point source pollution control.
Background
Rice prefers high temperature, has no strict requirement on soil growth environment, can germinate and grow in water, is mainly planted in southern areas of China, and is one of the main food crops of China. In the traditional rice planting mode, only single rice planting is mainly performed in a paddy field, but in recent years, rice is frequently suffered from diseases, insect pests and weeds, the use amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also increased rapidly in order to ensure the yield of the rice, and redundant chemical fertilizers and pesticides enter lakes and rivers along with water in the paddy field, so that regional non-point source pollution is caused, and the local ecological environment is greatly damaged.
The river crab is named as Chinese mitten crab, and its acupoint is in mud bank of river and lake and is movable at night, and fish, shrimp, animal corpse and grain are used as food. The river crab has the characteristics of fresh and tender meat and rich nutrition, is a food which is deeply loved by people, has higher economic value, so the development of the aquaculture industry of the river crab is rapid, but the cap which pollutes water quality and destroys the ecological environment is often buckled when the river crab is bred separately in captivity in ponds and lakes. In order to reduce the pollution of the cultured river crabs to ponds and lakes, the development of a novel river crab culture technology is urgent.
The problem of non-point source pollution in the agricultural production process of rice planting and river crab cultivation is solved, the problem is not slow, especially the medium nitrogen content in a rice field seriously exceeds the standard, and through detection, the water on the surface of the rice field is mostly poor V-class water quality, so that the purification difficulty is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem of serious non-point source pollution of the existing paddy field, the invention provides a method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping. The method mainly introduces river crabs into the rice field to increase the diversity of rice field organisms, combines the planting industry and the aquaculture industry which are inconsistent originally according to the theory of the combined culture of the rice crabs, the crabs and the rice, combines two different production places together to combine the culture of the rice and the river crabs, and utilizes the mode of the river crabs cultured in the rice field to control the non-point source pollution of the rice field.
The invention can prevent and control the non-point source pollution of the paddy field and simultaneously give consideration to the economic benefits of the paddy rice and the river crabs.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for controlling non-point source pollution of farmland by using river crabs raised in rice field mainly comprises 4 management stages, namely crab fry centralized temporary raising management, rice seedling raising management, river crab raised rice field management and river crab centralized fattening management, wherein the whole technical management link starts from river crab fry preparation and rice seed selection breeding to the end of rice harvest and river crab package marketing.
In the crab fry centralized temporary rearing and management stage, the river crab fries are mainly purchased until the river crab fries can be put into the rice field; the rice seedling raising management stage mainly comprises the steps of selecting and preparing rice seeds until rice seedlings can be transplanted into a rice field; in the stage of managing the river crab stocking rice field, the river crabs can be mainly thrown into the rice field until the river crabs are caught before the rice field is harvested; the river crab centralized fattening management stage mainly comprises the steps of putting a fattening pond on the river crab and enabling the river crab to appear on the market.
The crab larva centralized temporary rearing management period needs attention:
the river crab seedlings have the advantages of regular specification, strong physique, bright body color, no diseases or injuries and complete appendages;
the river crab seed temporary rearing place is convenient for water supply and drainage, has proper slope ratio and depth, wherein the water depth is not less than 50cm, and is provided with escape-proof facilities and crab islands;
before putting the river crab seeds into a temporary culture place, disinfecting the crab seeds by using lime water;
feeding bean pulp with crude protein content more than 38% to the river crab during the centralized temporary rearing period of the river crab offspring seeds.
