CN106882968B - 多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒及其制备方法 - Google Patents

多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN106882968B
CN106882968B CN201610341243.0A CN201610341243A CN106882968B CN 106882968 B CN106882968 B CN 106882968B CN 201610341243 A CN201610341243 A CN 201610341243A CN 106882968 B CN106882968 B CN 106882968B
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composite particles
aerogel
ceramic composite
porous ceramic
mixture
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CN106882968A (zh
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洪雄杓
吕寅雄
白洪吉
卢水晶
吴昇贞
李昇祐
金甫炅
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Hyundai Motor Co
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种复合物颗粒和制备其的方法。复合物颗粒可具有适当水平的粒径,并且当在高温下的涂覆工艺中应用复合物颗粒时,其可以保持稳定的形状和内部孔结构。

Description

多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒及其制备方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2015年12月15日在韩国知识产权局提交的韩国专利申请第10-2015-0179490号的优先权权益,其全部内容引入在此以供参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合物颗粒和方法。复合物颗粒可以具有合适的直径,并且在应用于高温等下的涂覆工艺中时可以保持稳定的形状和内部多孔结构。
背景技术
内燃机是指其中由燃料的燃烧产生的燃烧气体直接施用于活塞或涡轮叶片等,以将燃料具有的热能转变为机械功的发动机。这样的发动机通常是指往复式发动机,其中燃料与空气的混合气体在气缸内部点燃并引爆以推动活塞,但是燃气涡轮、喷气发动机和火箭发动机等也被包括在内作为内燃机。
根据燃料的种类,可以将内燃机分为燃气发动机、汽油发动机、石油发动机、柴油发动机等。例如,石油发动机、燃气发动机和汽油发动机通过来自火花塞的电火花点燃,而柴油发动机将燃料注入高温高压空气中以自发地将燃料点燃。根据活塞的冲程和运动,内燃机还可以是4-冲程或2-冲程循环型。
通常,已知车辆的内燃机具有约15%至35%的热效率,但即使在内燃机的最大热效率下,总热能的约60%或更多因通过内燃机壁向外部排放的热能、废气等而被消耗。
因此,当减少通过内燃机壁排放至外部的热能的量时,内燃机的效率可以得到提高。因此,已经使用了向内燃机的外部安装隔热材料、或者改变内燃机的部分材料或结构、或者开发内燃机冷却系统的方法。
特别地,当使内燃机中产生的热量通过其壁向外部的排放最小化时,则可以提高内燃机的效率和车辆的燃料效率。然而,关于能够在反复施加高温高压的内燃机内部长时间保持的隔热材料、隔热结构等,尚未积极地进行足够的研究。
因此,存在开发具有优异的低热导率和耐热性并且在被应用于内燃机时能够被长时间保持的新型隔热材料的需要。
发明内容
在优选的方面,本发明提供了一种复合物颗粒,其可以包括内部孔并且由陶瓷基材料制成。复合物颗粒可以形成为保持合适的平均粒径范围,使得在应用于高温等下的涂覆过程中时,复合物颗粒可以保持稳定的形状和内部孔结构。
在一方面,本公开提供了一种多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒。复合物颗粒可以包含内部孔,因此在下文中,除非另外特别指明,复合物颗粒也是指多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒。复合物颗粒可以包括:气凝胶和陶瓷化合物。在某些优选的实施方式中,复合物颗粒可以适当地包括直径为约100nm至40,000nm的孔(内部孔)。优选地,陶瓷复合物颗粒可以具有约50μm至500μm的平均直径。
如本文所用,术语“气凝胶”是指包含孔的固体或半固体材料(例如凝胶)。具体地,气凝胶中的孔可被气体或空气填充。优选地,气凝胶中的孔可以具有各种不同的尺寸分布和尺寸范围、各种不同的形状和各种不同的孔隙率等。气凝胶可以不特别限定为具体的材料,优选地,本发明的气凝胶可以包括二氧化硅、碳或有机聚合物作为主要成分,即,大于50wt%的气凝胶可以适当地包括二氧化硅、碳和/或有机聚合物。
如本文所用,术语“孔”是指在材料或基质内部形成的空位、孔洞或腔室。孔的大小或形状可以不受特别限制。优选地,可用平均粒径而不是孔的特定形状定义多孔陶瓷复合物中包括的孔。
在复合物颗粒中,可以在气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间形成键。
气凝胶可以是直径为约1μm至5μm的气凝胶粉末。
