CN102959259A - 静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机 - Google Patents

静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机 Download PDF

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CN102959259A
CN102959259A CN2011800333841A CN201180033384A CN102959259A CN 102959259 A CN102959259 A CN 102959259A CN 2011800333841 A CN2011800333841 A CN 2011800333841A CN 201180033384 A CN201180033384 A CN 201180033384A CN 102959259 A CN102959259 A CN 102959259A
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K-H.布卢姆
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04BPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/122Details or component parts, e.g. valves, sealings or lubrication means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03CPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINES DRIVEN BY LIQUIDS
    • F03C1/00Reciprocating-piston liquid engines
    • F03C1/02Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F03C1/06Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F03C1/0602Component parts, details
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03CPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINES DRIVEN BY LIQUIDS
    • F03C1/00Reciprocating-piston liquid engines
    • F03C1/02Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F03C1/06Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F03C1/061Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having stationary cylinders
    • F03C1/0623Details, component parts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03CPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINES DRIVEN BY LIQUIDS
    • F03C1/00Reciprocating-piston liquid engines
    • F03C1/02Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F03C1/06Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F03C1/0636Reciprocating-piston liquid engines with multiple-cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having rotary cylinder block
    • F03C1/0644Component parts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04BPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/14Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having stationary cylinders
    • F04B1/141Details or component parts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04BPOSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/20Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having rotary cylinder block
    • F04B1/2014Details or component parts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/72Sealings
    • F16C33/76Sealings of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/78Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
    • F16C33/7869Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted with a cylindrical portion to the inner surface of the outer race and having a radial portion extending inward
    • F16C33/7873Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted with a cylindrical portion to the inner surface of the outer race and having a radial portion extending inward with a single sealing ring of generally L-shaped cross-section
    • F16C33/7876Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted with a cylindrical portion to the inner surface of the outer race and having a radial portion extending inward with a single sealing ring of generally L-shaped cross-section with sealing lips
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16JPISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00Sealings
    • F16J15/16Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
    • F16J15/32Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
    • F16J15/324Arrangements for lubrication or cooling of the sealing itself
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16JPISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00Sealings
    • F16J15/16Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
    • F16J15/32Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
    • F16J15/3244Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings with hydrodynamic pumping action
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05CINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2203/00Non-metallic inorganic materials
    • F05C2203/08Ceramics; Oxides
    • F05C2203/0804Non-oxide ceramics
    • F05C2203/0808Carbon, e.g. graphite
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05CINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2203/00Non-metallic inorganic materials
    • F05C2203/08Ceramics; Oxides
    • F05C2203/0865Oxide ceramics
    • F05C2203/0882Carbon, e.g. graphite
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05CINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2251/00Material properties
    • F05C2251/10Hardness

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Details Of Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
  • Sealing Devices (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机,包括驱动轴,该驱动轴可转动地支承在壳体中并且穿过壳体壁,其中,在驱动轴和壳体壁之间的间隙通过径向轴密封系统密封,该径向轴密封系统具有径向轴密封环和配合工作面,该配合工作面的表面具有液力的返回结构。本发明的目的是创造一种开头所述的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机,它具有特别耐久的、高密封性的径向轴密封系统和特别小的泄漏特性。这是由此实现的,即返回结构设置有硬的类金刚石的表面覆层。