The rice seedling raising management period needs attention:
selecting rice varieties capable of adapting to local natural environment conditions, preparing seeds according to 6-8 kg per mu, carrying out technical treatment such as airing, screening, disinfecting, soaking, accelerating germination and the like on the rice seeds before seedling raising, and well managing water, fertilizer and insect pests of the rice seedlings during seedling raising;
the river crab is put into the paddy field and needs attention during the management:
before the rice seedlings can be transplanted into the rice field, engineering construction should be carried out on the rice field, and the method mainly comprises the steps of building river crab escape-proof facilities and reinforcing ridges;
planting the rice seedlings in wide and narrow rows, wherein the wide row spacing is 17cm, the narrow row spacing is 10cm, and the plant spacing of the rice seedlings is 10 cm;
after the rice seedlings are in the green turning period, injecting new water into the rice field to keep the water level at 10-20 cm, disinfecting the rice field by using quick lime, and adjusting the water quality of the rice field by using biomass to ensure that the water quality of the rice field meets the condition that the dissolved oxygen is more than 5mg/L, the pH value is within the range of 7.5-8.5, and the ammonia nitrogen content is less than 1 mg/L;
after the water quality of the rice field meets the requirements, catching river crab seedlings from the temporary culture place, and uniformly putting the river crab seedlings into the rice field at multiple places;
feeding the river crab with feeds such as soybean meal, corn, wheat and the like;
the rice fertilization is carried out on the principle of controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus, supplementing potassium and increasing the application of farmyard manure, mainly using organic fertilizers and biological fertilizers, wherein if urea is applied to the rice in the tillering stage and the booting stage, the amount of the urea in each mu of the rice is not more than 3kg, and the shelling peak period of river crabs is avoided;
for rice diseases and insect pests, the prevention is mainly carried out, pesticides are not used or are used less, and the application of organophosphorus pesticides is forbidden.
The river crab is concentrated with the matters needing attention during the fattening management:
before the rice is harvested, all the river crabs in the rice field are fished, and are intensively put into a temporary rearing place for centralized fattening, and during the period, the river crabs are fed with small trash fish, snails, mussels and animal leftovers until the river crabs can go out of the market.
During the concentrated temporary rearing of the juvenile crabs, the putting of the river crabs into the rice field and the concentrated fattening of the river crabs, the temporary rearing place and the rice field must be patrolled every day to prevent the river crabs from entering the rice field and the temporary rearing place due to diseases or natural enemies.
The invention has the outstanding characteristics that:
the river crab species are introduced into the rice field, so that the recovery of the biological diversity in the rice field is facilitated, the biological chain in the ecological system of the rice field is complete, the river crabs can freely pass through the rice field, the ventilation in the rice field is better, the growth of rice seedlings can be promoted, and in addition, the river crabs are omnivorous animals, can eat weeds in the rice field, and can control the weed damage;
the self purification function of the paddy field is weaker, and the nitrogen concentration on the water surface of the paddy field can be obviously reduced by breeding the river crabs in the paddy field, so that the water quality of the paddy field is well purified, and the environmental benefit is obvious;
the river crabs have poor tolerance to ammonia nitrogen, and farmers reduce the death of the river crabs to obtain higher economic benefits of the river crabs, so that the input amount of pesticides and fertilizers in the rice fields is reduced, the non-point source pollution can be reduced from the source, the rice planting cost is reduced, and healthy organic rice is obtained;
secondly, the method can consider the characteristic that the growth period of the rice and the growth period of the river crabs are not synchronous, firstly, the crab seedlings are temporarily cultured in a centralized mode, after the rice seedlings are completely turned into green in the rice field, the crab seedlings are put into the rice field, the river crabs are caught before the rice is mature, centralized fattening management is carried out, the specification and the yield of the river crabs can be increased, and the economic benefit of the river crabs is further improved.
The method can promote win-win of rice planting, river crab cultivation and ecological environment in south China, and provides a technical approach suitable for Chinese situation and regional characteristics for treating non-point source pollution of rice fields and purifying water quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by rice and crab co-cropping.
FIG. 2 is a bar graph comparing total nitrogen concentrations of rice field inlet water and field surface water.
FIG. 3 is a bar graph comparing concentrations of ammonium nitrogen in paddy field influent water and surface water.
FIG. 4 is a histogram comparing concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in paddy field influent water and surface water.
In fig. 1, a dotted line block diagram 1 represents a crab larva centralized temporary rearing management stage, a dotted line block diagram 2 represents a rice seedling raising management stage, a dotted line block diagram 3 represents a rice field river crab breeding management stage, and a dotted line block diagram 4 represents river crab pond centralized fattening temporary rearing management.
In fig. 2, roman numerals II, III, IV and V respectively represent water quality standards.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions, implementation processes, principles, and the like of the present invention are further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
Example 1: a demonstration project for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by rice and crabs in Eryuan county of Dali province in Yunnan province.
And (3) preparing river crab seedlings and rice seeds in the middle ten days of the month, wherein the river crab seedlings are required to be regular in specification, strong in physique, glossy in body color, disease-free, injury-free and complete in appendages, and the rice seeds are selected from Chujing No. 28 which is suitable for the local natural environment conditions in the rational cities.
