CN106683546A - Positive and negative thirst for knowledge teaching demonstration instrument - Google Patents
Positive and negative thirst for knowledge teaching demonstration instrument Download PDFInfo
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- CN106683546A CN106683546A CN201510767871.0A CN201510767871A CN106683546A CN 106683546 A CN106683546 A CN 106683546A CN 201510767871 A CN201510767871 A CN 201510767871A CN 106683546 A CN106683546 A CN 106683546A
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- G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B23/06—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics
- G09B23/18—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics for electricity or magnetism
- G09B23/183—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for physics for electricity or magnetism for circuits
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Abstract
The invention discloses a positive and negative thirst for knowledge teaching demonstration instrument, and belongs to the field of teaching instrument demonstration. The instrument consists of a conversion stage, an oscillation stage, a negative electricity recognition stage, a negative electricity amplification stage, a negative electricity light amount display stage, a negative electricity cursor and voice indication stage, a positive electricity recognition stage, a positive electricity amplification stage, a positive electricity light amount display stage, and a positive electricity cursor and voice indication stage. The conversion stage comprises a converter and a test rod port. When a tested object is connected to the conversion unit, the negative electricity recognition stage and the positive electricity recognition stage carry out the recognition of positive and negative charges. After amplification, the light amount display stages are started, and stimulate the cursor and voice indication stages to form sound and cursor indication. After implementation, the instrument can reflect the size of energy in a formed size, and enables many viewers to watch the demonstration. The instrument achieves three effects: light amount, cursor display and sound. The instrument can enable the teenagers to love the science and to understand the concepts and meanings of conductivity, conductor, resistor and insulator. The instrument is low in cost, and can be popularized in schools.
Description
Technical field
Belong to instruments used for education demonstration field.
Background technology
Innovation is the soul of nationality, and young student are the strength of innovation.
The prosperity of country is talent, and the culture of talent is education.The emphasis teenager of education, juvenile Qiang Ze Guoqiang, the progressive then state progress of teenager, will cultivate teenager and science is had deep love for, it is crucial to improve the quality of teaching, and laboratory apparatus is precisely a key factor for improving teaching, laboratory apparatus is good, and the experiment done has more convincingness, so that students ' understanding things, understand natural phenomena, inspire the thinking of student, play an important role to improving level of education.Therefore, the various laboratory apparatus in teaching are all constantly being lifted, but also there are many weak points：One is the species deficiency of laboratory apparatus, also not comprehensive especially for the laboratory apparatus of the students of the junior years.Two be the spirit taught through lively activities in instruments used for education not enough, three be now majority instruments used for education cost it is too high, thus the village school remote to some can't spread to many universal instruments used for education.
Electricity is most important a kind of class in physics, full of magical Experiments of Electricity, the interest of teenager can be excited, simultaneously the basic conception to setting up electricity plays the role of important, if can develop a kind of multi-functional conduction demonstration instrument and demonstrator can visualize electricity part concept and law by abstract, it is clear that have positive help to educatee.
The content of the invention
In order to allow instruments used for education to spread to school of every institute, the species of abundant instruments used for education, the measure of the present invention is to develop discrete conductance macroscopic view to show demonstration instrument for teaching, its purpose one is to allow student from a kind of angle of perception, understands the situation of conductance, understands conductor, resistance, the concept and meaning of insulator object, and then understand the meaning of Ohm's law, thus allow student to lay the first stone.Two is the instrument because of the display with light with three kinds of colors of sound, therefore with certain interest, can cultivate numerous teenagers and science is had deep love for.Three is with low cost, can become a kind of instrument in the popularization of vast school
The measure for being adopted is：
1st, positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching indicates that level, positive electricity identification level, positive electricity amplifying stage, positive electricity light quantity display level, positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is collectively constituted by switching stage, oscillator stage, negative electricity identification level, negative electricity amplifying stage, negative electricity light quantity display level, negative electricity cursor and voice.
Wherein：Switching stage is made up of change-over switch, prod socket, test board；Negative electricity identification level is that an integrated circuit is formed by connecting；Positive electricity identification level is that operational amplifier is formed by connecting；The conversion termination of change-over switch connects test board, the normally closed termination of change-over switch connects the negative phase end of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, the positive terminal ground wire of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, the output of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit is the output that negative electricity recognizes level, the positive terminal of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit connects the normally opened termination of change-over switch, the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit connects with output end, the output end of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit is the output that positive electricity recognizes level, and prod socket is connected between the output of ground wire and positive electricity identification level.
Oscillator stage is by vibrating one, vibration two, vibration out gate, oscillating capacitance, oscillation resistance one, oscillation resistance two, N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode constitute with N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode：The output end of vibration one is two-way, the input of vibration two is connect all the way, one end of oscillation resistance one is connect all the way, one end of oscillating capacitance is connected on the output end of vibration two, the other end of oscillating capacitance is oscillation center point, the input of one termination vibration one of oscillation resistance two, the other end of oscillation resistance one and the other end of oscillation resistance two all connect oscillation center point, vibration out gate is two door parallel connections, the output end of vibration out gate input termination vibration two, the output of vibration out gate connects the positive pole of N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode, and the positive pole of N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode.