Description

静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机
本发明涉及一种静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机,其具有权利要求1的前序部分的特征。
已知的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机具有驱动轴,它可转动地支承在轴向活塞机的壳体中。该旋转的轴通过壳体壁向外引导。为了在轴通过位置上密封流体,已知的方式是使用径向轴密封系统。径向轴密封系统由三个部分组成,即要密封的流体,径向轴密封和该密封的配合工作面。通过将径向轴密封径向地挤压在配合工作面上实现密封作用,以防止要密封的流体向外流出。但是在可相互相对运动的部件中稍微的泄漏一般地是不能够排除或者只有在高的费用下排除。这种泄漏例如随着轴的旋转速度的增大,随着液力介质的温度的升高或在加压下而增大。为此已知的是,为径向轴密封系统配设液力的(流体力学的)返回结构(Rückförderstruktur)形式的附加的辅助密封,其用于将从壳体内腔流出的并且进入返回结构中的流体送返到壳体内腔中。在此情况下,通常为螺旋形的返回结构布置在径向轴密封的密封面上或/和径向轴密封的配合工作面上。该配合工作面可以直接地是轴的表面或者是密封套的外壁。由于轴的表面处理因昂贵的机加工和长的加工时间而造成高的制造成本,已知的是,作为成本显著更有利的变型方案,为了形成密封的配合工作面,在轴上设置密封套。按照DE4232891,为一个密封单元分配一个磨损套,该磨损套可以流体密封地固定在轴上并且具有通过金属冷流动(冷挤压)(Metallkaltfließen)成形的表面型式,其具有至少一个液力的泵元件。
但是,如果在密封和配合工作面之间出现固体接触或者流体含有磨损组成部分,那么密封面和配合工作面和由此返回结构由于材料磨损而损坏,从而导致功能以及寿命的巨大的损害,尤其是导致无意的高的泄漏。
特别关键的是使用低粘度的并且由此常常润滑差的流体,例如难以点燃的液力流体,它一方面保证低的可燃性,但是在另一方面增强了泄漏以及促进腐蚀和磨损。
因此本发明的目的在于发明一种开头所述类型的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机,其具有特别耐久的径向轴密封系统,该径向轴密封系统具有高的密封性和特别小的泄漏特性。
对于静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机而言,这个目的由权利要求1的前序部分的特征通过附加地配置权利要求1的特征部分的特征来实现。
在一种按照本发明的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机中,在密封套的外壁上的返回结构配设有硬的类金刚石的表面覆层。在引入返回结构之后施加该类金刚石的(类钻碳)表面覆层,而不影响返回结构的形状和功能作用。产生的耐磨损的并且几乎无摩擦的硬质材料表面层尺寸准确地复制(映射)液力的返回结构。类金刚石的表面层的特点附加地在于出色的导热能力以及高的化学耐受性,它是完全平滑和封闭的。表面层也使在径向轴密封的配对体处的磨损降低。由此实现在长的寿命下径向轴密封系统的高的密封性。
按照本发明的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机,的有利的实施例在从属权利要求中给出。
按照本发明的一个特别有利的实施例,表面覆层是DLC。该“Diamond like Carbon(类金刚石)”(DLC)层是一种碳层,它特别硬,耐抗,耐腐蚀和低摩擦的,从而该碳层使负载能力提升和使用领域扩大。通过DLC层极大地提高了受高负载的径向轴密封系统的效能,从而它由于其极大的耐抗性也在对静液压机有特别的要求的情况下使用,由此最终可以实现大的经济利润。特别的要求例如包括在延迟的使用时间下的应用或者要求使用含水的流体的应用。
表面覆层最好具有3-5μm的厚度。这意味着,DLC层是一种特别薄但是极其耐抗的,硬的磨损保护层,它不影响返回结构的特性和功能。依赖于返回结构的结构设计,表面层厚也可以更厚。层厚可以依据静液压机的应用情况不同地构造。
依据表面覆层的结构,该表面覆层可以具有2000-6000HV的层硬度。随着硬度增大,磨损量减小,返回结构的寿命随着磨损保护层的硬度而提升。此外保护层厚随着增大的硬度而可以变得更薄,从而返回结构在其功能上未改变地起作用。关于该层硬度,可以依据应用领域进行修改。
证明极其有利的是,表面覆层具有0.1-0.2的低的滑动摩擦系数μ。通过0.1-0.2的极小的滑动摩擦系数μ,在相对于钢材100Cr6的干摩擦下,仅仅出现径向轴密封系统的很小的温度负载并且由此提升寿命。在润滑不良的情况下,低摩擦的DLC层降低了咬住(侵蚀)的危险。这意味着即使在长的使用时间下起动摩擦力矩也非常小,这又正面地影响了寿命并且尤其是也极大地扩展了机器的应用范围。
特别的优点由此得到,即具有在配合工作面上的以与金刚石类似的方式被表面涂层的返回结构的按照本发明的径向轴密封系统适用于含水的流体。含水的流体常常是低粘度的并且由此是不良润滑的(介质)。通过具有返回结构的DLC覆层的密封套和可压力加载的PTFE轴密封的组合,按照本发明的径向轴密封系统适用于极端的运行条件并且由此可在高的压差、干式运行(无润滑运转)和高的运行温度的情况下使用。
