CN106602038B - 一种溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- ZVKRVGZVXQYLPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[V].P(O)(O)(O)=O Chemical compound [Li].[V].P(O)(O)(O)=O ZVKRVGZVXQYLPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid group Chemical group C(C(=O)O)(=O)O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910003206 NH4VO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910017677 NH4H2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001367 Li3V2(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001352 Li3V2(PO4)3/C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium vanadium Chemical compound [Li].[V] DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000248349 Citrus limon Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010710 LiFePO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co] GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910001456 vanadium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
本发明提供溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料,具体将锂源、钒源和磷源以无水乙醇为介质球磨后迅速转移到容器中,搅拌,加入螯合剂,得到黄色悬浊液;再放在油浴中,加热得到蓝色悬浊液,转移到反应釜中,超声在175~190℃下保温20~28得到浓缩前驱体;进一步研磨成粉末,并加入碳源,球磨得到混合粉末;在管式炉中,氮气或氩气气氛下烧结8~12小时,研磨、过筛,得到具有粒棒混合形貌的碳包覆磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。本发明充分利用溶胶法使原材料达到分子水平的均匀混合,结合溶剂热法反应条件温和且易于控制的优势,通过碳热还原获得具有纳米棒和颗粒混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料及其制备方法,属于电化学电源领域。
背景技术
锂离子电池由于具有高的能量密度、良好的充放电性能和安全性高而被广泛应用于电动车和混合电动车等领域。同时,新型动力锂离子电池在未来电网调峰、太阳能和风能蓄电等领域也显示出了非常广阔的应用前景。
影响锂离子电池性能的主要因素之一是电极材料,其中正极材料对锂离子电池未来的发展有着至关重要的作用。目前商用锂离子电池正极材料主要有:钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)、磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)等。LiCoO2是最早被商业化的锂离子电池正极材料,但Co毒性大,环境污染较严重,加之全球的Co储量有限,价格昂贵,所以其应用受到了一定的限制。LiMn2O4的工作电压虽然高(4 V),但其容量不高(理论容量为148 mAh g-1,实际容量仅120 mAh g-1),而且高温下的循环性能差,所以LiMn2O4在锂离子电池市场上只得到了小规模的应用。此外,LiCoO2、LiMn2O4等氧化物类正极材料还存在安全性问题,即在过充或高温条件下,LiCoO2、LiMn2O4等氧化物分解生成的氧气与电解液中的有机溶剂发生反应而造成安全隐患。自1997年Padhi等首次报道了LiFePO4可用于锂离子电池正极材料以来,LiFePO4因具有无毒、无污染、安全性能好、原料来源广泛、价格便宜、寿命长等优点,而逐渐被国际上公认为是高能动力电池的最具潜力的新型正极材料之一。然而,由于LiFePO4自身结构而引起的电导率低(10-10-10-9 S cm-1)和锂离子扩散缓慢(10-14-10-16 cm2 s-1)问题,导致该材料在大电流充放电时容易产生容量损失,因此必须对它进行改性才可能应用于实际中。