CN106718625A - The cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year - Google Patents
The cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year Download PDFInfo
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- CN106718625A CN106718625A CN201611058465.8A CN201611058465A CN106718625A CN 106718625 A CN106718625 A CN 106718625A CN 201611058465 A CN201611058465 A CN 201611058465A CN 106718625 A CN106718625 A CN 106718625A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/02—Cultivation of hops or vines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention discloses the cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year, including pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, winter pruning is smeared branch and forces branch rudiment after terminating using 2 3% single cyanogen ammonia solutions, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, ensure the differentiation of bud, to carrying out fertilizing management after bud differentiation completion, spring next year harvests first batch of fruit, spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, summer pruning smears branch and forces branch rudiment after terminating using 2 3% single cyanogen ammonia solutions, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, ensure the differentiation of bud, to carrying out fertilizing management after bud differentiation completion, winter harvests second batch of fruit, winter harvesting carries out winter pruning after terminating.The purpose of the present invention is intended to offer one kind ensures that hibernaculum differentiation is abundant, and the inflorescence quality of generation meets result requirement, realizes the double-cropping system of grape, improves the cultural method of the grape two crops a year of grape annual production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to wine-growing technical field, the cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year is specifically related to.
Background technology
Grape is one of Main Cultivation fruit tree of China, in existing more than the 2000 years cultivation history of China.Its fruits nutrition
Value is high, and fresh fruit sugar content is 10-30%, containing various minerals and vitamins beneficial to human body, is loved by people.From
The middle and later periods nineties 20th century, vitis vinifera Yunnan Province using rain shelter cultivation it is successful after, grape industry development
Rapidly, cultivated area expands year by year, and yield is also improved constantly.But, main breed is excessively single, storage tolerance poor and weather
The reasons such as the limitation of environment, the maturity period Relatively centralized of grape, excessive, production dull season, supply falls short of demand to cause the production busy season to be supplied,
Economic benefit is had a strong impact on.Therefore, off-season production is carried out to grape, extends its listing phase, to improve grape economic benefit,
Accelerating the development of grape industry has particularly important meaning.
Grape is to mix bud, including hibernaculum and summer bud, the characteristic with several times a year result.It is profit that production at present is upper mostly
Second fruit cultivation is carried out with summer bud sublateral shoot, but because summer bud differentiation speed is fast, divergaence time is short and insufficient, the flower for often generating
Sequence is small, of poor quality, and the fruit ear born is small, bad quality, therefore can not meet the Production requirement of second fruit.The energy that hibernaculum yields positive results
Power is significantly stronger than summer bud, and caulocarpic success rate is carried out higher than summer bud using hibernaculum.
The content of the invention
For above-mentioned weak point of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is intended to offer one kind ensures that hibernaculum differentiation is filled
Point, the inflorescence quality of generation meets result requirement, realizes the double-cropping system of grape, and the grape for improving grape annual production yields two crops a year
Cultural method.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions：A kind of grape yields two crops a year
Cultural method, it includes pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, and the pruning is divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, winter
Prune in season and force branch rudiment using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solution smearing branches of 2-3% after terminating, after branch rudiment, branch is carried out
Management, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation carries out fertilizing management to plant after completing, spring next year harvests first batch of fruit,
Spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, summer pruning is smeared branch and forced after terminating using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions of 2-3%
Branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, is managed to branch, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, and bud differentiation is entered after completing to plant
Row fertilizing management, winter harvests second batch of fruit, and winter harvesting carries out winter pruning after terminating.
Preferably, the spring collecting time is April in year, and summer pruning is located at August part, female in result during pruning
Branch base portion stays 4-6 buds, and remaining whole is wiped out, and removes 2, top leaf；The winter collecting time is December, winter pruning position
In annual the middle ten days and the last ten days in December, during pruning, bearing basal shoot only stays the bud of base portion 2, and remaining is wiped out.