Negative electricity amplifying stage indicates that branch road, negative electricity two-stage amplifier are constituted by inclined resistance, negative electricity test under inclined resistance, negative electricity first stage amplifier on negative electricity first stage amplifier, negative electricity first stage amplifier：The homophase of negative electricity first stage amplifier terminates the output of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, on negative electricity first stage amplifier under inclined resistance and negative electricity first stage amplifier resistant series partially between the output end and ground wire of negative electricity first stage amplifier, its middle series connection point connects the end of oppisite phase of negative electricity first stage amplifier, negative electricity test indicates that branch road is connected between the output end of negative electricity first stage amplifier and ground wire, the homophase of negative electricity two-stage amplifier terminates the output end of negative electricity first stage amplifier, the end of oppisite phase of negative electricity two-stage amplifier connects with the output end of negative electricity two-stage amplifier, the output end of negative electricity two-stage amplifier is the output of negative electricity amplifying stage.
Negative electricity light quantity display level is made up of multigroup negative electricity light quantity display unit, there are N number of indicator lamp and indicator lamp protective resistance in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of each indicator lamp connects an indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the input of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is connected the positive pole of second indicator lamp in the light quantity display unit, it has been sequentially connected last indicator lamp of the group, the negative pole of last indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the output of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the input of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the output of negative electricity amplifying stage, the input of output second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit of concatenation of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the input of the 3rd group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, last group of negative electricity light quantity display unit has been connect successively.
Negative electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is indicated by multigroup negative electricity cursor start unit, negative electricity voice, negative electricity cursor is indicated, N number of negative electricity interlocking diode is constituted：Every group of negative electricity cursor start unit has two phase inverters and a commissure resistance, input of the output termination commissure resistance of the previous phase inverter of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit to latter phase inverter, the input of previous phase inverter is the input of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output end of latter phase inverter is the output of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects a negative electricity voice and indicates to be indicated to ground wire with negative electricity cursor, the input of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects the output of one group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of later group negative electricity cursor start unit need to connect negative electricity and interlock diode to the input of latter phase inverter in above all negative electricity cursor start units, the input of latter phase inverter will also connect the negative pole of a negative electricity cursor isolating diode in all negative electricity cursor start units.
Positive electricity amplifying stage indicates that branch road, positive electricity two-stage amplifier are constituted by inclined resistance, positive electrical testing under inclined resistance, positive electricity first stage amplifier on positive electricity first stage amplifier, positive electricity first stage amplifier：The homophase of positive electricity first stage amplifier terminates the output of positive electricity recognition integrated circuit, on positive electricity first stage amplifier under inclined resistance and positive electricity first stage amplifier resistant series partially between the output end and ground wire of positive electricity first stage amplifier, its middle series connection point connects the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity first stage amplifier, positive electrical testing indicates that branch road is connected between the output end of positive electricity first stage amplifier and ground wire, the homophase of positive electricity two-stage amplifier terminates the output end of positive electricity first stage amplifier, the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity two-stage amplifier connects with the output end of positive electricity two-stage amplifier, the output end of positive electricity two-stage amplifier is the output of positive electricity amplifying stage.
Positive electricity light quantity display level is made up of multigroup positive electricity light quantity display unit, there are N number of indicator lamp and indicator lamp protective resistance in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the positive pole of each indicator lamp connects an indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is the input of this group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is connected the positive pole of second indicator lamp in the light quantity display unit, it has been sequentially connected last indicator lamp of the group, the positive pole of last indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is the output of this group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the input of first group of positive electricity light quantity display unit connects the output of positive electricity amplifying stage, the input of output second group of positive electricity light quantity display unit of concatenation of first group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the output of second group of positive electricity light quantity display unit connects the input of the 3rd group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, last group of positive electricity light quantity display unit has been connect successively.
Positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is indicated by multigroup positive electricity cursor start unit, positive electricity voice, positive electricity cursor is indicated, N number of positive electricity interlocking diode is constituted：Every group of positive electricity cursor start unit has two phase inverters and a commissure resistance, input of the output termination commissure resistance of the previous phase inverter of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit to latter phase inverter, the input of previous phase inverter is the input of this group of positive electricity cursor start unit, the output end of latter phase inverter is the output of this group of positive electricity cursor start unit, the output of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit connects a positive electricity voice and indicates to be indicated to ground wire with positive electricity cursor, the input of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit connects the output of one group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the output of later group positive electricity cursor start unit need to connect positive electricity and interlock diode to the input of latter phase inverter in above all positive electricity cursor start units, the input of latter phase inverter will also connect the negative pole of a positive electricity cursor isolating diode in all positive electricity cursor start units.
2nd, the phase inverter in four doors and cursor start unit in oscillator stage all adopts integrated circuit CD4069.
3rd, the indicator lamp in positive electricity light quantity display unit sends the bright color that the color of light sends different from the indicator lamp in negative electricity light quantity display unit.
It is as follows to being explained further for this measure：
First, in the present invention negative electricity and the circuit of positive electricity are in addition to identification level, remaining circuit is consistent, for symmetric circuit, therefore in explanation, only it is illustrated with the electronic circuit of negative electricity, no matter the electronic circuit of positive electricity is debugged, display effect is all, simply, the color that light quantity shows is different, and the sound that voice sends is different.
2nd, negative electricity recognizes the explanation of level.
Recognition principle is, when being negative electrical charge, negative electricity recognition integrated circuit starts output, will be passed to negative electricity amplifying stage, if instead being positive charge, negative electricity recognition integrated circuit becomes reverse bias and is not turned on, so without output.
3rd, the explanation of negative electricity amplifying stage.
