CN106860485B - 治疗失智症的活性物质、含其的组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种治疗失智症的活性物质、其制备方法、含其的医药组合物及该医药组合物的制备方法。该活性物质的制备方法是透过平板培养、烧瓶培养、发酵槽培养的方式制备,而得到粉末形态的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质。该猴头菇菌丝体粉末可进一步以醇类溶剂进行萃取获得醇萃物,再进一步纯化分离,获得猴头素A与猴头素S。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种治疗失智症的活性物质、其制备方法、含其的医药组合物及该医药组合物的制备方法,尤指一种包含猴头菇菌丝体活性物质的医药组合物及其制备方法。
背景技术
阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)
随着社会的人口老化比例增高,罹患失智症的人口也跟着增加。失智症并非特指一种疾病,但约半数以上的比例为阿尔兹海默症。阿兹默氏症的患者会丧失辨识能力,丧失记忆、失去方向感、改变行为习性、妄想症、失去自制等等病状。此疾病最为广泛被接受的致病原因为类淀粉蛋白质在脑部积累造成神经退化。此疾病主要分为两大类,一为家族性阿尔兹海默症,另一则为偶发性阿尔兹海默症。详述如下:
家族性阿尔兹海默症为遗传性疾病,其病患在21号染色体amyloid precursorprotein(APP)、14号染色体Presenilin 1(PS1)、以及1号染色体Presenilin 2(PS2)上有突变。上述的基因突变会造成类淀粉蛋白质Aβ42的合成量增加,进而提高拥有该等基因突变者罹患阿尔兹海默症的机率。
偶发性阿尔兹海默症较为常见,通常好发于65岁以上的老年人,但有少数患者其发病是在65岁以前,就属于早发性阿尔兹海默症。
类淀粉蛋白质(Amyloid beta,Aβ)
类淀粉蛋白质主要是由穿膜蛋白类淀粉蛋白质前驱物(amyloid precursorprotein,APP)经由β-分泌酵素(β-secretase)及γ-分泌酵素(γ-secretase)连续切割后,所产生的代谢产物。该代谢产物常见有Aβ40及Aβ42。其中,Aβ42结构为疏水性,容易相互聚集,因此降低对于Aβ42的清除量或是增加Aβ42的生成量,皆会导致有毒性寡聚物(oligomer)的生成,进而增加神经细胞的氧化压力,造成神经细胞产生发炎反应、神经讯息传递异常及钙离子调节失去平衡等等情况。最终会导致神经细胞启动凋亡机制,造成认知记忆等功能受损。
脑部类淀粉蛋白质降解路径
在正常的生理状态下,Aβ在一旦生成后会立即被酵素分解,以避免造成Aβ的过度积累,造成脑部神经元的受损。降解Aβ的酵素有胰岛素降解酶(insulin-degradingenzyme,IDE)以及脑啡肽酶(Neprilysin又称为neutral endopeptidase(NEP)或是membrane metallo-endopeptidase(MME))。
胰岛素降解酶于1994年被学者发现若在高胰岛素的生理环境下,胰岛素会与Aβ竞争IDE,造成Aβ的降解路径受阻,使Aβ过度堆积而产生神经毒性,说明胰岛素降解酶除了有降解胰岛素的能力外,亦能降解Aβ(Kurochkin&Goto,1994)。
脑啡肽酶是编码于MME基因的酵素(因此又称为membrane metallo-endopeptidase,MME),其可透过水解胜肽链的氨基酸疏水端,使特定的胜肽贺尔蒙去活化。先前研究指出,若减少年老者大脑中生长激素抑制素(somatostatin)的产生,则会造成Neprilysin的活性被抑制,进而促成未经处理的Aβ的积累。Neprilysin在大脑中的表现量并不高,但其相关于突触可塑性及记忆等功能,因此对大脑的生理功能与作用物质有一定的影响。
阿兹海默治疗药物
目前的阿尔兹海默症的治疗,针对病因、认知功能或情绪症状的控制有不同的药物治疗,然皆仅能暂时改善阿尔兹海默症的病状,但该些药物无法有效治愈阿兹海默症。详述如下:
病因性治疗目的在于防止或减少神经纤维纠结及类淀粉蛋白质的形成,但目前仍无有效控制药物或方法。
认知功能药物是抗乙酰胆碱水解酵素,针对中重度的患者,目前卫生署许可的药物有爱忆欣(aricept),忆思能(exelon)、利忆灵(reminyl)、忆必佳(ebixa)。
由于大多数的失智症患者在病程中会伴随行为或情绪等症况,例如失眠、易怒、幻觉、妄想等,因此有行为及情绪症状的治疗,该等治疗药物是安眠药、抗郁剂、情绪安定剂及抗精神药物、抗癫痫药物等。但其效益并不高,且有增加死亡率的风险,因此并不建议施用。
猴头菇