Preferably, after winter pruning terminates 2 days, winter vernalization treatment is carried out, 2-3% is used according to same day real air temperature
Single cyanogen ammonia solution smears sprout, forces hibernaculum to sprout；Summer pruning terminate after 1 week, summer vernalization treatment is carried out, according to the same day
Real air temperature smears the bud of shoot apex 2 using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions of 2-3%, forces it to sprout；When temperature is high, the list for being used
Cyanamide solution concentration is 2%, and when temperature is relatively low, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used is 3%.
Preferably, after winter vernalization treatment, branch starts rudiment in 10 days or so, blooms, and treats that there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end
Period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m pinching, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, and pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, and 12-15 is added up to branch
After opening blade, shoot elongation is controlled；After summer vernalization terminates, second batch of fruit hibernaculum sprouts, and blooms, and treats that inflorescence front end has 4
Pinching during leaf, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, and pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, and 10- is added up to branch
After 12 blades, shoot elongation is controlled；
Preferably, the fertilization time be the idiophase between picking time, the plant to leaf stretching period is applied fertilizer, and fertilising is used
Fertilizer is water-soluble composite fertilizer and urea, and it is than being classified as 7-9:4-6；Plant to the phase of bearing fruit is applied fertilizer, and fertilising fertilizer used is
Water-soluble composite fertilizer and microbial-bacterial fertilizer, it is than being classified as 8:1；After fruit enters expanding stage, fruit ear of selecting and remain, every mu is applied 8 kilograms of composite fertilizers
With 5 kilograms of potash fertilizer；500 times of calcareous fertilisers of the weekly foliage-spray of fruit color phase and 500 times of potash fertilizer.
Preferably, the bud that first batch of fruit and second batch of fruit are used is hibernaculum.
Preferably, before second batch of fruit rudiment, an organic fertilizer is applied, consumption is every mu and applies 2 tons.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows the implementation by above scheme, two crops a year cultivation is carried out to grape, can effectively carried
Grape yield per unit area high, have adjusted the grape supply phase, be remarkably improved the economic benefit of Yunnan Province wine-growing.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
The cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year, it includes pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, and the pruning is divided into the winter
Season is pruned and summer pruning, and winter pruning is smeared branch and forces branch rudiment after terminating using 3% single cyanogen ammonia solution, and branch is sprouted
After bud, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation carries out fertilizing management, next year after completing to plant
Spring harvests first batch of fruit, and spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, summer pruning is molten using 2% single cyanogen ammonia after terminating
Liquid smears branch and forces branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation is complete
Fertilizing management is carried out to plant after, winter harvests second batch of fruit, and winter harvesting carries out winter pruning after terminating.
The spring collecting time is April in year, and summer pruning is located at August part, during pruning, 4- is stayed in bearing basal shoot base portion
6 buds, remaining whole is wiped out, and removes 2, top leaf；The winter collecting time is December, and winter pruning is located at annual 12
The middle ten days and the last ten days in month, during pruning, bearing basal shoot only stays the bud of base portion 2, and remaining is wiped out.
After winter pruning terminates 2 days, winter vernalization treatment is carried out, 3% single cyanogen ammonia solution is used according to same day real air temperature
Sprout is smeared, forces hibernaculum to sprout；Summer pruning terminate after 1 week, carry out summer vernalization treatment, made according to same day real air temperature
The bud of shoot apex 2 is smeared with 2% single cyanogen ammonia solution, forces it to sprout；When temperature is high, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used
It is 2%, when temperature is relatively low, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used is 3%.
After winter vernalization treatment, branch starts rudiment in 10 days or so, blooms, pinching when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end,
Promote blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, after adding up to 12-15 blade to branch,
Control shoot elongation；After summer vernalization terminates, second batch of fruit hibernaculum sprouts, and blooms, and is plucked when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end
The heart, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, and pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, and 10-12 blade is added up to branch
Afterwards, shoot elongation is controlled；
The fertilization time be the idiophase between picking time, the plant to leaf stretching period is applied fertilizer, and fertilising fertilizer used is water
Molten composite fertilizer and urea, it is than being classified as 7:6；Plant to the phase of bearing fruit is applied fertilizer, fertilising fertilizer used be water-soluble composite fertilizer and
Microbial-bacterial fertilizer, it is than being classified as 8:1；After fruit enters expanding stage, fruit ear of selecting and remain, every mu is applied 8 kilograms of composite fertilizers and 5 kilograms of potash fertilizer；
500 times of calcareous fertilisers of the weekly foliage-spray of fruit color phase and 500 times of potash fertilizer.