按照本发明的静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机的实施例在附图中示出。现在借助于附图中的图详细说明本发明。
附图中所示
图1是通过按照本发明的斜盘结构式的轴向活塞机的一部分的纵剖视图和,
图2是按照本发明的径向轴密封系统的带有部分剖视的透视图。
图1中示出的斜盘结构式的轴向活塞机1具有布置在壳体3中的驱动机构2。
作为主要的部件,驱动机构2包括经两个滚动轴承20,21可转动地支承的驱动轴4,缸筒(缸体)5,该缸筒具有设置在一个分度圆(节圆)上的、轴向延伸的缸孔6,缸孔中具有可纵向移动的活塞7,在底部侧构造有球形的空隙8并且经由圆柱齿部形式的同步部(携带部)9抗转动地并且可轴向移动地与驱动轴4连接,和与壳体固定的、被驱动轴4同轴地穿过的控制板10,该控制板具有为了支承缸筒5球形地构造成的控制面11。
在缸孔6中可纵向移动地引导的活塞7是圆柱形构造的。活塞7的与缸筒偏离的端部分别经由铰接头12支撑在斜盘13上。
斜盘13被驱动轴4穿过。在该图中没有示出,它设计成可回转地支承的、具有半圆柱形横截面的回转摇架并且通过调节装置14可调整地布置在各回转位置上。
缸孔6经控制口15通入具有球形的空隙8的缸底面中,它与不旋转的控制板10的相似的控制面11协作,以便输入和排出压力介质并且与控制面形成一个滑动副。控制板10经肾形的控制口16,17实现轴向活塞机的压力介质的输入和排出,控制口16,17经压力通道18和抽吸通道19连接到没有示出的压力和抽吸管道上。
通过缸筒5和控制板10的控制面8和11的球形的构造,缸筒5是自对中地转动支承的并且它被相对于控制板预张紧。
驱动轴4在驱动装置侧在密封法兰22中穿过壳体3。在密封法兰22和驱动轴4之间的密封通过径向轴密封系统25实施,其由径向轴密封环26和密封套27组成。密封套27在内壁28处设有环绕的槽30。在该槽中插入密封环31,该密封环挤压在轴表面32上。由此防止密封套27转动并且密封在驱动轴4和套27之间的间隙。借助于保险环34和密封环35固定在壳体壁36中的密封法兰22具有台阶地构造成的通孔37,径向轴密封环26由通孔37的一个台阶38和另一方面由一个插入在该台阶38的内壁40中的槽39(在图2中示出)中的密封环41(在图2中示出)保持在该通孔中。
当驱动轴4转动时,由于抗转动的连接,缸筒5连同活塞7也转动。如果通过操纵调节装置12使斜盘11相对于缸筒5偏转到一个倾斜位置,那么活塞7实施往复直线运动。在缸筒5的一个完整的回转中,每个活塞7经过一个抽吸行程和一个压缩行程,其中产生相应的油流,其经由控制口15,控制盘9和压力通道18和抽吸通道19进行输入和排出。
图2中示出按照本发明的径向轴密封系统25的具有部分剖视的透视图,径向轴密封系统由径向轴密封环26和密封套27组成。径向轴密封环26是具有碳纤维的涨圈(轴圈)结构形式的标准的PTFE轴密封环。它特别地在径向轴密封环必须具有可加压、温度稳定和耐化学的特性的时候使用。
密封环26具有由钢板制成的外壳45,用于确保密封环26压配合在密封法兰22的台阶38中,和用于静态密封的弹性体46。在静态密封46中插入碳纤维加强的第一密封唇47,该密封唇逆着压力方向被倾斜地设置并且密封地接触密封套27。与密封套27接触的密封唇47内侧是密封面48。插入静态密封46中的第二密封唇53是碳纤维加强的防尘唇,其极大地减少在密封区中的灰尘沉积。
密封套27是钢套,它的外壁(表面)51形成与密封唇47的密封面48的配合工作面50。
在配合工作面50中加工有液力的返回结构55作为附加的辅助密封。该辅助密封用于将从壳体内腔42(在图1中)流出的并且进入返回结构55中的流体送回到壳体内腔42中。依据制造方法,返回结构55可以以螺旋形的表面成形结构的形式,或者以另外的液力的泵送元件或表面成形结构的形式,实施成返回(回油)涡旋(Rückförderdrall)。
在密封套27的外壁51中的返回结构55配设有硬的类金刚石的表面覆层DLC56。类金刚石的表面覆层56在引入返回结构之后被施加上,而不影响返回结构的形状和功能作用。DLC层56尺寸准确地复制液力的返回结构。DLC层56是一种碳层,其具有3-5μm的厚度和2000-6000HV的层硬度。表面覆层56在相对于钢100Cr6的干摩擦下具有0.1-0.2的低的滑动摩擦系数μ。
作为增加附着力的中间层,该部件配设有铬层。为了制造DLC层,使用等离子体支持的涂覆技术。利用不同的制造方法如PVD(物理气相沉积法)和PACVD(等离子体激活的化学气相沉积法)可以实现应用相应的材料特性的多种层变型方案。
液力的返回结构原则上不仅可以设置在径向轴密封的密封唇的密封面上或/和径向轴密封的配合工作面上。但是在考虑密封系统的寿命情况下,更有利的是,液力的辅助密封不是加工在密封面中,而是加工在配合工作面中。如果辅助密封位于密封面上,那么此外在防尘唇和密封唇之间可以形成负压,其提高径向力。
返回结构可以不仅依赖于驱动轴的转动方向而且可以独立于驱动轴的转动方向来实施。
在被涂层的具有返回结构的密封套和可加压的PTFE轴密封的组合中,径向轴密封系统适用于极端的运行条件并且由此可以在高的差压,干式运行和高的运行温度下使用。