根据《中国药用真菌》的记载:猴头菇味甘、性平、能利五脏、助消化、滋补、对消化不良、神经衰退与十二指肠溃疡及胃溃疡有良好的功效。由此可知在古代医学上已知猴头菇具有治疗疾病的效果,为药膳两用菌。猴头菇学名Hericium erinaceus,其分类于真菌界(Fungi)、真菌门(Eumycota)、担子菌亚门(Basidiomycotina)、担子菌纲(Basidiomycetes)、非褶菌目(Aphyllophorales)、齿菌科(Hydnaceae)、猴头菌亚科(Hericioideae)中的猴头菌属(Hericium)。猴头菇在外型上,其子实体外形由长条粗糙的突起组成,而成软圆形状,新鲜时成白色,干燥过后则变为黄褐色。猴头菇子实体或菌丝体中提取物中含有糖类(Wang et al.,2001;Yang et al.,2003)、猴头素(Erinacines)(Saito et al.,1998;Kenmoku et al.,2002;Kenmoku et al.,2004;Watanabe et al.,2007;Watanabe and Nakada,2008;Lee et al.,2014;Li et al.,2014)、双亚麻油酸磷酯乙烯胺(dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine,DLPE)(Nagai et al.,2006)、胺基酸、蛋白质及微量元素(Jia et al.,2004)。在过去文献记载中,不乏是猴头菇多醣体具有免疫调解、降血脂、降血糖或是抑制胃部发炎及胃癌的产生的效果。猴头菇是药膳两用菌。研究证实猴头菇多醣(hericium erinaceus polysaccharide)具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长,以RAW264.7巨噬细胞为免疫调解探讨,发现猴头菇水萃取物10g/ml可诱导NO(nitricoxide)、IL1(interleukin-1)表现,且证实是透过增加NF-Kb(nuclear factor kB)结合活性,以达到免疫调解作用(Son,C.G.,et al.Int.Immunol.,1363-1369 2006),且猴头菇水萃取物浓度为10及100g/ml,亦可增进脾脏细胞的活性,诱导INF-γ(interferon-gamma)、IL-12(interleukin-12)的表现,进而活化自然杀手细胞(Yim,M.H et al.,ActaPharmacol 901-907 2007)。猴头菇含多胜肽类、酚类及其衍生物,除了可增加体内免疫功能,提高淋巴细胞活性,可诱导细胞因子及产生抗体。临床试验中,给予猴头菇药片于慢性胃炎,消化性溃疡病人每天三次,一次3片持续60天,慢性胃炎病人痊愈率为88.89%,消化性溃疡病人痊愈率为84.62%,总疗效可达87.5%。(潘超雄等人海南医学院学报第27卷,第六期,260-2612004)。目前未有文献指出猴头菇多醣或其二级代谢物可以治疗阿兹海默症的相关机制探讨。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种猴头菇活性物质的制备方法,其可用于制成治疗失智症的活性物质。
为达到前述目的,本发明提供的猴头菇活性物质的制备方法包含以下的步骤:
(a)取猴头菇菌丝体接种于平板上,于温度15-32℃下培养8-16天;
(b)将步骤(a)培养的猴头菇菌丝体接种于烧瓶培养基,并于温度20-30℃及pH值4.5-6.5下,培养3-5天;
(c)将步骤(b)培养的猴头菇菌丝体接种于发酵槽培养基,并于温度24-32℃及pH值4.5-5.5下,培养8-16天,取得猴头菇菌丝体发酵液;
(d)将步骤(c)的该猴头菇菌丝体发酵液进行干燥,获得猴头菇菌丝体粉末。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的步骤(b)的培养为震荡培养,其震荡速率为100-250rpm。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的步骤(c)中发酵槽的槽压为0.8-1.2kg/cm2,搅拌速率为10-150rpm,且以通气速率为0.5-1vvm通入气体至发酵槽。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该气体为空气、氧气、二氧化碳、氮气或其组合。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的步骤(b)与步骤(c)中使用相同的培养基。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该培养基包含综合性碳氮源、动植物来源蛋白或其水解物、无机盐类、糖类、酵母、麦芽提取物、消泡剂或其组合。