CN106279727B - 一种壳聚糖微球的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种壳聚糖微球的制备方法,包括如下步骤:昆虫甲壳稀酸除钙、复合酶脱蛋白、混合溶剂溶解纯化、紫外光弱碱脱乙酰、再采用乳化交流的方法制备壳聚糖微球,采用本发明所述方法制得的壳聚糖纯度高、脱乙酰度高、分子量大,采用该壳聚糖所制得的壳聚糖微球粒径210‑400μm,偏差低于15%,满足其在介入疗法中的应用要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于高分子材料技术领域,具体涉及一种壳聚糖微球的制备方法。
背景技术
壳聚糖又名脱乙酰甲壳素、可溶性甲壳素和聚氨基葡萄糖,其化学名称为β-(1→4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,系甲壳素用浓碱处理后脱去乙酰基而得到的产物。壳聚糖具有优良的生物亲和性和低毒性,在人体内能被溶解酶溶解并代谢。
通过传统方式给药,大多数药物成分很快释放,引起体内药物水平的迅速升高,达到峰值后迅速降低。而对于药物来讲,其作用同血清中药物的浓度密切相关,剧烈的波动往往引起在峰值时产生不可接受的副作用,而后由于血清中药物的浓度过低引起不充分的治疗效果。药物控制释放系统是药物传递系统中的一种。它可以使药物以一种预定的速率释放,使血液或组织中的药物浓度在较长时间内保持在有效治疗指数范围内,延长药物在给药部位的滞留时间,提高生物利用度,达到缓释、控释的效果。
壳聚糖微球是以壳聚糖为载体制成的球形或类球形微粒,壳聚糖微球粘附性好,微球表面有着丰富的多糖链,能被特异性细胞或组织所识别,可靶向携带药物至病灶部位贮存释放。另外,壳聚糖微球表面有丰富的功能基团,能以吸附或包裹方式灵活运载不同的药物,这是其他微球载体所不能比拟的。
介入疗法中使用的载药微球要求粒径小,偏差低,因此需要开发一种粒径小、偏差低的壳聚糖微球的制备方法。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种壳聚糖微球的制备方法,所得壳聚糖微球的粒径200-400μm,偏差低于15%,满足其在介入疗法中的应用要求。
本发明解决技术问题所采用的技术方案为:
一种壳聚糖的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1) 除钙:将昆虫甲壳粉碎后,置于质量浓度为10-20%的稀酸中于30-50℃浸煮4-6小时,过滤,取滤饼水洗3-5次后干燥得脱钙产物A待用,昆虫外壳中含有大量的钙质,利用稀酸将其溶解去除,将原料进一步分解。
(2) 脱蛋白:将脱钙产物A、复合酶和水置于反应容器中,控制反应液PH为7.5-8.5,于40-55℃搅拌水解2-3小时后,过滤,取滤饼水洗干燥得脱蛋白产物B待用;所述复合酶为胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性脂肪酶的混合物,三者的质量比为1:1:2。利用复合酶将滤饼A中的蛋白质酶解并溶于水中,反应条件温和,采用该配方的复合酶对昆虫甲壳中蛋白质的酶解效率更高,酶解效果更好。相比于氢氧化钠脱蛋白能获得高质量的甲壳素,且不会造成甲壳素的分子链断裂,从而降低其分子量。
