CN106729962B - Skin antibacterial protective film liquid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Skin antibacterial protective film liquid and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
- A61L26/0057—Ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
- A61L26/0009—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form containing macromolecular materials
- A61L26/0014—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form containing macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
- A61L26/0061—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
- A61L26/0061—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L26/0066—Medicaments; Biocides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
- A61L2300/204—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials with nitrogen-containing functional groups, e.g. aminoxides, nitriles, guanidines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
- A61L2300/216—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials with other specific functional groups, e.g. aldehydes, ketones, phenols, quaternary phosphonium groups
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
- A61L2300/30—Compounds of undetermined constitution extracted from natural sources, e.g. Aloe Vera
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
- A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a skin antibacterial protective membrane liquid and a preparation method thereof. The skin antibacterial protective film liquid mainly comprises the following raw materials: bactericide, absolute ethyl alcohol, film forming matrix, plasticizer, cosolvent, plant essential oil, seaweed extract and purified water. The main effective components of the invention are bactericide and film-forming matrix, which are taken as a film-forming type antibacterial protective preparation, after being smeared on skin, the invention can form an elastic and transparent adhesive film to isolate bacteria in the external environment, the adhesive film and the bactericidal and bacteriostatic components loaded in the adhesive film can continuously protect the skin, and the adhesive film is breathable, waterproof and dustproof, does not influence the daily contact with water in showering, swimming and the like, and can be used for emergency antibacterial protection of small wounds such as cut wound, incised wound, scratch and hang wound, chap, barb and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of skin antibacterial protective film liquid, and particularly relates to skin antibacterial protective film liquid and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In daily life, people can generate collision and friction at times to cause small traumas such as abrasion, puncture, cut, scratch, bite, squeeze wound, cut and the like, and people often use the band-aid to wrap the wound when being injured, thereby avoiding wound infection. The traditional band-aid can be used for hemostasis by compression, wound protection and wound infection avoidance, and has the advantages of small volume, convenience in carrying, simplicity in use and the like, but the traditional band-aid is inconvenient to use when a wound is irregular, a wound surface can not be contacted with water for a long time, for example, wound infection is easily caused by long-time water contact, the used adhesive plaster has poor air permeability, and water vapor and sweat normally secreted by the local part of a human body can not penetrate through the layer of adhesive plaster, so that the local skin is easily soaked; and some novel liquid woundplasts, liquid dressings, wound film spraying agents, liquid protective films, skin disinfection membrane liquid and the like can improve the limitation of the traditional woundplasts in use, have the advantages of water resistance, bacterium resistance, air permeability, convenient use, contribution to wound observation and the like, and have more and more attention to the novel liquid wound care products at home and abroad in recent years.
The novel liquid wound protection product can further meet the daily wound disinfection and sterilization emergency nursing requirements of people, and mainly comprises the following components: the liquid contains film forming material, which can form a protective film on the wound to play the role of water resistance and bacteria resistance; corresponding solvent and cosolvent are added to dissolve the film forming material, thus being beneficial to fast film forming; other functional substances, mainly plasticizers, adhesion promoters, bacteriostats or functional substances for promoting healing; the composite material is fully combined with the excellent performances of functional substances such as a membrane material, a plasticizer, a bacteriostatic agent and the like, can be quickly dried, forms a breathable, waterproof and elastic protective membrane, effectively inhibits bacteria, promotes wound healing and reduces scar formation.
The invention patent with the publication number of CN100553609C provides a skin surface isolation protective film and a preparation method thereof, and the main technical proposal of the patent is as follows: the bactericide comprises, by mass, 0.5% of bactericide, 3% to 6% of dimethyl siloxane polyether high molecular polymer, 1% to 4% of cellulose hydroxyethyl ether high molecular polymer, 2% to 5% of polyaminoamide, 1% to 3% of propylene glycol, 4% to 7% of glycerol, 4% to 6% of ethanol, 0.1% to 0.4% of tea tree oil, and the balance of water. The skin surface isolation and protection film is loaded with effective bactericidal components and skin nutrient components, a film layer formed on the skin surface has a good isolation and protection effect, various toxic and harmful chemical substances which may contact with the skin surface, such as acid, alkali, heavy metal, organic matters, microorganisms and the like, can be effectively isolated, long-acting sterilization and nourishing can be achieved for 4-6 hours, the protection film can be easily removed by a small amount of clear water, and therefore the waterproof performance of the protection film is still required to be improved.