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该综合性碳氮源为谷类或豆类;该无机盐类为硫酸盐类或磷酸盐类。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的步骤(d)的该猴头菇菌丝体粉末进一步利用醇类溶剂萃取,获得猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该醇类溶剂为30-100v/v%的乙醇或30-100v/v%的甲醇。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物进一步利用水及乙酸乙酯萃取,再以管柱色层分析,获得猴头素S、猴头素A或其组合。
较佳地,前述制备方法中的该猴头菇菌丝体活性物质为猴头素S、猴头素A或其组合。
本发明又提供一种治疗失智症的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质,以如前述所述的方法制备而成。
较佳地,前述活性物质用前述方法制备时,其中该猴头菇活性物质可以为粉末的形态。
较佳地,前述活性物质用前述方法制备时,其中该猴头菇活性物质也可以为醇萃物的形态。
较佳地,前述活性物质用前述方法制备时,其中该猴头菇活性物质为猴头素S、猴头素A或其组合。
较佳地,前述活性物质是通过增加酵素使蛋白质分解以治疗该失智症。
较佳地,该酵素为胰岛素降解酶(IDE)。
较佳地,该蛋白质为类淀粉蛋白质。
较佳地,该类淀粉蛋白质为Aβ40、Aβ42、Aβ36、Aβ37、Aβ38、Aβ39、Aβ41或Aβ43。
较佳地,该失智症为阿尔兹海默症。
本发明另外提供一种治疗失智症的医药组合物,其包含如前所述的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质以及生物可接受的载剂、赋形剂、稀释剂或辅剂。
本发明再提供一种制备用于治疗失智症的医药组合物的方法,其包含有效量的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质以及生物可接受的载剂、赋形剂、稀释剂或辅剂。
较佳地,该猴头菇菌丝体活性物质是用前述部分方法制备而成。
较佳地,该猴头菇菌丝体活性物质是包含猴头素S、猴头素A或其组合。
本发明还提供了上述猴头菇菌丝体活性物质在制备治疗失智症的医药组合物中的应用。
附图说明
图1为实施例3中,含猴头素A样品的HPLC分析结果。
图2为实施例4中,含猴头素S样品的HPLC分析结果。
图3为实施例6中,用免疫浸润分析小鼠脑均质液中IDE和NEP的含量比例。其中,A为以荧光影像分析仪所侦测到的荧光讯号;B及C为该讯号经软件分析后IDE及NEP的含量;C为小鼠脑中NEP的含量。
图4为实施例7中,以免疫组织化学分析小鼠脑组织中的类淀粉蛋白质斑块截面积。其中,A为以荧光显微镜所侦测到的小鼠脑中类淀粉蛋白斑块负荷的荧光影像;B为该影像的荧光讯号经软件分析后的类淀粉蛋白斑块面积占脑切片面积的百分比。
具体实施方式
本发明的目的在于提供一种医药组合物及其制备方法,透过该制备方法得到的医药组合物可含有各种形态的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质,且该医药组合物可通过增加胰岛素降解酶,以分解类淀粉蛋白质,达到治疗失智症的目的。
实验方法
菌种来源:
本发明实施例所用的猴头菇(Hericium erinaceus)菌种,购自于食品工业研究(BCRC 35669),但本发明所述的猴头菇活性物质不限于由此菌种所得。
液体培养:
猴头菇菌丝体的液体培养方式如下,其包括将菌丝体接种于平板上,于适当温度如15-32℃下培养约14天。接着,刮取菌丝并接种于烧瓶内,且使用下列培养基,在20-30℃、pH 4.5-6.5、振荡速率100-250rpm的下振荡培养到log期初期,3-5天。最后,将烧瓶培养物接种于发酵槽培养基(同烧瓶培养基)内,在24-32℃,槽压0.8-1.2kg/cm2,及pH约4.5-5.5,以0.5-1vvm通气速率通入空气或空气与氧气,二氧化碳或氮气的混合物,较佳者为空气,在10-150rpm搅拌速率下培养8-16天,即得猴头菇菌丝体发酵液,其包括菌丝体与澄清液。
培养基配方如下:
其中该综合性碳氮源可为谷类(如:麦粉、麸皮类)或豆类(如:黄豆粉、绿豆粉、大豆粉等);其中该无机盐类可为硫酸镁、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸铁、硫酸锌等;其中该糖类可为葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖等;其中,除上述成分外其余为水。