As shown in FIG. 1, after the river crab seeds are purchased, the centralized temporary rearing management (1) is carried out on the river crab seeds from 3 middle-ten days until the crab seeds can be put into the rice field in 6 middle-ten days.
The crab larva centralized temporary rearing management (1) requires attention:
selecting a paddy field pond with convenient water supply and drainage, proper slope ratio and proper depth in the river crab seedling temporary rearing place, wherein the water depth of the temporary rearing area is required to be not less than 50cm, and constructing escape-proof facilities and crab islands;
before putting the river crab seeds into a temporary culture place, disinfecting the crab seeds by using lime water;
feeding bean pulp with crude protein content more than 38% to the river crab seeds during the temporary rearing period;
the maintenance personnel must carry out patrol management on the river crab seedlings every day to prevent the river crabs from getting ill or natural enemies from entering temporary rearing places.
As shown in FIG. 1, seedling management (2) is performed on rice from 3 middle of the month until transplanting can be performed on the rice in 5 last month.
Attention is required during the rice seedling management (2):
the Chu japonica No. 28 rice seeds are purchased according to 6-8 kg per mu, the rice seeds need to be subjected to technical treatment such as airing, screening, disinfection, soaking, germination acceleration and the like before seedling cultivation, and water, fertilizer and insect pest management of the rice seedlings during the seedling cultivation is well performed.
As shown in FIG. 1, the river crab stocking rice field management (3) is performed from the time of transplanting rice seedlings into a rice field until the time of harvesting rice.
During the paddy field river crab cultivation management (3), attention needs to be paid:
before transplanting rice seedlings, performing engineering construction on a rice field, building river crab escape-proof facilities and strengthening ridges, and arranging a water inlet and a water outlet;
planting the rice seedlings in wide and narrow rows, wherein the wide row spacing is 17cm, the narrow row spacing is 10cm, and the plant spacing of the rice seedlings is 10 cm;
after the rice seedlings are in the green turning period, injecting new water into the rice field to keep the water level of the rice field at 10-20 cm, then using quick lime to disinfect the rice field, and using biomass to adjust the water quality of the rice field, so that the water quality meets the conditions that the dissolved oxygen is more than 5mg/L, the pH is in the range of 7.5-8.5, and the ammonia nitrogen content is less than 1 mg/L;
then fishing the river crabs from the temporary culture pond, and uniformly putting the river crabs into the rice field at multiple places;
feeding the river crab with feeds such as soybean meal, corn, wheat and the like;
the method is characterized in that the rice is fertilized by adopting the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization, potassium supplementation and farmyard manure increasing, organic fertilizers and biological fertilizers are used as main materials, wherein urea is applied to the rice in the tillering stage and the booting stage, so that the urea is not more than 3kg per mu, and the shelling peak period of river crabs is avoided;
for rice diseases and insect pests, prevention is mainly carried out, pesticides are not used or are used less, and organic phosphorus pesticides are forbidden to be applied;
when the rice is harvested, the whole spike of the rice loses green, 95 percent of glumes turn yellow, rice grains turn white, and the rice grains cannot deform when being pressed by hands;
during the period of the river crab stocking in the rice field, arranging a monitoring point at a water inlet of the rice field, uniformly arranging three monitoring points in the rice field, wherein each monitoring point is a multi-point mixed sample in a water area near the monitoring point in a sampling mode and is used for testing the water quality change of the rice field before and after the river crab stocking in the rice field;
the rice field water sample test index is total nitrogen concentration, wherein the total nitrogen is subjected to alkaline potassium persulfate digestion ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GB 11894-89).
As shown in figure 1, river crabs can be packaged and sold in the market from the beginning of throwing the river crabs caught in a paddy field into a pond, and the river crabs are subjected to centralized fattening management (4).
During the centralized fattening management (4) of the river crabs, attention needs to be paid:
before the rice is harvested, all the river crabs in the rice field are fished, concentrated fattening places are put into the rice field, and small trash fish, snails, mussels and animal leftovers are fed into the rice field to be concentrated and fattened until the river crabs can go out of the market.
During crab fry centralized temporary rearing management (1), river crab stocking rice field management (3) and river crab centralized fattening management (4), the temporary rearing places and the rice fields need to be patrolled every day to prevent the river crabs from entering the temporary rearing places and the rice fields due to diseases or natural enemies.