Two-stage amplification is contained in negative electricity amplifying stage, it is to be connected in the form for comparing amplification that the first order is amplified, the second level is amplified have been connect to penetrate with the form amplified.Its Main Function：One is to pass to rear class after the negative electricity energy that will detect amplifies, and allows negative electricity light quantity display level to reflect the energy size of electric charge, and two is, in detection resistance, to allow beholder, the meaning of intuitivism apprehension resistance parameter size.
It is to be connected in the form for comparing amplification that the first order is amplified, belong to analog circuit, therefore there is no the requirement of " door " to input signal, no matter how little signal can amplify, as long as so negative electricity identification level has signal output, just signal can be amplified, and the stronger signal that it amplifies of signal being input into is stronger.Equally when detection resistance during parameter, if resistance is less, the signal of output is stronger.
The second level is amplified have been connect to penetrate with the form amplified, therefore has very strong carrying load ability, is a good level pressure source, becomes good interface circuit.Penetrate with output voltage closely follow negative electrical charge first stage amplifier（In Fig. 2 3.1）Output, so detect electric charge when, its output can shape react positive charge energy size.In the same manner, in detection resistance, the size of different resistance conductive rates is reacted in its output in which can shape.
4th, the explanation of negative electricity light quantity display level.
Negative electricity light quantity display level is made up of multigroup negative electricity light quantity display unit, there are N number of indicator lamp and indicator lamp protective resistance in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of each indicator lamp connects an indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the input of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is connected the positive pole of second indicator lamp in the light quantity display unit, it has been sequentially connected last indicator lamp of the group, the negative pole of last indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the output of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the input of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the output of negative electricity amplifying stage, the input of output second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit of concatenation of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the input of the 3rd group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, last group of negative electricity light quantity display unit has been connect successively.
Its principle is：Driving voltage is acted on after every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit of series connection, what is punctured first is first negative electricity indicator lamp in first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, its electric current is through first negative electricity indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, if pumping signal is strong, second negative electricity indicator lamp in first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is suctioned through successively, again through second negative electricity indicator lamp protective resistance to ground, if just encouraging second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit ... after the negative electricity indicator lamp excitation in first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is finished so the voltage of negative electrical charge first stage amplifier output is higher, the negative electricity indicator lamp quantity for being punctured is more, if instead the voltage of the output of negative electrical charge first stage amplifier is lower, the negative electricity indicator lamp quantity for being punctured is less.And the brightness of last the negative electricity indicator lamp in last group of negative electricity light quantity display unit will be reduced.So define a kind of size of sizing showing.
5th, negative electricity cursor and voice indicate level.
Negative electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is indicated by multigroup negative electricity cursor start unit, negative electricity voice, negative electricity cursor is indicated, N number of negative electricity interlocking diode is constituted：Every group of negative electricity cursor start unit has two phase inverters and a commissure resistance, input of the output termination commissure resistance of the previous phase inverter of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit to latter phase inverter, the input of previous phase inverter is the input of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output end of latter phase inverter is the output of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects a negative electricity voice and indicates to be indicated to ground wire with negative electricity cursor, the input of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects the output of one group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of later group negative electricity cursor start unit need to connect negative electricity and interlock diode to the input of latter phase inverter in above all negative electricity cursor start units, the input of latter phase inverter will also connect the negative pole of a negative electricity cursor isolating diode in all negative electricity cursor start units.
The principle of formation：The output of every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is amplified through the two-stage phase inverter of negative electricity cursor start unit, is finally started the instruction of negative electricity voice, negative electricity cursor and is indicated, negative electricity cursor indicates that branch road lights, while the negative electricity voice of institute's band indicates to send sound.Because every group of negative electricity cursor start unit is encouraged respectively by corresponding negative electricity light quantity display unit, thus negative electricity cursor indicate branch road it is bright number, with negative electricity light quantity display unit into synchronized relation.So negative electricity cursor and voice indicate that level shows object being measured parameter size from another angle.
Because negative electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is connected with the output of oscillator stage, in a cycle of vibration, when oscillator stage is output as a high position, latter phase inverter in every group of negative electricity cursor start unit becomes low level through anti-phase, thus without output, so negative electricity cursor indicates that branch road is unglazed, simultaneously negative electricity voice indicates not sounding sound, when otherwise oscillating unit is output as low level, every group of negative electricity cursor start unit under the excitation that light quantity shows, normal work.So negative electricity cursor indicates that the phenomenon that branch road shows is flashed, negative electricity voice is indicated because being triggered by the cycle, but regular.
Because cursor start unit is connected with negative electricity interlocking diode, thus cursor shows with the sound only occur one it is independent, and the amount of being show it is maximum where.
The interlocking principle of formation is：Before the output control of the negative electricity cursor start unit organized afterwards in all negative electricity cursor start units latter phase inverter input, the output that is to say negative electricity cursor start unit below connects the positive pole that negative electricity interlocks diode, the input of latter phase inverter connects respectively the negative pole that a negative electricity interlocks diode in all negative electricity cursor start units above, when the output of negative electricity cursor start unit below has high pressure, high pressure is passed to negative electricity interlocking diode the input of latter phase inverter in above all negative electricity cursor start units, cause above all negative electricity cursor start units without output, so forming the uniqueness that negative electricity cursor indicates branch road.
6th, oscillator stage.