于发酵槽培养基中可额外添加消泡剂以抑制于培养过程中大量泡沫的生成,其中该消泡剂可为市售的常用消泡剂,如0.01%消泡剂如含硅油、硅树脂的水性消泡剂。具体实施例的培养方法详述如下。
活性物质的制备与分析
将上述所得的发酵液进行干燥,即可得到粉末状的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质,干燥的方式可例举如喷雾干燥、热风干燥、滚筒干燥、冷冻干燥、或其他可适用于本发明的干燥方法。较佳的是实行冷冻干操法,故所得的粉末状的猴头菇菌丝体活性物质即为菌丝体冻干粉。进一步将该冻干粉以醇类溶剂萃取,可得到猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物。
该等醇萃物通过水与乙酸乙酯以不同比例的方式进行萃取,将所得乙酸乙酯层再以管柱色层分析,得到含猴头素A与猴头素S的样品。将该含猴头素A或猴头素S的样品,以HPLC与标准品比对进行定性分析。
动物实验
购入具特定模式的基因转殖小鼠,待饲养至特定月龄后,将小鼠分组,并在一固定期间内连续每天定量喂食猴头菇活性物质。待喂食期间过后,将小鼠牺牲,并透过冷冻切片以取得脑切片,再通过免疫组织化学侦测的方式,观察类淀粉蛋白质在脑切片的分布情形。另一方面,取牺牲后小鼠的脑均质液进行西方墨点法,以电泳将均质液中的物质分离,再透过抗体与所欲侦测的特定蛋白质结合,即可定量均质液中所含的特定蛋白质。
实施例1:猴头菇菌丝体的培养与其活性物质的制备
平板培养:
将菌丝体接种于平板培养基上,使用马铃薯糊精培养基(Potato Dextrose Agar,PDA),于25℃下培养约7天。
烧瓶培养:
刮取平板上的菌丝接种于烧瓶内,用下列培养基,在约26℃、pH 5.0、于转速120rpm震荡机上,震荡培养5天;
培养基配方:
发酵槽培养:
发酵槽培养所使用的培养基成分同烧瓶培养步骤,将烧瓶培养物接种于发酵槽培养基内,在26℃、槽压0.5-1.0kg/cm2、pH 5.0、10-150rpm搅拌速度或不搅拌(air lift)的情况下,以0.5-1.0vvm通气速率通入空气,培养12天。12天后,便取得发酵液,该发酵液中包括菌丝体与澄清液,并含有具治疗失智症效果的猴头菇活性物质。
实施例2:猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉的制备
该发酵液进行冷冻干燥后,即可得猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉(简称冻干粉),而20吨的发酵液在经冷冻干燥处理后,可得约80公斤的冻干粉。
实施例3:猴头素A的萃取与分析
将猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉加入为冻干粉10倍重量的甲醇进行第一次萃取,接着利用超音波震荡萃取一小时,取悬浮液进行离心,离心后取上清液。将该残渣以甲醇进行第二次萃取,重复上述萃取步骤,取得上清液。最后将该上清液经减压浓缩,得膏状的猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物。
将猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物经由水与乙酸乙酯以1:1的比例进行液液分配萃取,所得的乙酸乙酯层再以硅胶管柱色层分析,以正己烷/乙酸乙酯进行梯度冲提,得到12个分层,第9个分层再以硅胶管柱色层分析,以正己烷/丙酮进行梯度冲提,而得到含化合物猴头素A(erinacine A)的样品,再以HPLC做定性定量分析,其分析方式如下:以逆向层析管柱Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II在40℃下,用起始比例40:60的2%(v/v)醋酸及甲醇冲提,在20分钟内逐渐提升甲醇至90%(v/v),流速1ml/min,UV侦测波长为340nm,猴头素A滞留时间为17.7分钟。该HPLC分析结果显示于图1(标示为猴头素A标准品)。图1中,上面的曲线为猴头素A标准品(猴头素A的标准品是申请人经由上述方式制备的标准品,以作为萃取物成分中,猴头素A的定量依据),图1下面的曲线则为含猴头素A的样品。由图1的结果可知,含猴头素A的样品于3及17.7分钟有波峰出现,猴头素A的标准品则在17.7分钟出现波峰,两相比较后可以确认17.7分钟出现的波峰即属猴头素A,故猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉醇萃物确实具有猴头素A的活性物质,而该含猴头素A的样品中的猴头素A的定量结果为223ppm。