The bud that first batch of fruit and second batch of fruit are used is hibernaculum.
Before second batch of fruit rudiment, an organic fertilizer is applied, consumption is every mu and applies 2 tons.
Embodiment 2
The cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year, it includes pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, and the pruning is divided into the winter
Season is pruned and summer pruning, and winter pruning is smeared branch and forces branch rudiment, branch after terminating using 2.5% single cyanogen ammonia solution
After rudiment, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation carries out fertilizing management to plant after completing, secondary
Spring in year harvests first batch of fruit, and spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, summer pruning uses 2.5% single cyanogen after terminating
Ammonia solution smears branch and forces branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud point
Change carries out fertilizing management to plant after completing, winter harvests second batch of fruit, and winter harvesting carries out winter pruning after terminating.
The spring collecting time is April in year, and summer pruning is located at August part, during pruning, 4- is stayed in bearing basal shoot base portion
6 buds, remaining whole is wiped out, and removes 2, top leaf；The winter collecting time is December, and winter pruning is located at annual 12
The middle ten days and the last ten days in month, during pruning, bearing basal shoot only stays the bud of base portion 2, and remaining is wiped out.
After winter pruning terminates 2 days, winter vernalization treatment is carried out, it is molten using the mono- cyanogen ammonia of 2-3% according to same day real air temperature
Liquid smears sprout, forces hibernaculum to sprout；Summer pruning terminate after 1 week, summer vernalization treatment is carried out, according to same day real air temperature
The bud of shoot apex 2 is smeared using 2.5% single cyanogen ammonia solution, forces it to sprout；When temperature is high, the cyanamide solution for being used
Concentration is 2%, and when temperature is relatively low, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used is 3%.
After winter vernalization treatment, branch starts rudiment in 10 days or so, blooms, pinching when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end,
Promote blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, after adding up to 12-15 blade to branch,
Control shoot elongation；After summer vernalization terminates, second batch of fruit hibernaculum sprouts, and blooms, and is plucked when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end
The heart, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, and pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, and 10-12 blade is added up to branch
Afterwards, shoot elongation is controlled；
The fertilization time be the idiophase between picking time, the plant to leaf stretching period is applied fertilizer, and fertilising fertilizer used is water
Molten composite fertilizer and urea, it is than being classified as 9:4；Plant to the phase of bearing fruit is applied fertilizer, fertilising fertilizer used be water-soluble composite fertilizer and
Microbial-bacterial fertilizer, it is than being classified as 8:1；After fruit enters expanding stage, fruit ear of selecting and remain, every mu is applied 8 kilograms of composite fertilizers and 5 kilograms of potash fertilizer；
500 times of calcareous fertilisers of the weekly foliage-spray of fruit color phase and 500 times of potash fertilizer.
The bud that first batch of fruit and second batch of fruit are used is hibernaculum.
Before second batch of fruit rudiment, an organic fertilizer is applied, consumption is every mu and applies 2 tons.
Embodiment 3
The cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year, it includes pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, and the pruning is divided into the winter
Season is pruned and summer pruning, and winter pruning is smeared branch and forces branch rudiment after terminating using 3% single cyanogen ammonia solution, and branch is sprouted
After bud, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation carries out fertilizing management, next year after completing to plant
Spring harvests first batch of fruit, and spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, summer pruning is molten using 3% single cyanogen ammonia after terminating
Liquid smears branch and forces branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, bud differentiation is complete
Fertilizing management is carried out to plant after, winter harvests second batch of fruit, and winter harvesting carries out winter pruning after terminating.
