CN106286182A - 水压机器 - Google Patents

水压机器 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106286182A
CN106286182A CN201610480087.6A CN201610480087A CN106286182A CN 106286182 A CN106286182 A CN 106286182A CN 201610480087 A CN201610480087 A CN 201610480087A CN 106286182 A CN106286182 A CN 106286182A
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hydraulic pressure
plastics
parts
pressure machine
machine
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威尔曼·弗里德里克森
斯蒂格·K·安德森
弗兰克·霍尔姆·伊韦尔森
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Danfoss AS
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Danfoss AS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/20—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having rotary cylinder block
    • F04B1/2014—Details or component parts
    • F04B1/2078—Swash plates
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/20—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having rotary cylinder block
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/0013—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor using fillers dispersed in the moulding material, e.g. metal particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
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    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
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    • F04B53/16—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder liners or heads; Fluid connections
    • F04B53/162—Adaptations of cylinders
    • F04B53/166—Cylinder liners
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    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C15/00—Component parts, details or accessories of machines, pumps or pumping installations, not provided for in groups F04C2/00 - F04C14/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
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    • F04C2/30—Rotary-piston machines or pumps having the characteristics covered by two or more groups F04C2/02, F04C2/08, F04C2/22, F04C2/24 or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members
    • F04C2/34—Rotary-piston machines or pumps having the characteristics covered by two or more groups F04C2/02, F04C2/08, F04C2/22, F04C2/24 or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members having the movement defined in groups F04C2/08 or F04C2/22 and relative reciprocation between the co-operating members
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
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    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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Abstract

公开了一种水压机器(1)，所述水压机器具有至少两个相对于彼此能够移动的部件，所述部件中的一个具有由具有减摩性能的塑料(5，12，13，15，19)构成的表面。使用该设计在水压机器的实例中的磨损应当保持较低水平。为此，所述塑料(5，12，13，15，19)被形成为具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。

