CN106665820A - 一种可食用果蔬涂膜剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可食用果蔬涂膜剂的制备方法,属于涂膜剂制备技术领域。本发明首先将芦荟进行预处理后,再进行超声提取,得到芦荟胶,再以木糖为碳源对大肠杆菌进行发酵处理,使聚羟基脂肪酸酯在微生物体内富集,然后将微生物细胞进行破碎,得到细胞内的物质,利用聚羟基脂肪酸酯的气体阻隔性,与壳聚糖的保湿性配合,即可得到涂膜剂,本发明制备的涂膜剂保鲜效果、抑菌效果好,并且使用中不容易开裂,安全无毒,不存在残留毒性的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可食用果蔬涂膜剂的制备方法,属于涂膜剂制备技术领域。
背景技术
果蔬含水量高,营养丰富,是人类膳食营养的主要成分,但采后极易出现失水萎蔫、暗淡变色、腐烂变质等现象,我国每年因贮藏不善,果蔬腐烂变质所造成的损失惊人,有时经济损失率高达30%以上,因此解决果蔬保鲜问题,对于果蔬产业发展和农民致富至关重要。
为了减少采后损失,人们采用的常见保鲜方法主要有气调法、低温法、化学杀(抑)菌剂处理、减压储藏、涂膜保鲜以及新近发展起来的辐射储藏等。气调法、低温法和辐射储藏需要大量设备,投资大,难以普及,而且保鲜效果有限,保藏费用高;化学杀(抑)菌法,保鲜效率低,且还会在果品中残留相应的有害化学物质;化学高分子聚合物涂层剂涂膜保存果蔬,可减慢果蔬贮藏中的成熟速度,具有一定的保鲜效果,但与此同时会诱起发酵,在膜内累积乙醇和醛类,产生异味,致使果蔬品质劣化。因此,开发保鲜效率高、安全性好、适用性广、使用方便、成本低的果蔬保鲜制剂和保鲜技术,减少运输和贮藏过程中的损耗,具有聚的经济效益和社会效益。
涂膜是近年兴起的保鲜方式之一,选择纯天然、无毒、无害的大分子多糖蛋白类、脂类物质等作为被膜剂,采用浸渍、涂抹、喷洒等方式涂敷于果实表面,形成一层薄薄的透明被膜,该方法可以增强果实表皮的防护作用,适当覆盖表皮开孔,抑制呼吸作用,减少营养损耗;抑制水分蒸发,防止皱缩萎蔫;抑制微生物入侵,防止腐败变质。其作用类似于单果包装,但与单果包装相比,具有价格便宜、适合大批量处理,能增加果面光泽,提高商品价值等优点。若在涂膜剂中添加防腐剂、生理活性调节剂,可进一步提高保鲜效果,涂膜的果实与普通的冷库贮存的果实相比,出库后货架期可延长1~2周。
果蔬涂膜技术其生态环保功能逐渐受到人们的重视,对于推动保鲜技术的进一步发展具有积极作用。目前,果蔬涂膜剂的研发虽然取得了一些进展,但总体还存在着许多问题,例如,(1)受环境温度、湿度的影响,难以形成均匀、稳定、持久的被膜。由于表面蜡质化,在温度变化大或湿度大的环境中下,易出现果蔬表面潮湿,水溶性物质溶解,被膜厚度不均匀或裂隙现象,从而影响被膜的通透性,降低保鲜效果。(2)经常出现干燥时间长、易滋生微生物等缺点。(3)抑菌效果不明显。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题:针对目前的涂膜剂抑菌效果差,保鲜效果差,容易开裂的问题,提供了一种芦荟胶和茶油配合杀菌,微生物体内的聚羟基脂肪酸酯和壳聚糖复合保鲜制备可食用果蔬涂膜剂的方法,本发明首先将芦荟进行预处理后,再进行超声提取,得到芦荟胶,再以木糖为碳源对大肠杆菌进行发酵处理,使聚羟基脂肪酸酯在微生物体内富集,然后将微生物细胞进行破碎,得到细胞内的物质,利用聚羟基脂肪酸酯的气体阻隔性,与壳聚糖的保湿性配合,即可得到涂膜剂,本发明制备的涂膜剂保鲜效果、抑菌效果好,并且使用中不容易开裂,
安全无毒,不存在残留毒性的问题。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案是:
(1)称取500~600g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和100~200mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以4500~5500r/min的转速粉碎20~25min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与15~20g活性炭进行混合后,再加入400~500mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在50~60℃、40~45KHz下超声提取1~2h;
(2)提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入200~300mL无水乙醇,静置12~14h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;
(3)称取10~20g木糖、6~8g酵母膏、0.1~0.3g磷酸二氢钾、0.3~0.5g氯化钠和600~800mL水,搅拌混合1~3min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为95~100℃,高温灭菌5~8min,得到培养基,再按接种量为8~10%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在150~160r/min、30~40℃下振荡发酵5~6天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1200~1300r/min下离心10~15min,收集下层菌种;
(4)取8~10g上述菌种加入到盛有200~300mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、33~35KHz下超声15~20min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗2~4次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在105~115℃下干燥2~3h,得到干燥物,备用;
(5)按重量份数计,称取15~20份步骤(2)备用的芦荟胶、35~40份上述干燥物、8~12份茶油、3~5份壳聚糖和80~90份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合15~20min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
本发明的应用方法:首先将蔬菜用水清洗干净,并晾干后,将本发明制备的可食用果蔬涂膜剂喷涂到蔬菜上,喷涂量为每千克蔬菜喷涂10~15g涂膜剂,晾干即可。经检测,喷涂本发明制备的涂膜剂后的蔬菜,在室温条件下存放3个月,水分损失率仅有2.5~3.1%,比使用其他涂膜剂的水分损失率减少了5.3~5.8%,蔬菜腐烂率减少了8~11%。