The spring collecting time is April in year, and summer pruning is located at August part, during pruning, 4- is stayed in bearing basal shoot base portion
6 buds, remaining whole is wiped out, and removes 2, top leaf；The winter collecting time is December, and winter pruning is located at annual 12
The middle ten days and the last ten days in month, during pruning, bearing basal shoot only stays the bud of base portion 2, and remaining is wiped out.
After winter pruning terminates 2 days, winter vernalization treatment is carried out, it is molten using the mono- cyanogen ammonia of 2-3% according to same day real air temperature
Liquid smears sprout, forces hibernaculum to sprout；Summer pruning terminate after 1 week, summer vernalization treatment is carried out, according to same day real air temperature
The bud of shoot apex 2 is smeared using 3% single cyanogen ammonia solution, forces it to sprout；When temperature is high, the cyanamide solution for being used is dense
It is 2% to spend, and when temperature is relatively low, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used is 3%.
After winter vernalization treatment, branch starts rudiment in 10 days or so, blooms, pinching when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end,
Promote blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, after adding up to 12-15 blade to branch,
Control shoot elongation；After summer vernalization terminates, second batch of fruit hibernaculum sprouts, and blooms, and is plucked when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end
The heart, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation is completed, and pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, and 10-12 blade is added up to branch
Afterwards, shoot elongation is controlled；
The fertilization time be the idiophase between picking time, the plant to leaf stretching period is applied fertilizer, and fertilising fertilizer used is water
Molten composite fertilizer and urea, it is than being classified as 8:5；Plant to the phase of bearing fruit is applied fertilizer, fertilising fertilizer used be water-soluble composite fertilizer and
Microbial-bacterial fertilizer, it is than being classified as 8:1；After fruit enters expanding stage, fruit ear of selecting and remain, every mu is applied 8 kilograms of composite fertilizers and 5 kilograms of potash fertilizer；
500 times of calcareous fertilisers of the weekly foliage-spray of fruit color phase and 500 times of potash fertilizer.
The bud that first batch of fruit and second batch of fruit are used is hibernaculum.
Before second batch of fruit rudiment, an organic fertilizer is applied, consumption is every mu and applies 2 tons.
Claims (7)
1. the cultural method that a kind of grape yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that including pruning, vernalization, differentiation, fertilising and harvesting, institute
State pruning and be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, winter pruning is smeared branch and forced after terminating using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions of 2-3%
Branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, is managed to branch, it is ensured that the differentiation of bud, and bud differentiation is entered after completing to plant
Row fertilizing management, spring next year harvests first batch of fruit, and spring harvesting carries out summer pruning after terminating, after summer pruning terminates
Branch is smeared using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions of 2-3% and force branch rudiment, after branch rudiment, branch is managed, it is ensured that bud
Differentiation, bud differentiation carries out fertilizing management to plant after completing, and winter harvests second batch of fruit, and it is laggard that winter harvesting terminates
Row winter pruning.
2. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 1 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that when the spring harvests
Between be April in year, summer pruning is located at August part, during pruning, 4-6 buds is stayed in bearing basal shoot base portion, and remaining whole is wiped out, and is dredged
Except 2, top leaf；The winter collecting time is December, and winter pruning is located at annual the middle ten days and the last ten days in December, during pruning, as a result
Female branch only stays the bud of base portion 2, and remaining is wiped out.
3. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 2 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that winter pruning terminates 2
After it, winter vernalization treatment is carried out, sprout is smeared using the mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions of 2-3% according to same day real air temperature, force hibernaculum to sprout
Hair；Summer pruning terminate after 1 week, carry out summer vernalization treatment, the painting of 2-3% mono- cyanogen ammonia solutions is used according to same day real air temperature
The bud of shoot apex 2 is smeared, forces it to sprout；When temperature is high, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used be 2%, temperature it is relatively low when
Wait, the cyanamide solution concentration for being used is 3%.
4. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 3 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that winter vernalization processes it
Afterwards, branch starts rudiment in 10 days or so, blooms, pinching when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end, promotes blade ripe and bud differentiation
Complete, pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, after adding up to 12-15 blade to branch, control shoot elongation；Summer vernalization
After end, second batch of fruit hibernaculum sprouts, and blooms, pinching when there are 4 leaves inflorescence front end, promotes blade ripe and bud point
Change and complete, pinching after 2 leaves is often grown later, after adding up to 10-12 blade to branch, control shoot elongation.
5. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 1 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that the fertilization time is
Idiophase, the plant to leaf stretching period was applied fertilizer between picking time, and fertilising fertilizer used is water-soluble composite fertilizer and urea, its ratio
It is classified as 7-9:4-6；Plant to the phase of bearing fruit is applied fertilizer, and fertilising fertilizer used is water-soluble composite fertilizer and microbial-bacterial fertilizer, its ratio
It is classified as 8:1；After fruit enters expanding stage, fruit ear of selecting and remain, every mu is applied 8 kilograms of composite fertilizers and 5 kilograms of potash fertilizer；Fruit color phase is on every Mondays
500 times of calcareous fertilisers of secondary foliage-spray and 500 times of potash fertilizer.
6. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 1 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that first batch of fruit and
The bud that second batch of fruit is used is hibernaculum.
7. the cultural method that a kind of grape according to claim 4 yields two crops a year, it is characterised in that second batch of fruit sprouts
Before bud, an organic fertilizer is applied, consumption is every mu and applies 2 tons.
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107278792A (en) * | 2017-07-26 | 2017-10-24 | 平度市职业中等专业学校 | Red Ba Ladi grapes two crops a year implantation methods in a kind of intelligent greenhouse |
| CN107360936A (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2017-11-21 | 叶集试验区富民高新葡萄种植专业合作社 | A kind of 1 year two sowing of denuclearization of grape plant cultural method |
| CN107455227A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | 陈育财 | A kind of grape inoculation method |
| CN107466701A (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2017-12-15 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院葡萄与葡萄酒研究所 | A kind of 1 year two germination accelerating method for receiving grape regrowth hair fruit |
| CN107567939A (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2018-01-12 | 福建省农业科学院农业工程技术研究所 | A kind of two leaf pinching methods for promoting grape bud differentiation |
| CN108770587A (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-11-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院葡萄与葡萄酒研究所 | A kind of saving of labor's garland method for grape simplified cultivation |
| CN109744063A (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2019-05-14 | 云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所 | A kind of dry-hot valley grape 1 year two cultural method received |
| CN110679381A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-01-14 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Cultivation method for keeping grape on tree for preservation |
| CN112075177A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-12-15 | 衡东县新旺种养农民专业合作社 | Fertilizing method for grapes ripe twice a year |
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107360936A (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2017-11-21 | 叶集试验区富民高新葡萄种植专业合作社 | A kind of 1 year two sowing of denuclearization of grape plant cultural method |
| CN107278792A (en) * | 2017-07-26 | 2017-10-24 | 平度市职业中等专业学校 | Red Ba Ladi grapes two crops a year implantation methods in a kind of intelligent greenhouse |
| CN107466701A (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2017-12-15 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院葡萄与葡萄酒研究所 | A kind of 1 year two germination accelerating method for receiving grape regrowth hair fruit |
| CN107466701B (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2022-12-13 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Germination accelerating method for two-harvest grape and two-harvest grape fruits in one year |
| CN107455227A (en) * | 2017-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | 陈育财 | A kind of grape inoculation method |
| CN107567939A (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2018-01-12 | 福建省农业科学院农业工程技术研究所 | A kind of two leaf pinching methods for promoting grape bud differentiation |
| CN109744063A (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2019-05-14 | 云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所 | A kind of dry-hot valley grape 1 year two cultural method received |
| CN108770587A (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-11-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院葡萄与葡萄酒研究所 | A kind of saving of labor's garland method for grape simplified cultivation |
| CN108770587B (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2020-10-13 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院葡萄与葡萄酒研究所 | Labor-saving flower-drawing method for simplified cultivation of grapes |
| CN110679381A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-01-14 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Cultivation method for keeping grape on tree for preservation |
| CN112075177A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-12-15 | 衡东县新旺种养农民专业合作社 | Fertilizing method for grapes ripe twice a year |
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