Claims (6)

1.静液压机(1),尤其是轴向活塞机,包括驱动轴(4),所述驱动轴以可转动地支承在壳体(3)中的方式穿过壳体壁(36),其中,在驱动轴(4)和壳体壁(36)之间的间隙通过径向轴密封系统(25)密封,所述径向轴密封系统具有径向轴密封环(26)和配合工作面(32,50),所述配合工作面的表面(32,51)具有液力的返回结构(55),其特征在于,所述返回结构(55)配设有硬的类金刚石的表面覆层(56)。
2.按照权利要求1所述的静液压机(1),其特征在于,所述表面覆层(56)是DLC。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的静液压机(1),其特征在于,所述表面覆层(56)具有直至10μm的层厚,尤其是3-5μm的层厚。
4.按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的静液压机(1),其特征在于,所述表面覆层(56)具有2000-6000HV的层硬度。
5.按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的静液压机(1),其特征在于,所述表面覆层(56)具有0.1-0.2的低的滑动摩擦系数μ。
6.按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的静液压机(1),其特征在于,所述径向轴密封系统(25)借助于所述被类金刚石地表面涂覆的返回结构(55)密封含水的流体。
CN201180033384.1A 2010-07-06 2011-06-15 静液压机,尤其是轴向活塞机 Expired - Fee Related CN102959259B (zh)

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