本发明与其他方法相比,有益技术效果是:
(1)本发明制备的涂膜剂保鲜效果、抑菌效果好,并且使用中不容易开裂,
安全无毒,不存在残留毒性的问题;
(2)本发明操作步骤简单,所需成本低。
具体实施方式
首先称取500~600g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和100~200mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以4500~5500r/min的转速粉碎20~25min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与15~20g活性炭进行混合后,再加入400~500mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在50~60℃、40~45KHz下超声提取1~2h;提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入200~300mL无水乙醇,静置12~14h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;称取10~20g木糖、6~8g酵母膏、0.1~0.3g磷酸二氢钾、0.3~0.5g氯化钠和600~800mL水,搅拌混合1~3min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为95~100℃,高温灭菌5~8min,得到培养基,再按接种量为8~10%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在150~160r/min、30~40℃下振荡发酵5~6天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1200~1300r/min下离心10~15min,收集下层菌种;取8~10g上述菌种加入到盛有200~300mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、33~35KHz下超声15~20min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗2~4次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在105~115℃下干燥2~3h,得到干燥物,备用;按重量份数计,称取15~20份备用的芦荟胶、35~40份上述干燥物、8~12份茶油、3~5份壳聚糖和80~90份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合15~20min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
实例1
首先称取500g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和100mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以45000r/min的转速粉碎20min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与15g活性炭进行混合后,再加入400mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在50℃、40KHz下超声提取1h;提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入200mL无水乙醇,静置12h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;称取10g木糖、6g酵母膏、0.1g磷酸二氢钾、0.5g氯化钠和600mL水,搅拌混合1min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为95℃,高温灭菌5min,得到培养基,再按接种量为8%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在150r/min、30℃下振荡发酵5天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1200r/min下离心10min,收集下层菌种;取8g上述菌种加入到盛有200mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、33KHz下超声15min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗2次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在105℃下干燥2h,得到干燥物,备用;按重量份数计,称取15份备用的芦荟胶、35份上述干燥物、8份茶油、3份壳聚糖和80份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合15min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
首先将蔬菜用水清洗干净,并晾干后,将本发明制备的可食用果蔬涂膜剂喷涂到蔬菜上,喷涂量为每千克蔬菜喷涂10g涂膜剂,晾干即可。经检测,喷涂本发明制备的涂膜剂后的蔬菜,在室温条件下存放3个月,水分损失率仅有2.5%,比使用其他涂膜剂的水分损失率减少了5.3%,蔬菜腐烂率减少了8%。
实例2