Oscillator stage is by vibrating one（In Fig. 2 4.1）, vibration two（In Fig. 2 4.2）, vibration out gate（In Fig. 2 4.3）, oscillating capacitance（In Fig. 2 4.4）, oscillation resistance one（In Fig. 2 4.5）, oscillation resistance two（In Fig. 2 4.6）, N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode constitutes with N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode：The output end of vibration one is two-way, the input of vibration two is connect all the way, one end of oscillation resistance one is connect all the way, one end of oscillating capacitance is connected on the output end of vibration two, the other end of oscillating capacitance is oscillation center point, the input of one termination vibration one of oscillation resistance two, the other end of oscillation resistance one and the other end of oscillation resistance two all connect oscillation center point, vibration out gate is two door parallel connections, the output end of vibration out gate input termination vibration two, the output of vibration out gate connects the positive pole of N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode, and the positive pole of N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode.
The oscillation principle of formation is：When vibrate two be output as a high position when, by oscillating capacitance, oscillation resistance one to vibration door one output end, be split into the charged state to oscillating capacitance, now oscillation center point for a high position.The input for causing to vibrate door one is a high position, until the end of vibration first half cycle.After the isolation effect of oscillating capacitance makes center point voltage be less than the threshold voltage of door（After threshold voltage）, the output end for vibrating is changed into high from low filling, and at this moment vibrate the output end output current of carries out reciprocal discharge process by oscillation resistance one to oscillating capacitance.It it is now the later half cycle of vibration, until the end in later half cycle, after the magnitude of voltage of oscillation center point is higher than threshold values, repeats the process of a cycle again.Carry out later vibration.
When vibrating two and being output as high-order output, through vibrating the anti-phase of out gate, the output no-voltage of its oscillator stage, and when vibrating two and being output as low level, oscillator stage just has output, and it is two door parallel connections to vibrate out gate, increased load-carrying ability, so multiple cursor isolating diodes can be driven, oscillator stage is made when there is output, positive electricity indicates level without output with negative electricity cursor and voice.
The present invention is that vibration is reliable using the reason for this oscillating circuit one, and element is few used by two, and three can be to set up frequency-adjustable, four is that gate circuit used is few, and one 4069 there are 6 units, thus other phase inverters for needing of the present invention can be implemented with other units, thus utilization rate is high.
The output of oscillator stage is connected to negative electricity cursor simultaneously and voice indicates level and positive cursor and sound indicating member, so the effect rule of Unit two of connection is the same.
7th, positive electricity recognizes the explanation of level.
Recognition principle is, when being positive charge, positive electricity identification arithmetic unit forms forward bias, conducting, so there is output, transmission gives positive electricity amplifying stage, if instead being negative electrical charge, positive electricity identification arithmetic unit becomes reverse bias, is not turned on, so without output.
8th, positive charge level amplifying unit, positive electricity amplifying stage, positive electricity light quantity display level, positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level indicates that level is identical with negative electrical charge level amplifying unit, negative electricity light quantity display level, positive electricity cursor and voice, are not repeated.
9th, converter
The unit is by change-over switch, prod socket is collectively constituted, and wherein detection plate is to make to be used during detection electric charge.Effect is that the object for being detected is placed on the plate when using.
Testing jack is to be used as the test in addition to detection charge detection, is this instrument and prod or the connection socket of test clip.Prod or test clip other end connection object being measured.
Have the advantages that after enforcement following prominent：
1st, electricity is content important in physics, and student clearly can cross instrument and come to realize and arrive, and what is positive charge, negative electrical charge, good conductor, resistance, insulator, the concept of electric current, help beginner set up most basic concept in electricity play the role of it is positive.
2nd, positive charge, negative electrical charge can be identified, and reflects energy size with shaping and allow numerous beholders to demonstrate, this is that many more low-grade instruments are difficult to.Demenstration method is that the object that will be surveyed is placed on detection plate.
（1）, in Popular Science Education, in numerous concepts of electricity, positive charge, negative electrical charge is even more filled with certain mystery, in the present invention, if detection object be that, for positive charge, positive electricity light quantity display level can show redness（Because when mounted, the luminous tube in positive electricity light quantity display level is installed as redness,）If the object of detection is that, for negative electrical charge, negative electricity light quantity display level can show green（When mounted, the luminous tube in negative electricity light quantity display level is installed as green,）Beholder understands intuitively, it is easy to receive.
（2）, can qualitatively find out charged physics energy of a charge size, if the object institute band for being detected is just（It is negative）Energy of a charge is big, and the bright luminous tube quantity that light quantity shows is more, otherwise bright luminous tube quantity is little.
（3）, this test instrument can substantially find out that positive electricity or negative electrical charge energy substantially both sides are the same produced by two kinds of thing material triboelectrifications because the two articles for being detected,（When triboelectrification test is done, often with two kinds of object phase mutual friction）, just（It is negative）Luminous tube quantity can substantially as many in electric charge light quantity display unit, show not over a cursor, therefore in terms of one side has pointed out two of a things, a kind of object electronics is reduced, and has resulted in increasing for positive electricity, thus is become for positive electricity object, otherwise another kind of physical electronic number increases, negative electrical charge just increases just becomes negatively charged body, the overall understanding to setting up electricity concept and things, suffers from positive guiding function.
（4）, it is easy to use, when charged object is tested, only the object need to be placed on test board, then just it can be transformed into just by change-over switch（It is negative）On electric charge recognition unit, make the luminous tube of corresponding light quantity display unit bright, and use change-over switch very convenient.