实施例4:猴头素S的萃取与分析
将猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉加入为冻干粉25倍重量的95v/v%乙醇进行第一次萃取,接着利用超音波震荡以震荡速率120rpm萃取一小时,取悬浮液进行离心,离心后取上清液。将该上清液以85v/v%乙醇进行第二次萃取,重复上述萃取步骤,取得一上清液。最后将该上清液经减压浓缩,得膏状的猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物。
将猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物经由水与乙酸乙酯以1:4的比例进行液液分配萃取,所得的乙酸乙酯层再以硅胶及LH-20硅胶管柱色层分析,以正己烷/乙酸乙酯进行梯度冲提,得到7个分层,第3个分层(正己烷/乙酸乙酯为3:2)再以LH-20硅胶管柱色层分析而得到含化合物猴头素S(erinacine S)的样品,再以HPLC做定性定量分析,其分析方式如下:以Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II管柱在40℃下,用乙腈起始60%(v/v)冲提,在20分钟内逐渐提升乙腈至65%(v/v),流速1ml/min,波长为290nm,猴头素S约出现于14分钟。该HPLC分析结果显示于图2。图2中上面的曲线为猴头素标准品(猴头素S的标准品是申请人自行制备的标准品,以作为后续萃取物成分中,是否含有猴头素S的判断依据),图2下面的曲线则为含猴头素S的样品。由图2的结果可知,含猴头素S的样品于14.827分钟有波峰出现,其和猴头素S的标准品在相同时间点出现波峰,故可以确认14.827分钟出现的波峰即属猴头素S,故猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉醇萃物确实具有猴头素S的活性物质,而该含猴头素S的样品中猴头素S的定量结果为32ppm。
前段落所述的化合物猴头素S为申请人所新发现的化合物,该化合物的化学结构与制备方法请参考专利文献:中国台湾专利申请号:104121632。
通过NMR得出猴头素S氢谱与碳谱,如下表:
实施例5:实验动物模式与猴头菇菌丝体活性物质的喂食
从美国杰克森实验室(Jackson Laboratory,No.005864)购入APP/PS1的基因转殖小鼠,该小鼠具有瑞典型突变位点(Swedish KM594/595NL)的人鼠嵌合型APP基因(Mo/HuAPP695)和具有第9个外显子(dE9)突变的人PS1基因。在上述两种基因的共同作用下,会加速类淀粉蛋白质的产生和积累,而使得该小鼠在老年期会出现认知功能障碍等异常,而能模拟阿尔兹海默症的病理特征与病程,是研究阿尔兹海默症常用的实验小鼠模式。
该基因转殖鼠的饲养与实验程序皆依照卫生福利部国家中医药研究所实验动物照护及使用委员会通过动物使用程序(IACUC No:100-A-04and 102-417-3)来进行。将该小鼠饲养于长宽高30(W)×20(D)×10(H)公分的透明塑料笼中,而该塑料笼则在室温20-25℃和湿度60-70%的无尘自动控制室中。其中该自动控制室以自动定时器控制光照周期,07:00~19:00属于黑暗期(dark period),19:00~07:00属于光照期(light period)。在此饲养期间皆正常供应饮食及饮水。
已知在上述环境下的6月龄APP/PS1基因转殖鼠模式的脑部类淀粉蛋白质斑已明显可见,因此在该小鼠饲养至5月龄后,随机分组进行喂食猴头菇活性物质的实验。将实施例3及实施例4中取得的猴头素A与猴头素S以胃管的方式分别喂食该小鼠,每天喂食一次,每次喂食剂量以小鼠体重每公斤为30毫克,连续喂食30天。
实施例6:猴头菇菌丝体活性物质对酵素的影响
以上述步骤喂食猴头菇活性物质的5月龄小鼠,在30天喂食完成后,取出其脑组织,以Dounce Tissue Grinders将脑组织在均质缓冲液(320mM sucrose,2mM EDTA,20mMTris-HCl(pH 7.4),1mM PMSF,5g/ml aprotinin)中。制备脑均质液。将该脑均质液(含30μg蛋白质)进行西方墨点法以得知喂食猴头菇活性物质是否会影响小鼠脑部的酵素含量。首先,透过胶体电泳将该脑均质液中的蛋白质进行分离,接着将胶体上的蛋白质转渍至聚偏二氟乙烯(poly vinylidene fluoride,PVDF)膜上。该转渍有蛋白质的PVDF膜浸于阻断缓冲液(PBS含3%normal donkey serum,1%BSA和0.3%Triton X-100)中,以阻断非特异性结合。