Description

水压机器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有至少两个相对于彼此可移动的部件的水压机器，其中一个部件的表面由具有减摩性能的塑料构成。
背景技术
这种水压机器已知于丹麦的努德堡的丹佛斯公司的“Nessie”项目。这种机器的示例性公开可见于DE4301124A1、DE4301120C2或DE4424610A1。
在水压机器的实例中，水被用作液压介质。水相比原本被主要使用的液压油具有如下优点，即在泄露的情况下实际上不会造成环境污染。
然而，与油相比，水具的缺点在于不能以与油相同的程度使用液压介质以润滑彼此相对移动的部件。水润滑作用较小，并且主要可以具有冷却效果。
因此这些表面中的一个已经由具有减摩性能的塑料形成。这里一种特别优选的塑料是聚醚醚酮(PEEK)。在彼此相对移动的多个部件的接触表面上配备有这种塑料的水压机器也可以使用水可靠地运转较长时间。
然而，仍然观察到这种水压机器的磨损略大于使用油作为液压流体运转的液压机器的实例中的磨损。
发明内容
本发明所基于的目的是在水压机器的情形中能够保持低磨损。
该目的在上述类型的塑料被形成为具有陶瓷填料的聚合物的水压机器的实例中得以实现。
具有陶瓷填料的聚合物将结合了塑料的有利性能和陶瓷在混合材料中的有利性能，所述混合材料是相对容易处理的并且所述混合材料获得极佳的摩擦学特性值，即能够以低摩擦方式运转。因而大幅减少或者甚至完全消除了与水压机器中的摩擦有关的问题。
陶瓷填料优选地仅具有其最大尺寸至多为1μm的颗粒。因此这涉及在亚μ范围内的颗粒。这种填料的颗粒是非常细的。然而，它们具有高耐磨性，并且同时与塑料结合满足了滑动轴承性能。
塑料优选地被形成为注射成型施加用物。因此塑料可以通过注射成型被施加，这使得能够以低花费获得水压机器的单个部件的高度精确的构造。
两个部件中的另一个优选地至少支承在塑料上的表面由双相钢或超级双相钢形成。双相钢为具有两相结构的钢，其通常由铁素体(α铁)基体构成，所述铁素体基体具有由奥氏体构成的岛。双相钢是耐腐蚀的，使得它可以与作为液压介质的水组合使用。确切地说，在水压机器的操作的背景下与具有陶瓷填料的聚合物一起获得杰出的摩擦性能。
两个部件中的一个优选地为具有由塑料构成的套筒的缸，并且两个部件中的另一个优选地为活塞。此外例如，缸-活塞配对在轴向或径向活塞机器中处于最大载荷下。这里，钢和包括陶瓷填料的聚合物的低摩擦相互作用是非常有利的。
替代地或者附加地，两个部件中的一个为压紧板，所述压紧板通过球接头支撑在缸筒上，其中球接头的滑动表面设置有塑料。显著的载荷也出现在球接头的区域中，压紧板使用球接头被支撑在缸筒上。如果滑动表面设置有包括陶瓷填料的聚合物，这些载荷随后可以被吸收，而不会产生任何问题。
如果两个部件中的一个为支承在斜板上的滑动靴也是优选的，其中所述两个部件中的一个支承所述塑料。这里材料配对也具有特定意义，因为滑动靴以相对较高的压力按压在旋转斜盘上。
如果两个部件中的一个为压板也是有利的，所述压板被布置在形成两个部件中的另一个的控制板和缸筒之间，并且在操作过程中与缸筒一起相对于控制板旋转，其中控制板设置有所述塑料。显著的载荷也出现在该区域，所述载荷可以被形成为具有陶瓷填料的聚合物的塑料吸收，而不会产生任何问题。
滑动靴优选地通过球接头与活塞连接，并且至少在球接头的区域设置有所述塑料。在滑动靴处球接头的负荷略微小于支撑压紧板的球接头在缸筒上的负荷。然而，这里也产生有利的材料配对。
如果滑动靴通过压紧板被保持支承在斜板上也是有利的。这里，也可以在滑动靴和压紧板之间布置形成为具有陶瓷填充物的聚合物的塑料，以便保持较低摩擦。
缸筒优选地通过径向承载表面支撑在壳体上，其中承载表面设置有所述塑料。在该实例中，塑料被设置在壳体上。
如果两个部件中的一个被形成为阀板也是有利的。也可以在其它水压机器中使用形成为具有陶瓷填充物的聚合物的塑料，例如在叶片机器中或在压力交换器中。
所述机器还可以被形成为叶片机器，并且具有转子，所述转子轴向支撑在侧板中的环上，其中所述环或所述转子设置有所述塑料。转子必须以一定压力支承在侧板上，更确切地说，支承在侧板中的环上，以便保证内部不渗透性。同时，转子和环之间的摩擦不必太大。这里再次产生具有陶瓷填料的聚合物的有益效果。
如果所述转子安装在径向轴承中也会产生相同的有益效果，所述径向轴承具有设置有所述塑料的支承表面。这里摩擦也可以保持较低。
所述水压机器优选地具有叶片，所述叶片挤压涂敷有所述塑料。在叶片机器的实例中，转子被偏心地安装在壳体孔中。叶片支撑在壳体孔的内侧面上。在转子的旋转过程中它们必须被相应地相对于转子径向向内和径向向外位移。塑料特别好地适合于减小叶片和转子之间的摩擦。
附图说明
下面将结合附图基于优选的示例性实例更详细地描述本发明。在附图中：
图1示出呈轴向活塞机器的水压机器的第一构造；
图2示出叶片机器的切面；以及
图3示出阀板。
具体实施方式
图1示出具有壳体2的水压机器1，其中缸筒3可旋转地安装壳体中。
用套筒5覆盖的至少一个缸4被布置在缸筒3中。套筒5由被形成为具有陶瓷填料的聚合物的塑料形成。有利地，陶瓷填料仅具有最大尺寸最多为1μm的颗粒。这种塑料以低摩擦方式与活塞6的材料相互作用，在本示例性实例中所述活塞由双相钢或超级双相钢形成。
活塞6在缸筒3中可以沿双箭头7的方向移动。通过滑动靴8执行活塞6在缸4内的移动的控制，滑动靴在压紧板9的作用下被保持在旋转斜盘10上。
压紧板9通过具有球11的球接头被支撑在缸筒3上。球11也由双相钢或超级双相钢构成。压紧板9在与球11接触的区域中具有插入件12，插入件12由上述的具有陶瓷填料的聚合物构成。
滑动靴8覆有通过上述具有陶瓷填料的聚合物形成的铸模13，即铸模13形成滑动靴8在旋转斜盘10上的支承表面以及滑动靴8在压紧板9上的支承表面。铸模13最终也延伸到使得它包括在活塞6的前端处的球14那么远，其中所述球14形成球接头的一部分。
缸筒3被安装在壳体2中的由上述具有陶瓷填料的聚合物构成的支承表面上，即支承表面15形成径向轴承。
在面向远离旋转斜盘10的端部处，设置有压板16，套筒17被插入压板中，套筒和压板16本身形成压板16和缸4之间的连接。压板16支承抵靠控制板18，控制板18设置有由上述具有陶瓷填料的聚合物构成的外壳19。控制板18以静止方式布置在壳体2中。这里控制板通过螺栓20被保持紧固。压板16与缸筒3一起相对于控制板18旋转，使得控制板18可以控制液压流体向处于正确位置的缸4的供应和排放。
压板16在弹簧21的力的作用下被推靠控制板18。套筒17使缸筒3能够相对于压板16轻微地轴向移动。同时，弹簧21产生一定压力，通过所述压力压紧板9将滑动靴8推靠在旋转斜盘10上。
这种机器在液压流体在压力下被供应给缸4时可被用作马达，在活塞6在缸4内的移动在液压流体中产生一定的压力时也可被用作泵。在机器1的两个部件彼此相对移动的区域中使用上述具有陶瓷填料的聚合物的结果是，甚至能够使用水作为液压流体运行机器。在该实例中，所说的具有陶瓷填料的聚合物将彼此相对移动的部件之间的摩擦减小到不再能够观察到明显的磨损的程度。
图2示出了具有转子22的叶片机器的切面，所述转子22安装有在侧板24中的短轴23。短轴23以旋转结合的方式与驱动轴25连接。
短轴23通过径向轴承26安装在侧板24中。径向轴承26包含在其径向内侧的具有陶瓷填料的聚合物作为塑料表面。此方案的替代方案是，短轴23在其径向外侧也可以涂覆有具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。
转子22以其前侧面28支承在其上的环27与短轴23同心地布置在侧板24中。磨损环29被布置在前侧面28中。磨损环29支承在环27上。环27可以在其面向转子22的前侧面28的侧面涂覆有塑料，即具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。在该实例中，磨损环29由钢形成，尤其是由双相钢或超级双相钢形成。然而也可以反过来形成材料配对，使得环27由双相钢或超级双相钢形成，而磨损环29具有塑料涂层，即具有陶瓷填料的聚合物涂层。
转子22偏心地安装在前板24中。支撑元件30被设置在最大偏心率的区域中，转子22的前侧面28也支承在支撑元件30上。支撑元件30也可以在其面向前侧面28的侧面上涂覆有塑料，即具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。
以未更详细地呈现的方式，在图2中作为例外地呈现的叶片机器的转子22具有界定工作腔室的叶片。这些叶片在转子22的旋转过程中被径向向内和径向向外移动。为此目的，它们被有原则地布置。这里叶片和转子之间的材料配对也可以被形成为使得两个部件中的一个由钢形成，尤其是由双相钢或超级双相钢形成，并且两个部件中的另一个由在任何情况下在其表面上的具有陶瓷填料的聚合物形成。特别地，这里叶片可以挤压涂敷有塑料。
图3示出了阀板31，例如可用于轴向活塞泵或压力交换器中。阀板31涂覆有具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。
陶瓷填料具有沿每一个方向的其尺寸都至多为1μm的颗粒。不设置较大的颗粒。
塑料，即具有陶瓷填料的聚合物，优选地与双相钢或超级双相钢一起在所有描述的材料配对中工作。
该塑料优选地应用于注射成型施加用物或“注射成型工艺”中，其中不锈钢，尤其是双相钢或超级双相钢，被内部地和外部地布置，注射成型部件由新塑料形成，即由具有陶瓷填料的聚合物形成。