虽然改性后的LiFePO4在大电流下的实际容量有望达到160 mAh g-1,高于已经商业化的LiCoO2(140 mAh g-1),但其堆积密度相对较低,不利于电池的小型化发展,而且难以避开各种专利纠纷,所以磷酸铁锂至今仍未达到LiCoO2的应用规模。然而,作为新一代的锂离子正极材料,磷酸钒锂不仅具有聚阴离子型正极材料的结构稳定和安全性高等优点外,还具有比LiFePO4更高的理论容量(197 mAh g-1)。但是,与其他聚阴离子型正极材料一样,磷酸钒锂低的电导率和锂离子扩散系数使其在大电流充放电时容量衰减迅速,高倍率性能较差,因此其实际应用受到了限制。此外,为使Li3V2(PO4)3的三个锂离子全部脱出以获得高容量,必须充电至4.8 V,在此高电压下,一方面电解液容易发生分解,另一方面钒离子容易溶解在电解液中,从而导致磷酸钒锂的循环稳定性变差。目前,主要的改性方法包括:(1)制备纳米磷酸钒锂以缩短锂离子的传输路径;(2)采用碳或其他导电性好的无机材料来提高磷酸钒锂的导电性;(3)通过金属离子掺杂以提高磷酸钒锂材料的本征电导率;(4)优化材料的合成工艺,获得特殊形貌的磷酸钒锂,增大材料与电解液的接触面,改善锂离子的脱嵌环境等。目前研究最成熟的包覆手段是碳包覆。碳的包覆不仅使材料的电子电导率得到提高,同时也能细化晶粒。但是,单纯的碳包覆很难在 Li3V2(PO4)3颗粒表面生成连续、均匀、完整的包覆层。而且碳包覆量不宜过大,不然会降低材料的振实密度,进而降低电池的能量密度。此外,众多研究者发现合成工艺对电极材料的性能影响极大。目前制备材料的方法主要有:固相法、溶胶凝胶法、溶剂热法、碳热还原法等。固相法因其工艺简单,在工业化生产中已广泛应用,但合成温度高、能耗大,且所得材料颗粒尺寸较大。溶胶凝胶法能够使原材料在液相均匀混合,通过水解、缩合反应,在溶液中形成稳定的溶胶,经陈化胶粒间缓慢聚合,形成三维网络结构的凝胶,凝胶经过干燥、烧结固化制备出分子乃至纳米亚结构的材料,但由于凝胶中存在大量微孔,在干燥过程中将逸出许多气体及有机物,并产生收缩,不利于实际生产。溶剂热法是在一定的温度下,利用溶液的自生压力在密闭体系中进行反应的一种合成方法,反应条件温和且易于控制,还可有效防止有毒物质的挥发,已成为制备材料的一种重要方法。本发明所采用的溶胶辅助溶剂热法,利用溶胶法使原材料达到分子水平的均匀混合,结合溶剂热法反应条件温和且于易控制的优势,通过碳热还原获得具有纳米棒和颗粒混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有粒棒混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料(标记为Li3V2(PO4)3/C)。所涉及的Li3V2(PO4)3/C正极材料其合成原料为锂源(Li2CO3或LiOH)、钒源(NH4VO3或V2O5)、磷源(NH4H2PO4或H3PO4)、碳源(葡萄糖或蔗糖)和螯合剂(草酸或柠檬酸)。
所述的锂源、钒源、磷源的摩尔质量比为3.5~3.0:2.0:3.0;NH4VO3与草酸或柠檬酸的摩尔质量比为1:3(或V2O5与草酸或柠檬酸的摩尔质量比为1:1.5);碳源占锂盐、钒源、磷源总质量的7~19%。
所述的锂源、钒源、磷源、碳源和螯合剂的纯度均大于98%。
本发明所述的具有纳米棒和颗粒混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料具有以下优势:
(1)磷酸钒锂/碳复合材料中的纳米棒(宽度约40~70 nm)分布于颗粒表面,材料中这种纳米棒与颗粒的混合形貌,有利于电极片压实后在颗粒间留出一定的空间,以便为电极材料在循环过程中发生的体积效应预留出变化空间,缓和在反复充放电过程中颗粒间产生的应力,提高材料的结构稳定性,从而改善材料的循环性能。
(2)纳米棒结构一方面有利于缩短磷酸钒锂中锂离子的扩散路径,另一方面纳米棒还能增加材料的比表面积,有利于材料与电解液充分接触,从而提升材料的动力学性能。
(3)包覆在磷酸钒锂表面的无定形碳层可改善提高材料的导电性,从而提高材料的电化学性能。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法。充分利用溶胶法使原材料达到分子水平的均匀混合,结合溶剂热法反应条件温和且易于控制的优势,通过碳热还原获得具有纳米棒和颗粒混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。