（5）, non-band charged entity, or two kinds of objects for being unfit to do triboelectrification can be detected.If the object in detecting is just（It is negative）Luminous tube in electric charge light quantity display unit is unglazed, illustrates that two kinds of objects do not have electrically charged, illustrates both objects, is unfit to do the test of triboelectrification.Tell that object has different physical propertys, widen by the thinking of educator.
3rd, Ohm's law is most important philosophy in electricity, and learning in-depth study of the Ohm's law to electricity well has important place mat effect.Beginner feels that definition is abstract, is demonstrated with shaping by this instrument, and beginner can be made to understand Ohm's law digestion, rather than simply produces simply mechanical stiff memory.Demenstration method is to use two test clips, and respectively folder does the two ends of resistance, then by two instrument connections in two test clips difference inserting instrument.
（1）, the timing of voltage one that discloses of sizing ground demonstration Ohm's law, the relation between electric current and resistance.Resistance is bigger, the less visual effect of electric current.
And numerous luminous tube implied meanings of this instrument are a rivers, abstract electric current metaphor is become into current.When electric current crosses test body, the phenomenon that the high object of conductance is demonstrated is that electric current can flow to terminal as river from initial point, and intuitive visual effect is that electric current crosses the resistance being subject to during object（That is resistance）Very little, thus electric current is very unimpeded.Flow far, the kind of object such as resistance surveyed of conductance difference, the resistance being subject to is big（I.e. resistance is big）, as current, flow difficulties flow closely.
（2）, sizing ground demonstration Ohm's law disclose when resistance is a timing, voltage is bigger, and electric current is bigger.And voltage is less, the less visual effect of electric current.
With a resistance as test object, it shows that luminous tube is that part luminous tube is bright during demonstration, now adjust the resistance of sensitivity adjustment resistance in instrument, its multiplication factor is allowed to increase, test voltage indication light pipe becomes clear, and its demonstration meaning is to improve the terminal voltage of institute's measuring resistance, the now bright quantity raise-position of the luminous tube of display unit, become the phenomenon of good conductor, there is shown the visual effect after electric current increase.Conversely, the resistance of the sensitivity adjustment resistance in adjustment instrument, allows its multiplication factor to reduce, now the bright quantity of luminous tube is reduced, so as to represent the situation that electric current is reduced.
Because this instrument largest benefit is abstract concept to be become into visualization, this is particularly the student education in outlying mountain area to beginner, is helpful.
（3）, this instrument have light quantity to show, cursor shows, sound effect, triple effects, and every kind of display effect is different, and cursor is shown as flashing, and light quantity is shown as light, and sound reports and submits for the cycle, increased delight effect, and beholder teaches through lively activities.
4th, this instrument can allow student to understand some simple physicals and chemical phenomenon, to encourage teen-age science passion.
（1）, set up the most basic concept of semiconductor.
Demenstration method is to use two test clips, and respectively folder does the two ends at the two poles of the earth of diode, then by two instrument connections in two test clips difference inserting instrument.
Occur that good conductor is the very high phenomenon of conductance in display now.If in reversed polarity insertion instrument connection, now showing the obstructed electrical phenomena that insulator occurs.
（2）, understand conductor and be not only present in metal, and be present in the situation of liquid.
Demenstration method is to use two test clips, two appropriate locations of inner pressurd vessel is put respectively, in the other end difference inserting instrument of two test clips in two instrument connections.Water is put into container, adjust the distance of two test clips, allow electric charge light quantity display unit luminous tube be a kind of state, salt is added in water, at this moment this can find that the bright quantity of luminous tube of display unit can increase, this has told beginner, the electric conductor not just metal class of solid-state, and is present in liquid.
（3）, to understand same object conductivity relevant with environment.
The two ends of dry timber are such as clamped with Crocodile-type clamp, at this moment display level luminous tube is seldom bright, or even does not work, but water is sprinkled upon on this material tested, and the bright quantity of luminous tube can increase, electric conductivity can increase after this explanation timber makes moist.
5th, performance is good.One is that integration unit is high, and two is that light quantity is shown as that staged inherency is good, and three is that light quantity is shown, cursor shows, and sound instruction is worked good, strict logics at different levels, and circuit is simplified.
6th, this instrument belongs to the popular demonstrator of initial stage.Demand is big, and this instrument is easily produced, and debugging is simple, low cost, is easy to popularization.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the functional-block diagram of positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching.
In figure：1st, converter；2nd, negative electricity recognition integrated circuit；3rd, negative electricity amplifying stage；4th, oscillator stage；5th, negative electricity light quantity display level；6th, negative electricity cursor and voice indicate level；7th, positive electricity identification arithmetic unit；8th, positive electricity amplifying stage；9th, positive electricity light quantity display level；10th, positive electricity cursor and voice indicate level.
Fig. 2 is the electronic component connection figure of positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching.