陶瓷化合物可以是直径为约1μm至5μm的陶瓷粉末。优选地,陶瓷化合物可以包括一种或多种选自硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钇(Y)和铈(Ce)的金属的氧化物。
气凝胶可以包括直径为约1nm至500nm的纳米孔。
如本文所用,术语“纳米孔”是指可以具有纳米级平均直径的空位、洞、孔或腔室,例如,至多999nm、900nm、800nm、700nm、600nm、500nm,或特别地约1nm至500nm。
优选地,复合物颗粒可以具有约30%或更大的孔隙率。
进一步提供了一种可以包括本文所述的复合物颗粒的车辆部件。例如,车辆部件可以是在其内表面上涂覆有复合物颗粒的内燃机或者在其上涂覆有复合物颗粒的内燃机组件。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法。该方法可以包括以下步骤:将包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物喷洒至以约1000rpm至20000rpm的速度旋转的基底;以及在约500℃至1500℃的温度对喷洒所得的产物进行热处理。
可以将混合物喷洒至基底上。
优选地,基于混合物的总体积,混合物中的固体含量以体积计可以为约40%-60%。此外,基于100重量份的包括在混合物中的陶瓷化合物,气凝胶的含量可以为约50-500重量份。
优选地,陶瓷化合物可以包括至少一种选自硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钇(Y)和铈(Ce)的金属的氧化物。
气凝胶可以包括直径约为1-500nm的纳米孔。
热处理可以进行约1小时至10小时。
方法还可以包括在喷洒步骤之前将气凝胶和陶瓷化合物磨碎。
此外,方法还可以包括在热处理步骤之前,在约100-300℃的温度下对喷洒所得的产物进行干燥。
本发明的其他方面在下文中公开。
根据本发明,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以具有适当范围的粒径(平均直径),并且当被应用至高温涂覆过程时可以保持稳定的形状和内部孔结构。
附图说明
图1显示了根据本发明示例性实施方式的在实施例1中制备的示例性多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的表面FE-SEM图。
图2显示了根据本发明示例性实施方式的在实施例1中制备的示例性多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的截面FE-SEM图。
图3显示了根据本发明示例性实施方式的在实施例1中制备的示例性多孔隔热涂层的截面FE-SEM图。
图4显示了比较例2中制备的隔热涂层的截面FE-SEM图。
图5显示了根据本发明示例性实施方式的在实施例1中使用的示例性气溶胶的截面FE-SEM图。
具体实施方式
本文所用的术语仅是出于描述特定的示例性实施方式的目的,而不意在限制本发明。除非上下文另有清楚的说明,如本文所用,单数形式的“一”、“一个”和“该”也意味着包括复数形式。将进一步理解的是,当用在本说明书中时,术语“包括”和/或“包含”是指存在所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素和/或组件,但不排除一种或多种其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素和/或组件的存在或加入。如本文所用,术语“和/或”包括一种或多种相关所列项目的任何和所有组合。
除非具体规定或从上下文显而易见,如本文所用,术语“约”被理解为在本领域正常偏差范围内,例如在平均值的2个标准差之内。“约”可以理解为在所述数值的10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%或0.01%内。除非另外从上下文清楚得到,本文提供的所有数值都由术语“约”修饰。
应理解,本文使用的术语“车辆”或“车辆的”或其它类似术语包括通常的机动车,例如,包括多功能运动车(SUV)、公共汽车、卡车、各种商务车的客车,包括各种船只和船舶的水运工具,飞行器等等,并且包括混合动力车、电动车、插入式混合动力电动车、氢动力车和其它代用燃料车(例如,来源于石油以外的资源的燃料)。如本文所提到的,混合动力车是具有两种或多种动力源的车辆,例如,具有汽油动力和电动力的车辆。
本发明提供了一种包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒。具体地,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包括直径为约100-40,000nm的孔并且陶瓷复合物颗粒可以具有约50-500μm的平均直径。
此外,本发明提供了一种制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法。该方法可以包括以下步骤:将包含气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物喷洒至以1000rpm至20000rpm的速度旋转的基底;以及在500℃至1500℃的温度下对喷洒所得的产物进行热处理。可以通过任何常规涂覆方法例如喷洒、热喷洒、等离子体沉积、浸渍、涂装、浸没等施用混合物。例如,可以将混合物喷洒至基底。
在下文中,将更详细地描述根据本发明的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒及其制备方法的各种示例性实施方式。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,提供了一种可以包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒。具体地,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包含直径为约100-40,000nm的孔,并且陶瓷复合物颗粒可以具有约50-500μm的平均直径。