具体的制备方法为将锂源、钒源和磷源以无水乙醇为介质球磨6~12小时,得到乳白色或淡黄色浆料;将上述浆料迅速转移到烧杯中,充分搅拌30分钟后,缓慢加入螯合剂,得到黄色悬浊液;将该黄色悬浊液在70~90℃的油浴中保温5小时,得到蓝色悬浊液;将上述蓝色悬浊液继续搅拌直至冷却到室温,转移到反应釜中,超声20~60分钟,得到均匀悬浊液;将上述反应釜转移到恒温烘箱中,在175~190℃下保温20~28小时,并自然冷却到室温,得到浓缩的前驱体并转移到烧杯干燥,得到浓缩前驱体;将浓缩前驱体研磨成粉末,并加入适量的碳源,以无水乙醇为介质进行行星球磨6小时,烘干,得到混合粉末;混合粉末在管式炉中进行气氛烧结后,研磨、过筛,得到具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。将该磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料与乙炔黑、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比为70~80:12~17:8~12在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)介质中搅拌成浆料,涂布于铝箔上,经过干燥、冲膜和压膜制成磷酸钒锂正极材料极片。
附图说明
图1 为实施例2中样品Li3V2(PO4)3/C的X射线衍射图谱。
图2 为实施例2中样品Li3V2(PO4)3/C的SEM照片。
图3(a)实施例2中Li3V2(PO4)3/C电极第1和2次充放电电压曲线,(b)Li3V2(PO4)3/C电极循环性能曲线。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例的描述,进一步阐述本发明的实质性特点和优势。
实施例1
将1.1420克Li2CO3、2.3632克NH4VO3和3.5212克NH4H2PO4以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质球磨10小时,得到乳白色或淡黄色浆料;将上述浆料迅速转移到烧杯中,充分搅拌30分钟后,并缓慢加入3.8202克草酸,得到黄色悬浊液;将该黄色悬浊液在80℃的油浴中保温并持续搅拌5小时,使无水乙醇挥发,得到蓝色悬浊液;将上述蓝色悬浊液继续搅拌直至冷却到室温,转移到反应釜中,并超声40分钟,得到均匀悬浊液;将上述反应釜转移到恒温烘箱中,在180℃下保温24小时,并自然冷却到室温,得到浓缩的前驱体并转移到烧杯干燥,得到浓缩前驱体;将浓缩前驱体研磨成粉末,并加入占Li2CO3、NH4VO3、NH4H2PO4总质量的13 wt.%的葡萄糖,以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质进行行星球磨6小时,烘干,得到混合粉末;将混合粉末置于管式炉中在氮气气氛保护下700℃保温10小时(升温速率为3℃/分钟),烧结后,研磨、过筛,得到具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。将具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂正极材料/碳复合材料与乙炔黑、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比为75:15:10在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)介质中搅拌成浆料,涂布于铝箔上,经过干燥、冲膜和压膜制成工作电极。以金属锂为对电极,聚丙烯膜为隔膜,1M LiPF6/(EC+DMC) (1:1)为电解液组装成电池进行恒流充放电测试,电压范围在3.0~4.8 V之间。材料1 C首次放电电容量为156.4 mAh g-1,经过80次循环后放电容量为130.4 mAh g-1。
实施例2
将1.1420克Li2CO3、2.3632克NH4VO3和3.5212克NH4H2PO4以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质球磨10小时,得到乳白色或淡黄色浆料;将上述浆料迅速转移到烧杯中,充分搅拌30分钟后,并缓慢加入3.8202克草酸,得到黄色悬浊液;将该黄色悬浊液在80℃的油浴中保温并持续搅拌5小时,使无水乙醇挥发,得到蓝色悬浊液;将上述蓝色悬浊液继续搅拌直至冷却到室温,转移到反应釜中,并超声40分钟,得到均匀悬浊液;将上述反应釜转移到恒温烘箱中,在180℃下保温24小时,并自然冷却到室温,得到浓缩的前驱体并转移到烧杯干燥,得到浓缩前驱体;将浓缩前驱体研磨成粉末,并加入占Li2CO3、NH4VO3、NH4H2PO4总质量的15 wt.%的葡萄糖,以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质进行行星球磨6小时,烘干,得到混合粉末;将混合粉末置于管式炉中在氮气气氛保护下700℃保温10小时(升温速率为3℃/分钟),烧结后,研磨、过筛,得到具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。将具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂正极材料/碳复合材料与乙炔黑、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比为75:15:10在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)介质中搅拌成浆料,涂布于铝箔上,经过干燥、冲膜和压膜制成工作电极。以金属锂为对电极,聚丙烯膜为隔膜,1M LiPF6/(EC+DMC) (1:1)为电解液组装成电池进行恒流充放电测试,电压范围在3.0~4.8 V之间。材料1 C首次放电电容量为165.9 mAh g-1,经过80次循环后放电容量为133.2 mAh g-1。