The invention patent with the publication number of CN102058900B provides a waterproof liquid bandage for wound surface protection and a preparation method thereof, the liquid bandage mainly comprises absolute ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, nitrocellulose, acetyl tributyl citrate, isopropyl palmitate and vitamin E acetate, and has the advantages of waterproofness, physical protection, wound healing promotion and the like, safety, environmental protection, high film forming speed, simple and convenient use and good comfort, and the liquid bandage is mainly used for protecting superficial wound surfaces of skin such as scratch, cut and the like, but the liquid bandage has pungent odor in the using process of the wound surfaces and influences the use comfort.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a skin antibacterial protective film liquid and a preparation method thereof, and the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.1-1.5% of bactericide, 45.5-70.0% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 6.3-20.0% of film forming matrix, 0.5-3.5% of plasticizer, 0.5-2.0% of cosolvent, 0.1-1.2% of plant essential oil, 0.2-1.3% of seaweed extract and the balance of water.
The bactericide is one or a mixture of more of trichloro hydroxyl diphenyl ether, p-chloro-m-dimethylphenol and trichloro-s-diphenyl urea.
The film-forming matrix is polyacrylic resin.
The plasticizer is one of tributyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, polyethylene glycol-400, polyethylene glycol-4000 and polyethylene glycol-6000.
The cosolvent is one of propylene glycol and glycerol.
The plant essential oil is one of tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil.
The seaweed extract is preferably a seaweed extract.
The preparation method of the skin antibacterial protective film liquid comprises the following specific preparation steps:
1) uniformly mixing absolute ethyl alcohol and purified water according to the formula ratio to obtain an ethyl alcohol solution;
2) adding polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) sequentially adding a bactericide, a plasticizer, a cosolvent, plant essential oil and a seaweed extract in a formula amount into the transparent and uniform mixed solution, and uniformly stirring until the bactericide, the plasticizer, the cosolvent, the plant essential oil and the seaweed extract are completely dissolved;
4) and finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain the uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is a film-forming wound-protecting antibacterial agent, has simple preparation process, is not limited by the shape, size and position of the surface of the skin when in use, can be coated on the irregular and difficultly-operated positions such as joints and folds, is easy to coat and unfold, does not influence the movement of the positions such as the joints after being coated, solves the problem that the traditional wound-protecting antibacterial product is not easily used on the irregular positions, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects when being coated on the skin, and has better protection effect on the surface of the skin;
2) the skin antibacterial protective film liquid can quickly form an elastic and transparent protective film after being smeared on skin, protects the skin and isolates bacteria in the external environment, the bactericide, the plant essential oil and the seaweed extract loaded in the film are cooperated and continuously act on the skin to protect the skin for a long time, has a long-lasting sterilization function and multiple protection sterilization effects, is breathable, waterproof and dustproof, does not influence the daily contact with water such as showering, swimming and the like, and can be used for emergency antibacterial protection of small wounds such as incised wounds, scratch wounds, chaps, barbs and the like.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.5% of p-chloro-m-dimethylphenol, 58.6% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 12.5% of polyacrylic resin, 2.5% of tributyl citrate, 1.5% of glycerol, 0.2% of tea tree oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of water.
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 58.6g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 24g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 12.5g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) adding 0.5g of p-chloro-m-dimethylphenol, 2.5g of tributyl citrate, 1.5g of glycerol, 0.2g of tea tree oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution in sequence, and stirring uniformly until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution 1#。
Example 2
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.5% of trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether, 62.5% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 16.2% of polyacrylic resin, polyethylene glycol-4001.5%, 1.5% of glycerol, 0.3% of tea tree oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of water.
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 62.5g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 17.3g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 16.2g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) sequentially adding 0.5g of trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether, 1.5g of polyethylene glycol-400, 1.5g of glycerol, 0.3g of tea tree oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution, and uniformly stirring until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution 2#。
Example 3
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.5% of trichloro-sym-diphenylurea, 65.5% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 15.5% of polyacrylic resin, 0.5% of polyethylene glycol-60002.5%, 0.5% of propylene glycol, 0.1% of eucalyptus oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of water.