本发明人通过实验已经发现,当使用上述特定的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒时,在复合物颗粒内部的气凝胶与陶瓷颗粒之间可以形成较强的键,因此复合物颗粒内部的组分能够在高温下的涂覆过程中保持稳定的形状和结构。
特别地,由于多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒中包括的孔和气凝胶中包括的纳米孔稳定地保持其形状,当将多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒应用于隔热材料等中时,可以获得高隔热效果。此外,通过降低密度,其重量也可以得到降低。
而且,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以适当地保持形状或平均粒径,使得在涂覆过程中,整个复合物颗粒可能不会熔化,仅复合物颗粒的一部分表面可能熔化,且内部孔和包括纳米孔的气凝胶结构可以得到保持。
另一方面,当使用常规使用的气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的简单混合粉末时,可能无法形成气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间的键,因此复合物颗粒可能无法得到优异的耐久性。同样,粉末的平均粒径小于预定尺寸,例如,小于约50μm,因此在随后的涂覆过程中,气凝胶可能很容易暴露出。而且,由于暴露出的气凝胶因高达10,000K的高处理温度而熔化,气凝胶的孔结构可能无法得到保持,从而使热导率和体积热容量增加。
因此,已经发现,具有高度耐久性的颗粒通过气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间的键而形成,颗粒的平均粒径保持在合适的尺寸,且通过防止位于颗粒内部的气凝胶在随后的涂覆过程等中熔化,可以制备具有低热导率和体积热容量的多孔隔热涂层。
因此,根据本发明的示例性实施方式的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以提供隔热材料或隔热结构,其能够在反复应用于高温高压条件下的内燃机内部保持很长一段时间。例如,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以形成在内燃机的内表面上或者内燃机的组件上。
用于在内燃机的内表面或者内燃机组件上形成多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法的例子没有特别的限制,但是例如是通过将多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒分散至粘合剂树脂等而形成涂层的方法。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物,具体而言,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包括直径为约100nm至40,000nm的孔。
气凝胶可以具有由粗度为头发的约万分之一的缠绕的细纤维制成的结构,且具有约90%或更高的孔隙率。气凝胶可以包括二氧化硅、碳或有机聚合物作为主要成分。具体而言,由于上述结构特性,气凝胶可以是具有高传光性质和基本上较低的热导率的密度极低的材料。
作为气凝胶,可以使用之前已知的常规气凝胶,例如,二氧化硅、碳、聚合物、金属氧化物、或者其两种或多种的混合物可被用作气凝胶用组分。聚合物的例子可以包括,但不具体限于,聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚苯乙烯磺酸钠、聚氧化乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯或聚氯乙烯等。
气凝胶可以包含直径为约1nm至500nm、或者约5nm至300nm、或者特别地约10nm至100nm的纳米孔。因而,气凝胶可以具有约100cm3/g至1,000cm3/g、或特别地约300cm3/g至900cm3/g的比表面积。
气凝胶可以是直径为约1μm至5μm的气凝胶粉末。用于制备气凝胶粉末的方法的例子可以包括,但不特别限于,研磨固相气凝胶的方法。作为研磨方法的例子,可以使用多种已知的研磨方法例如球磨而不受限制。
陶瓷化合物可以包括至少一种或多种,或者两种或更多种金属氧化物。优选地,金属氧化物可以包括其中一种或多种、或者两种或更多种选自硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钇(Y)和铈(Ce)的金属元素分别与氧结合的氧化物。例如,金属氧化物可以包括,例如,包含锆氧化物和钇氧化物的钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)。
可以使用的陶瓷化合物可以是直径为约1μm至5μm的陶瓷粉末。用于制备陶瓷粉末的方法的例子可以包括,但不特别限于,研磨固相陶瓷化合物的方法。作为研磨方法的例子,可以使用多种已知的研磨方法例如球磨而没有限制。
基于100重量份陶瓷化合物,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包括约50-500重量份、或者约80-400重量份、或者特别地约100-300重量份的量的气凝胶。当气凝胶的含量小于预定量时,例如,小于约50重量份时,热导率可能无法降低到足以适用于可以最终制备的多孔隔热涂层,从而使充分的隔热性劣化。