实施例3
将1.1420克Li2CO3、2.3632克NH4VO3和3.5212克NH4H2PO4以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质球磨10小时,得到乳白色或淡黄色浆料;将上述浆料迅速转移到烧杯中,充分搅拌30分钟后,并缓慢加入3.8202克草酸,得到黄色悬浊液;将该黄色悬浊液在80℃的油浴中保温并持续搅拌5小时,使无水乙醇挥发,得到蓝色悬浊液;将上述蓝色悬浊液继续搅拌直至冷却到室温,转移到反应釜中,并超声40分钟,得到均匀悬浊液;将上述反应釜转移到恒温烘箱中,在180℃下保温24小时,并自然冷却到室温,得到浓缩的前驱体并转移到烧杯干燥,得到浓缩前驱体;将浓缩前驱体研磨成粉末,并加入占Li2CO3、NH4VO3、NH4H2PO4总质量的17 wt.%的葡萄糖,以无水乙醇(50ml)为介质进行行星球磨6小时,烘干,得到混合粉末;将混合粉末置于管式炉中在氮气气氛保护下700℃保温10小时(升温速率为3℃/分钟),烧结后,研磨、过筛,得到具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料。将具有混合形貌的磷酸钒锂正极材料/碳复合材料与乙炔黑、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比为75:15:10在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)介质中搅拌成浆料,涂布于铝箔上,经过干燥、冲膜和压膜制成工作电极。以金属锂为对电极,聚丙烯膜为隔膜,1M LiPF6/(EC+DMC) (1:1)为电解液组装成电池进行恒流充放电测试,电压范围在3.0~4.8 V之间。材料1 C首次放电电容量为161.9 mAh g-1,经过80次循环后放电容量为132.1 mAh g-1。
Claims (5)
1.一种溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:
(1)将锂源、钒源和磷源以无水乙醇为介质球磨6~12小时,得到乳白色或淡黄色浆料,迅速转移到容器中,充分搅拌30分钟后,加入螯合剂,得到黄色悬浊液;
(2)将上述盛放黄色悬浊液的容器放在油浴中,加热到70~90℃保温5小时,得到蓝色悬浊液,搅拌并自然冷却到室温,转移到反应釜中,并超声20~60分钟后转移到恒温烘箱中175~190℃下保温20~28小时,并自然冷却到室温,得到浓缩前驱体;
(3)将上述浓缩前驱体转移到烧杯中自然干燥,得到干燥的浓缩前驱体;将干燥的浓缩前驱体研磨成粉末,并加入碳源,以无水乙醇为介质进行行星球磨4~6小时,烘干,得到混合粉末;
将上述混合粉末在管式炉中,在氮气或氩气气氛下以650~750℃下烧结8~12小时,研磨、过筛,得到具有粒棒混合形貌的碳包覆磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料;
上述中,所述的锂源为Li2CO3或LiOH,钒源为NH4VO3或V2O5,磷源为NH4H2PO4或H3PO4,碳源为葡萄糖或蔗糖,螯合剂为草酸或柠檬酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:锂源、钒源、磷源的摩尔质量比为3.5~3.0:2.0:3.0。
3.根据权利要求1所述的溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:钒源为NH4VO3时,NH4VO3与草酸或柠檬酸的摩尔质量比为1:3;钒源为V2O5时,V2O5与草酸或柠檬酸的摩尔质量比为1:1.5。
4.根据权利要求1所述的溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:碳源占锂源、钒源、磷源总质量的3~15%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的溶胶辅助溶剂热法制备粒棒混合形貌磷酸钒锂/碳复合正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:锂源、钒源、磷源、碳源、螯合剂的纯度均大于98%。
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