In figure：1.1st, change-over switch；1.2nd, test board；1.3rd, prod socket；2nd, negative electricity recognition integrated circuit；3.1st, negative electricity first stage amplifier；3.2nd, inclined resistance on negative electricity first stage amplifier；3.3rd, inclined resistance under negative electricity first stage amplifier；3.5th, negative electricity test indicates branch road；3.6th, negative electricity two-stage amplifier；4.1st, one is vibrated；4.2nd, two are vibrated；4.3rd, out gate is vibrated；4.4th, oscillating capacitance；4.5th, oscillation resistance one；4.6th, oscillation resistance two；4.7th, negative electricity cursor isolating diode one；4.8th, negative electricity cursor isolating diode two；4.9th, negative electricity cursor isolating diode N；4.10th, positive electricity cursor isolating diode one；4.11st, positive electricity cursor isolating diode two；4.12nd, positive electricity cursor isolating diode N；5.11st, negative electricity light quantity shows first indicator lamp of unit；5.111st, negative electricity light quantity shows unit the first indicator lamp protective resistance；5.1N, negative electricity light quantity show a unit last indicator lamp；5.1N1, negative electricity light quantity show a unit last indicator lamp protective resistance；5.21st, negative electricity light quantity shows two the first indicator lamps of unit；5.211st, negative electricity light quantity shows two unit the first indicator lamp protective resistances；5.2N1, negative electricity light quantity show Unit two last indicator lamps；5.2N11, negative electricity light quantity show Unit two last indicator lamp protective resistances；5.N1, negative electricity light quantity show N the first indicator lamps of unit；5.N11, negative electricity light quantity show N unit the first indicator lamp protective resistances；5.NN, negative electricity light quantity show N units last indicator lamps；5.NN1, negative electricity light quantity show N units last indicator lamp protective resistances；6.11st, negative electricity cursor starts a cell inverters one；6.12nd, the unit commissure resistance of negative electricity cursor one；6.13rd, negative electricity cursor starts a cell inverters two；6.14th, negative electricity voice indicates one；6.15th, negative electricity cursor indicates one；6.21st, negative electricity cursor starts two cell inverters one；6.22nd, negative electricity cursor starts two unit commissure resistance；6.23rd, negative electricity cursor starts two cell inverters two；6.24th, negative electricity voice indicates two；6.25th, negative electricity cursor indicates two；6.26th, negative electricity interlocking diode one；6.N1, negative electricity cursor start N cell inverters one；6.N2, negative electricity cursor start N unit commissure resistance；6.N3, negative electricity cursor start N cell inverters two；6.N4 negative electricity voice indicates N；6.N5, negative electricity cursor indicate N；6.N6, negative electricity interlocking diode N6；6.N7, negative electricity interlocking diode N7；7th, positive electricity identification arithmetic unit；8.1st, positive electricity first stage amplifier；8.2nd, inclined resistance on positive electricity first stage amplifier；8.3rd, inclined resistance under positive electricity first stage amplifier；8.5th, positive electrical testing indicates branch road；8.6th, positive electricity two-stage amplifier；9.11st, positive electricity light quantity shows first indicator lamp of unit；9.111st, positive electricity light quantity shows unit the first indicator lamp protective resistance；9.1N, positive electricity light quantity show a unit last indicator lamp；9.1N1, positive electricity light quantity show a unit last indicator lamp protective resistance；9.21st, positive electricity light quantity shows two the first indicator lamps of unit；9.211st, positive electricity light quantity shows two unit the first indicator lamp protective resistances；9.2N1, positive electricity light quantity show Unit two last indicator lamps；9.2N11, positive electricity light quantity show Unit two last indicator lamp protective resistances；9.N1, positive electricity light quantity show N the first indicator lamps of unit；9.N11, positive electricity light quantity show N unit the first indicator lamp protective resistances；9.NN, positive electricity light quantity show N units last indicator lamps；9.NN1, positive electricity light quantity show N units last indicator lamp protective resistances；10.11st, positive electricity cursor starts a cell inverters one；10.12nd, the unit commissure resistance of positive electricity cursor one；10.13rd, positive electricity cursor starts a cell inverters two；10.14th, positive electricity voice indicates one；10.15th, positive electricity cursor indicates one；10.21st, positive electricity cursor starts two cell inverters one；10.22nd, positive electricity cursor starts two unit commissure resistance；10.23rd, positive electricity cursor starts two cell inverters two；10.24th, positive electricity voice indicates two；10.25th, positive electricity cursor indicates two；10.26th, positive electricity interlocking diode one；10.N1, positive electricity cursor start N cell inverters one；10.N2, positive electricity cursor start N unit commissure resistance；10.N3, positive electricity cursor start N cell inverters two；The positive electricity voices of 10.N4 indicate N；10.N5, positive electricity cursor indicate N；10.N6, positive electricity interlocking diode N6；10.N7, positive electricity interlocking diode N7.
It is embodied as example
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is a kind of mode being embodied as.
First, option：Dual-stage amplifier, positive electricity identification arithmetic unit in amplifying stage, negative electricity recognition integrated circuit are all welded using operational amplifier LM324.Two phase inverters in four doors, all cursor start units in oscillator stage are all using integrated circuit CD4069.All diodes are face fit type diodes.Oscillating capacitance is from the little electric capacity of leakage coefficient.Indicator lamp in positive electricity light quantity display unit sends the bright color that the color of light sends different from the indicator lamp in negative electricity light quantity display unit.
2nd, weld：The connection of each several part such as Fig. 1 connects, the connection of concrete electronic component such as Fig. 2 welding of each several part.
3rd, debug.
A demonstration resistance is first determined, depending on the resistance of resistance is wanted according to design.False test body is connected into the negative electrical charge end of converter, by the middle header grounds of converter.
1st, the inspection of negative electricity amplifying unit and debugging.
Negative electrical charge two-stage amplifier is connect with oscillographic hot junction（In Fig. 2 3.6）Output end, when negative electrical charge recognize PNP triode colelctor electrode have voltage when, oscillograph has reaction.
Connect luminous tube resistance of connecting temporarily to arrive between the output end and ground wire of negative electrical charge two-stage amplifier, inclined resistance on adjustment negative electricity first stage amplifier（In Fig. 2 3.2）Value, observe the light that sends of luminous tube, can change with the change of resistance, if it is not, dual-stage amplifier is not connected.