当气凝胶的含量大于预定量时,例如,大于500重量份时,在最终制备的多孔隔热涂层的内部的气凝胶含量可能大大增加,气凝胶的一部分表面可能暴露于多孔隔热涂层的表面,并且在多孔隔热涂层的表面上可能产生凹凸,从而引起对内燃机内壁的粘合性降低。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒中包括的气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间可以形成键。由于气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间的键,复合物颗粒内部的组分在高温下的涂覆过程中保持稳定的形状和结构。
键可以是气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间的物理键或粘合。用于在气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间形成键的方法的例子没有特别限制,例如,可以使用烧结法,其中将气凝胶与陶瓷化合物混合,将混合物加热至接近熔点的温度以使混合物熔化并将其固化。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的平均直径可以为约50μm至500μm,或特别地约50μm至200μm。当多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的平均直径小于约50μm时,在用于多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的高温下的涂覆过程中,包含在多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒内部的气凝胶可能熔化,由此最终制备的涂层内部的孔隙率可能降低,并且热导率和体积热容量可能增加。
另外,当多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的平均直径大于约500μm时,在用于多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的高温涂覆过程中可能无法获得对基底的充分粘合性。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的具体形状的例子没有特别限制,但是陶瓷复合物颗粒可以具有如图1所示的球形或接近球形的外观。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的孔隙率可以为约30%或更高,或者约40%或更高,或者约50%或更高,或者特别地约65%或更高。多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的孔隙率是指所有包含在多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒中的孔(例如,气凝胶内部的孔和涂层内部的孔)的比例。例如,其可以指,就多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的一个端面而言,基于整个截面面积的孔的面积。
因为在涂覆过程中,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒中包含的气凝胶的内部孔结构(纳米孔)可能通过熔化等而消失,因此当多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的孔隙率低于30%时,来自气凝胶的隔热性可能降低,从而导致最终制备的隔热涂层的隔热性的降低。
同时,根据发明的另一个实施方式,提供了一种用于制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法,其包括以下步骤:将包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物施用到以约1000rpm至20000rpm的速度旋转的基底上;在500℃至1500℃的温度下对施用有混合物的基底进行热处理。混合物可以通过通常已知的涂覆方法例如喷洒、热喷洒、等离子体沉积、浸渍、涂装、浸没等施用到基底上。
多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以通过根据多个示例性实施方式的用于制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法而获得,并且关于气凝胶、陶瓷化合物和多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的描述包括之前在本发明的一个实施方式中给出的所有描述。
用于制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法可以包括将包含气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物喷洒到以约1000rpm至20000rpm的速度旋转的基底上的步骤。
混合物可以包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物。
如上所述,气凝胶可以具有由粗度为约头发的万分之一的缠绕的细纤维制得的结构,并且具有约90%或更高的孔隙率。气凝胶可以包括二氧化硅、碳或有机聚合物作为主要成分。具体而言,由于上述结构特性,气凝胶可以是具有高传光性质和基本上较低热导率的密度极低的材料。