再将上述PVDF膜浸于作为一级抗体的兔子抗脑啡肽酶抗体(abbit anti-NEPantibody(Millipore))和兔子抗胰岛素降解酶抗体(rabbit anti-IDE antibody(Millipore))中过夜。以PBS缓冲液冲洗PVDF膜,将一级抗体洗去,再浸泡于作为二级抗体的山葵过氧化酶共轭的抗兔子IgG抗体(anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated withhorseradish peroxidase(HRP)(GE Healthcare))和山葵过氧化酶共轭的抗小鼠IgG抗体(anti-mouse IgG antibody conjugated with HRP(Jackson ImmunoResearch))中2小时。最后,以冷光反应剂(Enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents(GEHealthcare))与荧光影像分析仪(Fujifilm LAS-3000Luminescent Image Analyzer(Tokyo,Japan)),侦测蛋白质的讯号,并通过事后检定Bonferroni多重比较测定的标准偏差分析软件(analysis of variance(ANOVA)with post-hoc Bonferroni multiplecomparisons tests)以分析蛋白质讯号,并该等分析结果以平均值±标准偏差(mean±standard deviation(S.D.))表示。
上述实验结果显示于图3,其中图3中的A为以荧光影像分析仪所侦测到的荧光讯号,图3中的B及C为该讯号经软件分析后IDE及NEP的含量。图3中的A,由左至右分别有三个组别,依序为对照组、喂食猴头素A、以及喂食猴头素S:这三个实验小鼠的组别分别侦测三种蛋白质,图中由上至下依序为脑啡肽酶(NEP)、胰岛素降解酶(IDE)、以及肌动蛋白(actin)。从图3中的A可得知,喂食猴头素A与S和对照组相比,其NEP的讯号强度类似,说明小鼠脑内的NEP含量并未因喂食猴头素A与S而有明显改变;但喂食猴头素A与S的小鼠的IDE的讯号强度,明显强于对照组的讯号强度,说明喂食猴头素A与S对小鼠脑中IDE的含量有正向的关。图3中的B,将对照组的IDE含量设定为百分百,喂食猴头素A与S的IDE含量与对照组相较皆有显著的提升,在扣除以对照组为百分百的IDE含量后,其提升比例分别为141.1±63.7%与130.5±68.9%。反观图3中的C,其显示的是小鼠脑中NEP的含量,同样将对照组的含量设为百分百,但喂食猴头素A与S的组别的NEP含量与对照组比较,并未有显著的差异。此实验结果说明喂食猴头素A与S对于脑中的NEP的含量并未有明显的影响,而主要是对IDE含量有明显提升的效果。
实施例7:类淀粉蛋白质在小鼠脑部的积累分析
上述步骤喂食猴头菇活性物质的5月龄小鼠,在30天喂食完成后,以酸碱值7.4(pH7.4)的生理食盐水灌流心脏牺牲,并取出小鼠的脑部进行免疫组织的分析,以了解类淀粉蛋白在小鼠脑中的分布。首先,将取出的小鼠脑切块浸于4℃的4%甲醛水溶液中18小时,再浸于蔗糖溶液中以保护经冷冻处理的组织,接着通过自动浮动刀片切割脑部,得到厚度为30μm的脑切片。将该切片浸泡于阻断缓冲液(PBS缓冲液含3%标准驴血清(normal donkeyserum)、1%牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)和0.3%Triton X-100)中6分钟,以阻断非特异性结合。再将上述切片浸于小鼠抗-Aβ1-16抗体(AB10,1:300,Millipore)浸泡16小时,并以荧光异硫氰酸盐共轭的驴抗小鼠抗体(Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG)于室温下的暗室中反应2小时。最后以含0.01%Triton X-100的PBS缓冲液冲洗切片,再以封片胶Aqua Poly/Mount(Polyscience Inc.,Warrington,PA,USA)完成小鼠脑部组织贴片。将该组织贴片以Zeiss LSM 780共轭焦荧光显微镜(Jena,Germany)分析免疫组织化学的荧光影像,再以Image J software分析类淀粉蛋白质在脑部的沉积量。
上述实验结果显示于图4,其中图4中的A为以荧光显微镜所侦测到的小鼠脑中类淀粉蛋白斑块负荷的荧光影像(绿色亮点),可以观察到小鼠喂以猴头素A(HE-A)和猴头素S(HE-S)后,其类淀粉蛋白斑块明显比喂食对照组(vehicle)的小鼠少。图4中的B为该影像的荧光讯号经软件分析后的类淀粉蛋白斑块面积占脑切片面积的百分比。三个组别由左到右依序为对照组(vehicle)、喂食猴头素A(HE-A)、以及喂食猴头素S(HE-S)。喂食猴头素A与猴头素S的面积百分比明显减少,分别为40.2±15.2%和38.1±19.7%,说明喂食猴头素A与猴头素S后,会使得小鼠脑部的类淀粉蛋白质被分解,故能达到治疗阿尔兹海默症的效果。