Claims (15)

1.一种水压机器，所述水压机器具有至少两个能够相对于彼此移动的部件，所述部件中的一个的表面由具有减摩性能的塑料构成，其特征在于：所述塑料(5，12，13，15，19)被形成为具有陶瓷填料的聚合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水压机器，其特征在于：陶瓷填料仅具有其最大尺寸至多为1μm的颗粒。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的水压机器，其特征在于：所述塑料(5，12，13，15，19)被形成为注射成型施加用物。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的另一个的至少支承在塑料(5，12，13，15，19)上的表面由双相钢或超级双相钢形成。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的一个为具有由塑料构成的套筒(5)的缸(4)，并且两个部件中的另一个为活塞(6)。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的一个为压紧板(9)，所述压紧板通过球接头(11，12)支撑在缸筒(3)上，其中球接头(11，12)的滑动表面设置有塑料。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的一个为滑动靴(8)，所述滑动靴支承在旋转斜盘(10)上，其中所述两个部件中的一个带有所述塑料(13)。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的一个为压板(16)，所述压板被布置在控制板(18)和缸筒(3)之间，控制板(18)形成两个部件中的另一个，并且压板(16)在运行过程中与缸筒(3)一起相对于控制板(18)旋转，其中控制板(18)设置有所述塑料(19)。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的水压机器，其特征在于：滑动靴(8)通过球接头(14)与活塞(6)连接，并且至少在球接头(14)的区域中设置有所述塑料(13)。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：滑动靴(8)通过压紧板(9)被保持支承在旋转斜盘(10)上。
11.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：缸筒(3)通过径向承载表面(15)支撑在壳体(2)上，其中承载表面(15)设置有所述塑料。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：两个部件中的一个被形成为阀板(30)。
13.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的水压机器，其特征在于：所述水压机器被形成为叶片机器，并且具有转子(22)，所述转子轴向支撑在侧板(24)中的环(27)上，其中所述环(27)或所述转子(22)设置有所述塑料。
14.根据权利要求13所述的水压机器，其特征在于：所述转子(22)安装在径向轴承(21)中，所述径向轴承具有设置有所述塑料的支承表面。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的水压机器，其特征在于：所述水压机器具有叶片，所述叶片挤压涂敷有所述塑料。
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