作为气凝胶,可以使用之前已知的常规气凝胶,例如,二氧化硅、碳、聚合物、金属氧化物或者其两种或更多种的混合物可被用作气凝胶用成分。聚合物的例子可以包括,但不特别限于,聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚苯乙烯磺酸钠盐、聚氧化乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯或聚氯乙烯等。
气凝胶可以包括直径为约1nm至500nm、或者约5nm至300nm、或者特别地约10nm至100nm的纳米孔。因此,气凝胶可以具有约100cm3/g至1000cm3/g,或者约300cm3/g至900cm3/g的比表面积。
陶瓷化合物可以包括至少一种或多种,或者两种或更多种金属氧化物。优选地,金属氧化物可以包括其中一种或多种、或者两种或更多种选自硅(Si)、铝(Al)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钇(Y)和铈(Ce)的金属元素分别与氧结合的氧化物。例如,可以使用包含锆氧化物和钇氧化物的钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)作为金属氧化物的例子。
基于100重量份的陶瓷化合物,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以包括约50-500重量份、或者约80-400重量份、或者特别地约100-300重量份的气凝胶。当气凝胶的含量小于预定量时,例如,小于约50重量份时,最终制备的多孔隔热涂层的热导率可能无法充分地降低,从而可能无法获得充足的隔热性。
当气凝胶的含量高于预定量时,例如,高于约500重量份时,最终制备的多孔隔热涂层的内部的气凝胶含量可能大大增加,并且气凝胶的一部分表面可能暴露于多孔隔热涂层的表面,且在多孔隔热涂层的表面上可能产生凹凸,从而引起对内燃机内壁的粘合性的降低。
混合物可以另外包括添加剂,例如分散剂和溶剂。用作添加剂的分散剂的例子可以包括,但不具体限于,聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、明胶、淀粉、聚丙烯酸钠、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、十二烷基硫酸钠、四亚甲基溴化铵、琥珀酸二异辛酯磺酸钠(Aerosol-OT)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、或其两种或更多种的混合物。
此外,溶剂不受特别限制,可以使用多种常规已知的有机溶剂、无机溶剂、或含水溶剂而不受限制。
混合物可以通过在溶剂中加入并混合固体内容物(例如,选自气凝胶、陶瓷化合物和添加剂的一种或多种)而制备。混合方法的例子不受具体限制,可以使用多种已知的混合方法例如球磨等而不受限制。
基于混合物的总体积,混合物中包括的固体内容物(固体成分)的量以体积计可以为约40%-60%。换言之,混合物可以在浆料中形成,在浆料中可以包含高于预定水平的量的固体内容物。当混合物中包含的固体内容物的量以体积计小于约40%时,可能无法形成多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的球形形状和大小,因为在混合物的混合过程中可能在溶液中产生气泡。当混合物中包括的固体内容物的量以体积计高于60%时,在喷洒过程中可能无法形成细液滴,因为混合物的粘度增加太多。
可以将混合物喷洒至以约1000rpm至20000rpm、或特别地约7000rpm至12000rpm的速度旋转的基底上。优选地,当将混合物喷洒至以7000rpm至12000rpm的速度旋转的基底上时,可以通过基底的离心力使混合物吹开,使得可以在基底附近形成具有限定水平的直径的液滴。
当基底的旋转速度低于预定速度时,例如,低于约1000rpm时,产生的液滴的直径可能增加至大于约200μm,从而最终制备的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的直径也可能增加。由此,在用于多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的高温下的涂覆过程中可能无法获得对基底的充分粘合性。
当基底的旋转速度高于预定速度时,例如,高于20000rpm时,产生的液滴的直径可能降低至小于10μm,使得最终制备的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的直径也可能降低。因此,在用于多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的高温下的涂覆过程中,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒内部包含的气凝胶可能熔化,因此最终制备的涂层内部的孔隙率可能降低,且热导率和体积热容量可能增加。
作为基底,可以使用多种形成液滴的方法中常用的转盘,其具体形状和尺寸不受限制。作为形成液滴的方法的例子,可以使用喷雾干燥法,且作为其具体例子,将液体混合物供应到以高速旋转的盘的中央,然后通过盘的离心力使液体混合物吹开,且可以在盘的附近形成液滴。使用上述方法,可以形成粉末而没有材料的热变形,因为该过程在相对较低的温度下实施,且该过程能够快速实施,从而达到经济效率。
用于制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法还可以包括以下步骤:在向基底施用(喷洒)多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒之前,将气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物研磨。以这样的方式,气凝胶和陶瓷化合物可以分别以气凝胶粉末和陶瓷粉末的状态混合。