The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 65.5g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 15.2g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 15.5g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) adding 0.5g of trichlorocarbanilide, 2.5g of polyethylene glycol-6000, 0.5g of propylene glycol, 0.1g of eucalyptus oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution in sequence, and stirring uniformly until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution 3#。
Example 4
And (3) sterilization test of the skin antibacterial protective film liquid:
spreading the sterilized carrier pieces in an aseptic plate, dropwise adding 10 mu L bacterial suspension one by one, uniformly coating the whole carrier surface by using an inoculating ring, drying in a 37 ℃ incubator, taking the bacterial pieces, respectively adding and soaking in the 5.0m L skin antibacterial protective membrane solution 1 prepared in the embodiments 1-3#、2#、3#In the sample liquid, timing, acting for 2, 5, 10 and 20min, taking out the bacterial sheet by using sterile forceps, putting the bacterial sheet into a test tube containing 5.0m L of corresponding neutralizer, fully and uniformly mixing, properly diluting, finally taking 2-3 dilutions, respectively sucking 0.5m L, directly inoculating 2 plates in each tube, then putting the plates into a 37 ℃ constant temperature incubator for culturing for 48h (bacteria) or 72h (yeast), counting viable bacteria colonies, taking another plate, injecting 5.0m L dilution liquid instead of the sample liquid as a positive control group, wherein the subsequent test steps are the same as those of the test group, and the bactericidal performance of the sample is evaluated by calculating the bactericidal rate, wherein the calculation method comprises the following steps:
in the formula:
-bactericidal rate,%;
a-average colony number of control samples;
b-average colony number of test sample.
TABLE 1 antibacterial effect of skin protecting liquid on test bacteria
The test results in table 1 show that the skin antibacterial protective film liquid has good killing performance on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans.
Example 5
The stability test of the skin antibacterial protective film liquid comprises the following steps:
taking the skin antibacterial protective film liquid 1 prepared in the embodiment 1-3#、2#、3#Placing the sample in a constant temperature box at 37 ℃ for 90 days, respectively measuring the content of the effective sterilization components before and after placing, measuring the sterilization rate of the sample after placing by combining the sterilization test in the embodiment 4, repeatedly testing each sample for 3 times, and taking the average value, wherein the specific stability test result is shown in tables 2 and 3.
TABLE 2 determination results of effective bactericidal component content in skin antibacterial protective film liquid
The sterilizing effect of the skin antibacterial protective film liquid on test bacteria after the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is stored in a constant temperature box with the temperature of 337 ℃ for 90 days
The test results in tables 2 and 3 show that the skin antibacterial protective film liquid has long-term stability, the content reduction rate of the active ingredients of the stock solution is less than or equal to 5 percent after the stock solution is placed in a constant-temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for 90 days, the killing rate of the stock solution to escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans can reach more than or equal to 90 percent, the antibacterial effect is still achieved, and the storage period of validity is at least 2 years.
The above description is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention should not be limited to the disclosure of the embodiment. Therefore, it is intended that all equivalents and modifications which do not depart from the spirit of the invention disclosed herein are deemed to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.5% of trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether, 62.5% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 16.2% of polyacrylic resin, polyethylene glycol-4001.5%, 1.5% of glycerol, 0.3% of tea tree oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of purified water;
the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 62.5g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 17.3g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 16.2g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) sequentially adding 0.5g of trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether, 1.5g of polyethylene glycol-400, 1.5g of glycerol, 0.3g of tea tree oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution, and uniformly stirring until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) and finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain the uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution.
2. The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.5% of p-chloro-m-dimethylphenol, 58.6% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 12.5% of polyacrylic resin, 2.5% of tributyl citrate, 1.5% of glycerol, 0.2% of tea tree oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of purified water;
the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 58.6g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 24g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 12.5g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) adding 0.5g of p-chloro-m-dimethylphenol, 2.5g of tributyl citrate, 1.5g of glycerol, 0.2g of tea tree oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution in sequence, and stirring uniformly until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) and finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain the uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution.
3. The skin antibacterial protective film liquid is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.5% of trichloro-sym-diphenylurea, 65.5% of absolute ethyl alcohol, 15.5% of polyacrylic resin, 0.5% of polyethylene glycol-60002.5%, 0.5% of propylene glycol, 0.1% of eucalyptus oil, 0.2% of seaweed extract and the balance of purified water;
the skin antibacterial protective film liquid is prepared from the raw materials in percentage by weight, and the specific steps are as follows:
1) uniformly mixing 65.5g of absolute ethyl alcohol and 15.2g of purified water to obtain an ethanol solution;
2) adding 15.5g of polyacrylic resin into the mixed solution, and stirring until the polyacrylic resin is completely dissolved to obtain a transparent and uniform mixed solution;
3) adding 0.5g of trichlorocarbanilide, 2.5g of polyethylene glycol-6000, 0.5g of propylene glycol, 0.1g of eucalyptus oil and 0.2g of seaweed extract into the transparent and uniform mixed solution in sequence, and stirring uniformly until the mixture is completely dissolved;
4) and finally, filtering the mixed solution and removing bubbles in vacuum to obtain the uniform skin antibacterial protective membrane solution.
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| CN116159044B (en) * | 2023-04-19 | 2023-10-13 | 山东安得医疗用品股份有限公司 | Antibacterial skin protectant and preparation method thereof |
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