首先称取550g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和150mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以5000r/min的转速粉碎23min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与18g活性炭进行混合后,再加入450mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在55℃、43KHz下超声提取1h;提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入260mL无水乙醇,静置13h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;称取15g木糖、7g酵母膏、0.2g磷酸二氢钾、0.4g氯化钠和700mL水,搅拌混合2min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为98℃,高温灭菌6min,得到培养基,再按接种量为9%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在155r/min、35℃下振荡发酵5天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1250r/min下离心13min,收集下层菌种;取9g上述菌种加入到盛有260mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、34KHz下超声18min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗3次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在110℃下干燥2h,得到干燥物,备用;按重量份数计,称取17份备用的芦荟胶、38份上述干燥物、10份茶油、4份壳聚糖和85份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合18min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
首先将蔬菜用水清洗干净,并晾干后,将本发明制备的可食用果蔬涂膜剂喷涂到蔬菜上,喷涂量为每千克蔬菜喷涂12g涂膜剂,晾干即可。经检测,喷涂本发明制备的涂膜剂后的蔬菜,在室温条件下存放3个月,水分损失率仅有2.8%,比使用其他涂膜剂的水分损失率减少了5.6%,蔬菜腐烂率减少了9%。
实例3
首先称取600g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和200mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以5500r/min的转速粉碎25min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与20g活性炭进行混合后,再加入500mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在60℃、45KHz下超声提取2h;提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入300mL无水乙醇,静置14h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;称取20g木糖、8g酵母膏、0.3g磷酸二氢钾、0.5g氯化钠和800mL水,搅拌混合3min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为100℃,高温灭菌8min,得到培养基,再按接种量为10%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在160r/min、40℃下振荡发酵6天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1300r/min下离心15min,收集下层菌种;取10g上述菌种加入到盛有300mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、35KHz下超声20min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗4次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在115℃下干燥3h,得到干燥物,备用;按重量份数计,称取20份备用的芦荟胶、40份上述干燥物、12份茶油、5份壳聚糖和80份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合15min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
首先将蔬菜用水清洗干净,并晾干后,将本发明制备的可食用果蔬涂膜剂喷涂到蔬菜上,喷涂量为每千克蔬菜喷涂15g涂膜剂,晾干即可。经检测,喷涂本发明制备的涂膜剂后的蔬菜,在室温条件下存放3个月,水分损失率仅有3.1%,比使用其他涂膜剂的水分损失率减少了5.8%,蔬菜腐烂率减少了11%。
Claims (1)
1.一种可食用果蔬涂膜剂的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
(1)称取500~600g新鲜芦荟,并用刮刀去除芦荟两侧的尖刺后,再削去表面的绿皮,得到芦荟肉,将芦荟肉和100~200mL水加入到高速匀浆机中,以4500~5500r/min的转速粉碎20~25min,得到芦荟匀浆液,将芦荟匀浆液与15~20g活性炭进行混合后,再加入400~500mL水,并置于超声波振荡仪中,在50~60℃、40~45KHz下超声提取1~2h;
(2)提取结束,将提取液过滤,得到滤液,将滤液加入到旋转蒸发仪中,旋转蒸发至原体积的1/4,得到浓缩液,将浓缩液加入到烧杯中,再加入200~300mL无水乙醇,静置12~14h,再倒入布氏漏斗中抽滤,得到滤渣,即芦荟胶;
(3)称取10~20g木糖、6~8g酵母膏、0.1~0.3g磷酸二氢钾、0.3~0.5g氯化钠和600~800mL水,搅拌混合1~3min后,置于灭菌罐中,控制灭菌罐温度为95~100℃,高温灭菌5~8min,得到培养基,再按接种量为8~10%将大肠杆菌接种到培养基上,并置于摇床中,在150~160r/min、30~40℃下振荡发酵5~6天,发酵结束,将发酵物置于离心机中,在1200~1300r/min下离心10~15min,收集下层菌种;
(4)取8~10g上述菌种加入到盛有200~300mL水的烧杯中,并转移至超声波细胞破碎仪中,在80℃、33~35KHz下超声15~20min,超声结束,将物料过滤,收集滤渣,并用水清洗2~4次后,置于真空干燥箱中,在105~115℃下干燥2~3h,得到干燥物,备用;
(5)按重量份数计,称取15~20份步骤(2)备用的芦荟胶、35~40份上述干燥物、8~12份茶油、3~5份壳聚糖和80~90份水,加入到搅拌机中,搅拌混合15~20min,得到可食用果蔬涂膜剂。
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