气凝胶粉末可以具有约1μm至5μm的直径。用于制备气凝胶粉末的方法的例子可以包括,但不特别限于,研磨固相的气凝胶,且作为研磨方法的例子,可以使用多种已知的研磨方法例如球磨而不受限制。
陶瓷粉末可以具有约1μm至5μm的直径。用于制备陶瓷粉末的方法的例子可以包括,但不特别限于,研磨固相陶瓷化合物的方法,且作为研磨方法的例子,可以使用多种已知的研磨方法例如球磨而不受限制。
用于制备多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法还可以包括以下步骤:在约500℃至1500℃的温度下、或者特别地在约700℃至1100℃的温度下对喷洒所得的产物进行热处理。因此,当与气凝胶混合时,只有由喷洒步骤获得的产物中包含的陶瓷化合物可以熔化并形成键。结果,最终制备的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的耐久性可以得到增加,且陶瓷复合物颗粒内部的气凝胶的孔可以得到保持。
当热处理温度小于约500℃时,陶瓷化合物可能无法充分地熔化,且气凝胶与陶瓷化合物之间的键合强度可能降低,并且当热处理温度高于约1500℃时,最终制备的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的孔隙率可能降低,因为气凝胶熔化太多。
热处理步骤可以进行约1-10小时,或特别地约2-5小时。
在热处理步骤之前,还可以包括将喷洒步骤得到的产物在约100℃至300℃、或者特别地约150℃至200℃的温度下进行干燥的干燥步骤。通过干燥步骤,喷洒步骤的产物中包含的溶剂可以得到移除。
方法还可以包括,在热处理步骤之后,在低于约300℃的温度下的冷却步骤。通过冷却步骤,多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒可以以固相粉末的形式得到。
实施例
将参考以下实施例详细阐释本发明。然而,这些实施例仅是用于示例说明本发明,本发明的范围不限于此。
<实施例1:陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层的制备>
(1)陶瓷复合物颗粒的制备
将1000g钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)与1000g多孔二氧化硅气凝胶(比表面积约500cm3/g)混合24小时并进行球磨,以制备粉末混合物。将粉末混合物与溶剂水以及聚乙烯醇(PVA)分散剂混合。其中,混合物的固体含量约为50体积%。
之后,用喷嘴将混合物喷洒至以约10,000rpm的速度旋转的盘,以形成球形液滴。通过施加180℃的热空气使球形液滴干燥,然后,在900℃进行4小时的热处理,以制备具有下表1的直径的陶瓷复合物颗粒。
(2)隔热涂层的制备
对于陶瓷复合物颗粒,使用电弧等离子体进行等离子体热喷涂,以制备隔热涂层。具体地,氩和氢作为惰性气体吹入,并且当移动热喷枪时,向热喷枪施加下表1的电流以使得惰性气体成为等离子体,然后,使用等离子体,将陶瓷复合物颗粒在约0.1秒内熔化至从表面起约5μm的深度,并在下表1的热喷洒距离下喷洒10分钟,以制备厚度为200μm的隔热涂层。
<比较例1-2>:陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层的制备
比较例1:
通过与实施例1相同的方法制备陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层,不同之处在于不使用多孔二氧化硅气凝胶。
比较例2:
对于通过将1000g钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)和1000g多孔二氧化硅气凝胶(比表面积约500cm3/g)混合24小时并进行球磨而制备的粉末混合物,使用电弧等离子体实施等离子体喷涂以制备陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层。
[表1]
实施例和比较例的陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层的制备条件
平均直径(μm) 热喷洒粉末(A) 热喷洒距离(mm)
实施例1 100 470 75
比较例1 100 470 75
比较例2 20 470 75
如表1所示,证实了实施例的陶瓷复合物颗粒具有100μm的平均直径,而比较例2的陶瓷复合物颗粒具有20μm的平均直径,这是降低的粒径。
<实验例:实施例和比较例中得到的陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层的性质的测定>
实施例和比较例中得到的陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层的性质如下测定,结果示于表2和表3中。
1.FE-SEM图
对于实施例1和比较例2中得到的陶瓷复合物颗粒和隔热涂层,
通过外部或截面FE-SEM图,证实了内部结构,结果示于表2中。
[表2]
实施例和比较例的实验结果
Figure BDA0000995308470000131
如图1所示,证实了实施例的陶瓷复合物颗粒外部具有球形,并具有100μm的平均直径。
并且,如图2所示,证实了在陶瓷复合物颗粒的内部,钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)和多孔二氧化硅气凝胶均匀混合,且在混合界面等处,另外地包括孔以提供孔隙率。