In order to test the effect of the method for preventing and controlling the non-point source pollution of the farmland and improving the water quality by the rice and crab co-farming, a histogram of the total nitrogen concentration in the water inlet of the rice field and the surface water along with the time change in fig. 2, a histogram of the ammonium nitrogen concentration in the water inlet of the rice field and the surface water along with the time change in fig. 3 and a histogram of the nitrate nitrogen concentration in the water inlet of the rice field and the surface water along with the time change in fig. 4 are drawn through data recorded by the water quality monitoring points of the rice field, in the embodiment, the river crabs are gradually transferred from the rice field from 8 months to 22 months, and the transfer is basically completed.
As shown in figure 2, in the initial stage of the test, the total nitrogen concentration at the water inlet of the rice field is measured to be higher and reaches 2.92mg/L at most, the water quality is poor and belongs to poor V-class water, but the surface water of the rice field is measured to be 0.88mg/L (between II-III class water) at the same time; over time, the total nitrogen concentration of inlet water is greatly changed, but is maintained at the level from IV-class water to V-class water, and the total nitrogen concentration of field surface water is maintained within 1mg/L and is maintained between II-class water and III-class water; from the last ten days of 8 months to 22 days of 8 months, the river crabs are gradually caught and transferred out of the rice field, the total nitrogen concentration of the field surface water tends to increase, and the data of 22 days of 8 months shows that the water inlet concentration is 2.72mg/L (poor V-class water) and the concentration of the field surface water is as high as 1.95mg/L (between IV and V-class water).
The test result shows that the river crabs raised in the rice field have good purification effect on the water quality of the rice field, inferior V-class water can be purified to be between II-class water and III-class water, after the river crabs are gradually transferred out of the rice field, the water quality of the rice field water is gradually deteriorated and gradually rises to be between IV-class water and V-class water, the purification function of the rice field is weaker, and the river crabs play a main role in the purification of the water quality of the rice field.
As shown in fig. 3, in the initial stage of the test, the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen at the water inlet of the paddy field is obviously higher than that of the paddy field, and after the river crabs are thrown into the paddy field in 6 months, the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the paddy field is gradually and steadily reduced, although the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the paddy field is slightly increased along with the rebound increase of the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the intake water in 7 months and 4 days, the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the paddy field is still within 0.08 mg/L; in 8 months, the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the field water is increased immediately after the river crabs are gradually caught and transferred, and reaches the maximum value of 0.183mg/L in 22 days in 8 months.
The water layer is arranged on the surface of the rice field, so that the bottom soil forms an anaerobic environment, the ammonium nitrogen is generated by the decomposition of protein and the mineralization of the soil under the anaerobic condition, the activity of the river crabs in the rice field has a loosening effect on the surface of the rice field, so that the oxygen content of the water and the soil in the field is increased, the anaerobic condition is reduced, and the water and the soil are the main reasons for reducing the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the water in the field after the river crabs are put into the rice field.
The test result shows that a certain amount of ammonium nitrogen is generated in the rice field, the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen in the water on the surface of the rice field can be obviously reduced by the investment of the river crabs in the rice field, and the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen can be controlled within 0.08mg/L by the activity of the river crabs.
As shown in fig. 4, the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the field water and the ammonium nitrogen concentration have similar variation trends, when the river crabs are put into the paddy field, the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the field water is within 0.5mg/L, after the river crabs are fished and transferred, the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the field water gradually increases to 8 months and 22 days, and reaches 2.6mg/L, and the increase of the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the intake water during the period may be a main cause of the increase of the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the field water.
The test result shows that the nitrate nitrogen concentration of the field water can be obviously reduced by putting the river crabs into the rice field, and the nitrate nitrogen concentration can be controlled within 0.5mg/L by the activity of the river crabs; on the other hand, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the paddy field surface water is synchronously increased by the fishing and transferring of the river crabs, and the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen and the nitrate nitrogen is consistent with the increase of the total nitrogen concentration of the paddy field surface water.