2nd, the inspection of negative electricity light quantity display level.
The output of negative electrical charge two-stage amplifier is broken, directly negative electricity light quantity is connect with power supply and is shown first indicator lamp of unit, now all of negative electricity light quantity indicator lamp all lights, and negative electricity light quantity shows that the light that first indicator lamp of unit sends is most bright, gradually weakens later.Such as incorrect, then possibly indicator lamp is damaged, or the weldering of indicator lamp polarity is anti-.
3rd, negative electricity cursor and voice indicate level.
A, negative electricity cursor and voice indicate the basic function detection of level：The output of broken oscillator stage, connects a resistance and connects phase inverter one in negative electricity cursor startup Unit one with power supply（In Fig. 2 6.11）Input, now negative electricity voice indicate one（In Fig. 2 6.14）Sounding, while negative electricity cursor indicates a branch road（In Fig. 2 6.15）It is luminous.
Other negative electricity cursor start units are detected in the same manner.
B, negative electricity cursor and voice indicate the debugging of level：If the phase inverter amplification quantity in negative electricity cursor start unit not enough, adjusts the commissure resistance between two phase inverters, it is allowed to meet the requirements.
C, detection interlock function：Allow negative electrical charge first stage amplifier（In Fig. 2 3.6）Output peak, connects two groups of negative electricity light quantity display units, checks that negative electricity cursor and voice indicate level, and with voltmeter the output end of negative electricity cursor starter is surveyed, and now simply negative electricity cursor startup Unit two have output, illustrate that negative electricity interlocks diode one（In Fig. 2 6.26）Work.One group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is connected again, check that negative electricity cursor and voice indicate level, the output end of negative electricity cursor starter is surveyed with voltmeter, now only there is the negative electricity cursor start unit being connected to have output with the output of the 3rd group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, illustrate that negative electricity interlocking diode does not weld anti-or weldering mistake, when all negative electricity light quantity display units all connect, now only have last cursor start unit to have output, as incorrect, then negative electricity interlocking diode whether solder skip or wrong weldering are checked.
4th, the detection of vibration and debugging.
Connect the output end of oscillator stage, cold end ground connection with oscillographic hot junction.
After being powered up, the vibration figure shows that oscillograph has.
If incorrect, possibly element welding is wrong, or possibly oscillating capacitance poor quality, serious drain.
Oscillation resistance and oscillating capacitance value are adjusted, makes the frequency shown by oscillograph meet design requirement, its rule is that resistance is bigger, and frequency is slower, otherwise faster.
The value of oscillating capacitance and oscillation resistance is adjusted into rational value, the output of negative electricity cursor unit and positive electricity cursor start unit is surveyed with voltmeter, in half period in a cycle of vibration, positive electricity cursor start unit is with negative electricity cursor start unit without output, it is such as incorrect, then it is isolating diode weldering instead or does not weld.
5th, because positive electricity amplifying unit, positive electricity light quantity display level, positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is consistent with the electronic circuit of negative electricity, so debugging by the electronic circuit of negative electricity.
Claims (3)
1. positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching, is characterized in that：Indicate that level, positive electricity identification level, positive electricity amplifying stage, positive electricity light quantity display level, positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is collectively constituted by switching stage, oscillator stage, negative electricity identification level, negative electricity amplifying stage, negative electricity light quantity display level, negative electricity cursor and voice：
Wherein：Switching stage is made up of change-over switch, prod socket, test board；Negative electricity identification level is that an integrated circuit is formed by connecting；Positive electricity identification level is that operational amplifier is formed by connecting；The conversion termination of change-over switch connects test board, the normally closed termination of change-over switch connects the negative phase end of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, the positive terminal ground wire of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, the output of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit is the output that negative electricity recognizes level, the positive terminal of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit connects the normally opened termination of change-over switch, the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit connects with output end, the output end of positive electricity identification arithmetic unit is the output that positive electricity recognizes level, and prod socket is connected between the output of ground wire and positive electricity identification level；
Oscillator stage is by vibrating one, vibration two, vibration out gate, oscillating capacitance, oscillation resistance one, oscillation resistance two, N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode constitute with N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode：The output end of vibration one is two-way, the input of vibration two is connect all the way, one end of oscillation resistance one is connect all the way, one end of oscillating capacitance is connected on the output end of vibration two, the other end of oscillating capacitance is oscillation center point, the input of one termination vibration one of oscillation resistance two, the other end of oscillation resistance one and the other end of oscillation resistance two all connect oscillation center point, vibration out gate is two door parallel connections, the output end of vibration out gate input termination vibration two, the output of vibration out gate connects the positive pole of N number of negative electricity cursor isolating diode, and the positive pole of N number of positive electricity cursor isolating diode；
Negative electricity amplifying stage indicates that branch road, negative electricity two-stage amplifier are constituted by inclined resistance, negative electricity test under inclined resistance, negative electricity first stage amplifier on negative electricity first stage amplifier, negative electricity first stage amplifier：The homophase of negative electricity first stage amplifier terminates the output of negative electricity recognition integrated circuit, on negative electricity first stage amplifier under inclined resistance and negative electricity first stage amplifier resistant series partially between the output end and ground wire of negative electricity first stage amplifier, its middle series connection point connects the end of oppisite phase of negative electricity first stage amplifier, negative electricity test indicates that branch road is connected between the output end of negative electricity first stage amplifier and ground wire, the homophase of negative electricity two-stage amplifier terminates the output end of negative electricity first stage amplifier, the end of oppisite phase of negative electricity two-stage amplifier connects with the output end of negative electricity two-stage amplifier, the output end of negative electricity two-stage amplifier is the output of negative electricity amplifying stage；