在如图3所示的隔热涂层的情况下,证实了原样包括陶瓷复合颗粒的内部结构,从而显示出多孔性,且在外表面处,通过使陶瓷化合物或多孔二氧化硅气凝胶熔化而形成膜。
同时,在如图4所示的比较例2的隔热涂层的情况下,证实了钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)和多孔二氧化硅气凝胶均熔化,因此涂层内部不存在孔。
2.热导率(W/mK)
对于实施例和比较例中得到的隔热涂层,通过热扩散测量技术根据ASTM E1461使用激光闪光法在室温和大气压力的条件下测定热导率,结果示于下表3中。
3.体积热容量(KJ/m3K)
对于实施例和比较例中得到的隔热涂层,根据ASTM E1269使用DSC装置在室温条件下以蓝宝石作为参照物测定比热,结果示于下表3中。
4.孔隙率(%)
对于实施例和比较例中得到的隔热涂层的纵断面,使用图像分析仪的Image J程序测定孔隙率,结果示于下表3中。
5.密度(g/ml)
对于实施例和比较例中获得的隔热涂层,根据ISO 18754测定密度,结果示于下表3中。
表3
实施例和比较例的实验结果
Figure BDA0000995308470000141
如表3所示,实施例的隔热涂层保证了65%或更高的孔隙率,从而满足了1500KJ/m3K或更低的低体积热容量和2.0或更低的低热导率,密度也低至0.7g/ml。
相反,由于比较例1在陶瓷复合物颗粒内部不包含气凝胶,孔隙率迅速降低至3%,因此,体积热容量、热导率和密度显著增加。
并且,在包含通过将陶瓷化合物和气溶胶简单混合而得到的粉末的比较例2的情况下,气凝胶在热喷涂过程中熔化,因此孔隙率降低至8%,且体积热容量和密度增加。
因此,证实了通过使用如实施例的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,气凝胶的孔结构可以在通过热喷涂工艺制备的多孔涂层的内部得到保持,从而达到降低热导率和热容的效果。

Claims (18)

1.一种多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其包括:
气凝胶;和
陶瓷化合物,
其中所述复合物颗粒包括直径为100-40,000nm的孔,
其中所述陶瓷复合物颗粒具有50-500μm的平均直径。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中在所述气凝胶与所述陶瓷化合物之间形成键。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中所述气凝胶是直径为1-5μm的气凝胶粉末。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中所述陶瓷化合物是直径为1-5μm的陶瓷粉末。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中所述陶瓷化合物包括一种或多种选自硅Si、铝Al、钛Ti、锆Zr、钙Ca、镁Mg、钇Y和铈Ce的金属的氧化物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中所述气凝胶包括直径为1-500nm的纳米孔。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒,其中所述复合物颗粒具有约30%或更高的孔隙率。
8.一种车辆部件,其包括根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒。
9.根据权利要求8所述的车辆部件,其中所述车辆部件是在其内表面上涂覆有所述复合物颗粒的内燃机或者涂覆有所述复合物颗粒的内燃机组件。
10.一种用于制备根据权利要求1所述的多孔陶瓷复合物颗粒的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将包括气凝胶和陶瓷化合物的混合物喷洒到以1000-20000rpm的速度旋转的基底上;以及
在500℃-1500℃的温度下对喷洒所得的产物进行热处理。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中将所述混合物喷洒到所述基底上。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中基于所述混合物的总体积,所述混合物中的固体含量以体积计为40%-60%。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中基于100重量份的包括在所述混合物中的陶瓷化合物,所述气凝胶的含量为50-500重量份。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述陶瓷化合物包括至少一种选自硅Si、铝Al、钛Ti、锆Zr、钙Ca、镁Mg、钇Y和铈Ce的金属的氧化物。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述气凝胶包括直径为1-500nm的纳米孔。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述热处理步骤进行1-10小时。
17.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其还包括在所述喷洒步骤之前,将所述气凝胶和所述陶瓷化合物磨碎的步骤。
18.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其还包括在所述热处理步骤之前,在100℃-300℃的温度下对喷洒所得的产物进行干燥的步骤。
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