综上所述,本发明提供的各类形态的猴头菇的活性物质,包含猴头菇菌丝体冻干粉、猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物、猴头素S或猴头素A,经实验证明具有增加IDE的功效,使得积累的类淀粉蛋白质得以被降解,而能达到治疗阿尔兹海默症的效果。依照本发明的方法可制备含有猴头菇活性物质的医药组合物,以广泛应用于治疗失智症的各项用途。
Claims (16)
1.猴头素S在制备用于治疗失智症医药组合物的应用,其特征在于,猴头素S的制备方法包含下列步骤:
(a)取猴头菇菌丝体接种于平板上,于温度15-32℃下培养8-16天;
(b)将步骤(a)培养的猴头菇菌丝体接种于烧瓶培养基,并于温度20-30℃及pH值4.5-6.5下,培养3-5天;
(c)将步骤(b)培养的猴头菇菌丝体接种于发酵槽培养基,并于温度24-32℃及pH值4.5-5.5下,培养8-16天,取得猴头菇菌丝体发酵液;
(d)将步骤(c)所述的猴头菇菌丝体发酵液进行干燥,获得猴头菇菌丝体粉末;
将步骤(d)的所述猴头菇菌丝体粉末进一步利用乙醇萃取,获得猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物;
将所述猴头菇菌丝体醇萃物进一步利用水及乙酸乙酯以1:4的比例萃取,所得的乙酸乙酯层再以硅胶及LH-20硅胶管柱色层分析,以正己烷/乙酸乙酯进行梯度冲提,得到7个分层,第3个分层再以LH-20硅胶管柱色层分析获得猴头素S,所述第3个分层对应的正己烷/乙酸乙酯为3:2。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(b)的培养为震荡培养,其震荡速率为100-250 rpm。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(c)中发酵槽的槽压为0.8-1.2 kg/cm2,搅拌速率为10-150 rpm,且以通气速率为0.5-1vvm通入气体至发酵槽。
4.如权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于,所述气体为空气、氧气、二氧化碳、氮气或其组合。
5.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(b)与步骤(c)中使用相同的培养基。
6.如权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述培养基包含综合性碳氮源、动植物来源蛋白或其水解物、无机盐类、糖类、酵母、麦芽提取物、消泡剂或其组合。
7.如权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于,所述综合性碳氮源为谷类或豆类;所述无机盐类为硫酸盐类或磷酸盐类。
8.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中,所述乙醇为30-100 v/v%的乙醇。
9.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述猴头素S为粉末的形态。
10.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述医药组合物包含如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的猴头素S以及生物可接受的赋形剂。
11.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述医药组合物包含有效量的如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的猴头素S以及生物可接受的赋形剂。
12.如权利要求11所述的应用,其特征在于,其是通过增加酵素使蛋白质分解以治疗失智症。
13.如权利要求12所述的应用,其特征在于,所述酵素为胰岛素降解酶。
14.如权利要求12所述的应用,其特征在于,所述蛋白质为类淀粉蛋白质。
15.如权利要求14所述的应用,其特征在于,所述类淀粉蛋白质为Aβ40、Aβ42、Aβ36、Aβ37、Aβ38、Aβ39、Aβ41或Aβ43。
16.如权利要求11所述的应用,其特征在于,所述失智症为阿尔兹海默症。
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