(3) 纯化:将脱蛋白产物B置于混合溶剂中,并加入中性盐,于60-80℃搅拌溶解1-3小时后,过滤,滤液经减压干燥去除溶剂,再经水洗去除中性盐,干燥得所需甲壳素;所述混合溶剂为己酸、乙二酸和吡啶的混合物,三者的质量比为1:0.8:0.5。将滤饼B经混合溶剂溶解再浓缩得到高纯度高分子量的甲壳素产品。甲壳素大分子中具有稳定的环状结构和大分子之间存在强的氢键作用,使它的溶解性能变差,不溶于水、稀酸、稀碱和一般的有机溶剂中。甲壳素在浓硫酸、盐酸、硝酸和85%磷酸等强酸中可溶解,但与此同时会发生剧烈的降解,使相对分子质量明显降低。本发明所采用的己酸、乙二酸和吡啶的混合溶剂,对甲壳素溶解率高,同时不会降低其分子量。加入中性盐是为了增加反应液的离子强度,利用甲壳素的阳离子特性,增强其在混合溶剂中的溶解率。
(4) 脱乙酰:将步骤(3)所得甲壳素和15-20%NaOH水溶液加入石英玻璃反应容器中,置于紫外光下照射2-3小时,同时予以超声处理,反应结束后降温至室温,离心,沉淀物水洗至中性,于50-60℃干燥24小时后得壳聚糖。通常使用浓碱脱乙酰基,在获得高的脱乙酰率同时,甲壳素的主链降解严重,从而降低了壳聚糖的分子质量,影响了产品质量。本发明采用浓度较低的稀碱,通过超声-紫外联合的方式,脱除乙酰基,在获得高脱乙酰度的同时,减少了甲壳素主链降解,保证了壳聚糖产品质量,高分子量和高脱乙酰度的壳聚糖使得壳聚糖的溶解性较好,易于分散,便于制备出粒径较小的壳聚糖微球。
(5) 壳聚糖溶液制备:将步骤(3)所得壳聚糖加入3%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解;
(6) 乳化交联剂制备:将司盘80、液体石蜡和戊二醛混合均匀得乳化交联剂;
(7) 壳聚糖微球的制备:将步骤(5)所得壳聚糖溶液滴加入步骤(6)所得乳化交联剂中,边滴边搅拌,于30-50min内滴加完毕后,保持30-40℃继续搅拌1-2小时后,搅拌速度为800-1000r/min,离心,取沉淀物采用热无水乙醇洗涤3次后,真空干燥得壳聚糖微球。采用边滴加边搅拌的方式加入乳化交联剂是为了防止交联过度,微球的尺寸过大。搅拌的最佳速度为800-1000r/min,搅拌过慢,微球易聚结,粒径过大;搅拌过快,微球粒径过小,不易于分离。
作为优选,步骤(1)中所述稀酸为盐酸、硫酸或磷酸。
作为优选,步骤(1)中所述稀酸质量为昆虫甲壳质量的20-30倍。
作为优选,步骤(2)中所述脱钙产物A、复合酶和水的质量比为1:0.05-0.08:10-30。
作为优选,步骤(3)中所述脱蛋白产物B、混合溶剂和中性盐的质量比为1:15-20:0.1-0.3。
作为优选,所述中性盐为NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、MgCl2或MgSO4。
作为优选,步骤(3)中所述甲壳素与NaOH水溶液质量比为1:8-15。
作为优选,步骤(4)中所述甲壳素与NaOH水溶液质量比为1:8-15。
作为优选,步骤(5)中所述乙酸水溶液的质量为壳聚糖质量的8-10倍。
作为优选,步骤(6)中所述司盘80、液体石蜡和戊二醛的质量比为1:10-20:2-3。
作为优选,步骤(7)中所述壳聚糖溶液与乳化交联剂的质量比为1:8-10。
本发明的有益效果为:
1、采用复合酶水解昆虫外壳中的蛋白质和脂肪,水解条件温和,酶解效率高,且不会降低甲壳素分子量。
2、采用己酸、乙二酸和吡啶组合的混合溶剂和中性盐协同溶解甲壳素,对甲壳素溶解率高,有助于提高甲壳素回收率和纯度,同时不会降低其分子量。
3、采用浓度较低的稀碱,通过超声-紫外联合的方式,脱除乙酰基,在获得高脱乙酰度的同时,减少了甲壳素主链降解,保证了壳聚糖产品质量。
4、本发明所制备的壳聚糖微球的粒径为210-400μm,偏差低于15%,满足其在介入疗法中的应用要求。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例,对本发明的技术方案作进一步的具体说明。