Through the popularization of the method in the rice planting area of Eryuan county in Dali, the farmland non-point source pollution is controlled, the rice field water quality is improved, and the method has remarkable effects, and in addition, has better economic benefits and mainly shows the following points:
firstly, the river crabs are concentrated and fattened after being caught from the rice field, so that the specification and the yield of the river crabs can be increased, and the economic benefit of farmers who breed the river crabs can be obviously improved;
and secondly, the river crab excrement can be used as fertilizer to be supplied to rice seedlings, so that the fertilizing amount in the rice field is reduced, the use of pesticides is avoided, the agricultural cost is reduced, and meanwhile, the healthy organic rice is obtained, so that the economic benefit of rice farmers can be improved.
Claims (5)
1. A method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping is characterized by comprising crab fry centralized temporary rearing management, rice seedling raising management, river crab stocking rice field management and river crab centralized fattening management, wherein the whole technical management link starts from river crab fry preparation and rice seed selection breeding and finishes from rice harvesting and river crab packaging and marketing, and the specific management details are as follows:
(1) crab larva centralized temporary rearing management: purchasing river crab seedlings with regular specification, strong physique, bright body color, no diseases or injuries and complete appendages, disinfecting the river crab seedlings by using quicklime water, putting the river crab seedlings into a uniform temporary culture place, and feeding bean pulp to the river crabs until the river crabs can be put into a rice field;
(2) and (3) rice seedling raising management: purchasing rice seeds according to 6-8 kg per mu, carrying out airing, screening, disinfecting, soaking and germination accelerating technical treatment on the rice seeds before seedling culture, and carrying out water, fertilizer and insect pest management on seedlings until the seedlings can be transplanted into a rice field;
(3) managing the river crab stocking rice field: before rice is transplanted, engineering construction is carried out on a rice field, river crab escape prevention facilities and field ridges are built, rice seedlings are planted in wide and narrow rows, after the rice seedlings turn green, new water is injected into the rice field to keep the water level at 10-20 cm, the rice field is disinfected and the water quality is adjusted, then river crabs are put in the rice field and fed with bean pulp, corn and wheat feeds, during the growth period of the rice, the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization, potassium supplement and farmyard manure increase are adopted for fertilization, and rice diseases and insect pests are mainly prevented;
(4) centralized fattening management of river crabs: before harvesting rice, fishing all river crabs in a rice field, intensively putting temporary rearing places, feeding small trash fishes, snails, mussels and animal leftovers to the river crabs, and intensively fattening until the river crabs are sold and put on the market;
the wide-row and narrow-row planting mode of the rice is characterized in that the wide-row distance is 17cm, the narrow-row distance is 10cm, and the rice seedling spacing is 10 cm;
in the rice field fertilizing process, organic fertilizers and biological fertilizers are used as main materials, wherein urea is applied to the rice in the tillering stage and the booting stage, so that the quantity of urea is not more than 3kg per mu, and the shelling peak period of river crabs is avoided;
the management of the rice diseases and insect pests does not use or uses less pesticides, and organic phosphorus pesticides are forbidden to be applied.
2. The method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-culture as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the temporary culture place is convenient for water supply and drainage, has proper slope ratio and depth, has water depth of not less than 50cm, and is built with escape-proof facilities and crab islands.
3. The method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-culture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crude protein content of the soybean meal fed to the river crabs is required to be more than 38% during the crab larva centralized temporary culture management period.
4. The method for preventing and controlling farmland non-point source pollution by using rice and crab co-cropping according to claim 1, characterized in that the rice field is disinfected by quicklime before river crabs are raised in a stocking way, and the biomass regulates the water quality, wherein the water quality must meet the requirements that the dissolved oxygen is more than 5mg/L, the pH value is within the range of 7.5-8.5, and the ammonia nitrogen content is less than 1 mg/L.
5. The method for preventing and controlling non-point source pollution of farmland by using rice and crab co-cropping according to claim 1, characterized in that during the crab fry centralized temporary rearing management, the river crab stocking paddy field management and the river crab centralized fattening management, the temporary rearing places and the paddy field must be patrolled every day to prevent the river crabs from getting sick or natural enemies from entering the temporary rearing places and the paddy field.
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| CN104509464A (en) * | 2014-12-02 | 2015-04-15 | 邱汪洋 | Paddy field adult crab breeding technical method |
| CN105875304A (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2016-08-24 | 北京林大林业科技股份有限公司 | Three-in-one compound ecological planting and culturing method of rice, crabs and soybeans |
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