Negative electricity light quantity display level is made up of multigroup negative electricity light quantity display unit, there are N number of indicator lamp and indicator lamp protective resistance in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of each indicator lamp connects an indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the input of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the negative pole of first indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is connected the positive pole of second indicator lamp in the light quantity display unit, it has been sequentially connected last indicator lamp of the group, the negative pole of last indicator lamp in every group of negative electricity light quantity display unit is the output of this group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the input of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the output of negative electricity amplifying stage, the input of output second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit of concatenation of first group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of second group of negative electricity light quantity display unit connects the input of the 3rd group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, last group of negative electricity light quantity display unit has been connect successively；
Negative electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is indicated by multigroup negative electricity cursor start unit, negative electricity voice, negative electricity cursor is indicated, N number of negative electricity interlocking diode is constituted：Every group of negative electricity cursor start unit has two phase inverters and a commissure resistance, input of the output termination commissure resistance of the previous phase inverter of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit to latter phase inverter, the input of previous phase inverter is the input of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output end of latter phase inverter is the output of this group of negative electricity cursor start unit, the output of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects a negative electricity voice and indicates to be indicated to ground wire with negative electricity cursor, the input of every group of negative electricity cursor start unit connects the output of one group of negative electricity light quantity display unit, the output of later group negative electricity cursor start unit need to connect negative electricity and interlock diode to the input of latter phase inverter in above all negative electricity cursor start units, the input of latter phase inverter will also connect the negative pole of a negative electricity cursor isolating diode in all negative electricity cursor start units；
Positive electricity amplifying stage indicates that branch road, positive electricity two-stage amplifier are constituted by inclined resistance, positive electrical testing under inclined resistance, positive electricity first stage amplifier on positive electricity first stage amplifier, positive electricity first stage amplifier：The homophase of positive electricity first stage amplifier terminates the output of positive electricity recognition integrated circuit, on positive electricity first stage amplifier under inclined resistance and positive electricity first stage amplifier resistant series partially between the output end and ground wire of positive electricity first stage amplifier, its middle series connection point connects the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity first stage amplifier, positive electrical testing indicates that branch road is connected between the output end of positive electricity first stage amplifier and ground wire, the homophase of positive electricity two-stage amplifier terminates the output end of positive electricity first stage amplifier, the end of oppisite phase of positive electricity two-stage amplifier connects with the output end of positive electricity two-stage amplifier, the output end of positive electricity two-stage amplifier is the output of positive electricity amplifying stage；
Positive electricity light quantity display level is made up of multigroup positive electricity light quantity display unit, there are N number of indicator lamp and indicator lamp protective resistance in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the positive pole of each indicator lamp connects an indicator lamp protective resistance to ground wire, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is the input of this group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the positive pole of first indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is connected the positive pole of second indicator lamp in the light quantity display unit, it has been sequentially connected last indicator lamp of the group, the positive pole of last indicator lamp in every group of positive electricity light quantity display unit is the output of this group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the input of first group of positive electricity light quantity display unit connects the output of positive electricity amplifying stage, the input of output second group of positive electricity light quantity display unit of concatenation of first group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the output of second group of positive electricity light quantity display unit connects the input of the 3rd group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, last group of positive electricity light quantity display unit has been connect successively；
Positive electricity cursor and voice indicate that level is indicated by multigroup positive electricity cursor start unit, positive electricity voice, positive electricity cursor is indicated, N number of positive electricity interlocking diode is constituted：Every group of positive electricity cursor start unit has two phase inverters and a commissure resistance, input of the output termination commissure resistance of the previous phase inverter of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit to latter phase inverter, the input of previous phase inverter is the input of this group of positive electricity cursor start unit, the output end of latter phase inverter is the output of this group of positive electricity cursor start unit, the output of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit connects a positive electricity voice and indicates to be indicated to ground wire with positive electricity cursor, the input of every group of positive electricity cursor start unit connects the output of one group of positive electricity light quantity display unit, the output of later group positive electricity cursor start unit need to connect positive electricity and interlock diode to the input of latter phase inverter in above all positive electricity cursor start units, the input of latter phase inverter will also connect the negative pole of a positive electricity cursor isolating diode in all positive electricity cursor start units.
2. positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching according to claim 1, is characterized in that：The phase inverter in four doors and cursor start unit in oscillator stage all adopts integrated circuit CD4069.
3. positive and negative conductance demonstration instrument for teaching according to claim 1, is characterized in that：Indicator lamp in positive electricity light quantity display unit sends the bright color that the color of light sends different from the indicator lamp in negative electricity light quantity display unit.
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| CN103559824A (en) * | 2013-11-25 | 2014-02-05 | 东北林业大学 | Physical standard battery potential difference meter experiment instrument and method for measuring potential difference by means of the experiment instrument |
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| CN2154519Y (en) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-01-26 | 孙洪超 | Detector for electrochemistry micro-current |
| CN2316663Y (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 1999-04-28 | 潘建武 | Detector for positive and negative charge |
| CN201111757Y (en) * | 2007-10-20 | 2008-09-10 | 潘友华 | Object conductivity detector |
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