实施例1
(1) 除钙:将10g昆虫甲壳粉碎后,置于200g质量浓度为10%的稀酸中于50℃浸煮4小时,过滤,取滤饼水洗3-5次干燥后得7.2g脱钙产物A;
(2) 脱蛋白:将7.2g脱钙产物A、0.09g胰蛋白酶、0.09g木瓜蛋白酶、0.18g碱性脂肪酶和144g水置于三口烧瓶中,控制反应液PH为7.5,于40℃搅拌水解3小时后,过滤,取滤饼水洗干燥得4.3g脱蛋白产物B;
(3) 纯化:将4.3g脱蛋白产物B、28g己酸、22g乙二酸、14g吡啶和0.43gNaCl中,于60℃搅拌溶解3小时后,过滤,滤液经减压干燥去除溶剂,再经水洗去除NaCl,干燥得3.2g甲壳素,HPLC纯度为92.3%,回收率为29.54%,灰分为0.8%。
(4) 脱乙酰:将3g甲壳素和45g 15%NaOH水溶液加入石英玻璃反应容器中,置于245nm紫外光下照射2小时,同时予以超声处理,反应结束后降温至室温,离心,沉淀物水洗至中性,于50℃干燥24小时后得2.4g壳聚糖,其脱乙酰度为95.2%,纯度为97.3%,粘度为165cp。
注:壳聚糖粘度的测定方法为:取0.5g壳聚糖溶于100ml 0.5%醋酸中,室温下用旋转粘度计测定,壳聚糖粘度越高,则其分子量越大。
(5) 壳聚糖溶液制备:将2g壳聚糖加入20g 3%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解;
(6) 乳化交联剂制备:将1g司盘80、10g液体石蜡和2g戊二醛混合均匀得乳化交联剂;
(7) 壳聚糖微球的制备:将5g壳聚糖溶液滴加入40g乳化交联剂中,边加边搅拌,于30min内滴加完毕后,保持30℃继续搅拌2小时后,搅拌速度为800r/min,离心,取沉淀物采用热无水乙醇洗涤3次后,真空干燥得6.8g壳聚糖微球,壳聚糖微球的粒径为320μm,偏差为14.3%。
实施例2
(1) 除钙:将10g昆虫甲壳粉碎后,置于250g质量浓度为15%的稀酸中于30℃浸煮6小时,过滤,取滤饼水洗3-5次干燥后得7.8g脱钙产物A;
(2) 脱蛋白:将7.8g脱钙产物A、0.12g胰蛋白酶、0.12g木瓜蛋白酶、0.24g碱性脂肪酶和78g水置于三口烧瓶中,控制反应液PH为8,于50℃搅拌水解2.5小时后,过滤,取滤饼水洗干燥得5.1g脱蛋白产物B;
(3) 纯化:将5.1g脱蛋白产物B、40g己酸、32g乙二酸、20g吡啶和1g MgSO4中,于70℃搅拌溶解2小时后,过滤,滤液经减压干燥去除溶剂,再经水洗去除MgSO4,干燥得3.8g甲壳素,HPLC纯度为93.8%,回收率为35.6%,灰分为0.78%。
(4) 脱乙酰:将3g甲壳素和30g 18%NaOH水溶液加入石英玻璃反应容器中,置于245nm紫外光下照射2.5小时,同时予以超声处理,反应结束后降温至室温,离心,沉淀物水洗至中性,于55℃干燥24小时后得2.7g壳聚糖,其脱乙酰度为94.8%,纯度为96.3%,粘度为158cp。
(5) 壳聚糖溶液制备:将2g壳聚糖加入16g 3%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解;
(6) 乳化交联剂制备:将1g司盘80、15g液体石蜡和2.2g戊二醛混合均匀得乳化交联剂;
(7) 壳聚糖微球的制备:将5g壳聚糖溶液滴加入45g乳化交联剂中,边加边搅拌,于50min内滴加完毕后,保持35℃继续搅拌1.5小时后,搅拌速度为900r/min,离心,取沉淀物采用热无水乙醇洗涤3次后,真空干燥得6.8g壳聚糖微球,壳聚糖微球的粒径为400μm,偏差为15%。
实施例3
(1) 除钙:将10g昆虫甲壳粉碎后,置于300g质量浓度为20%的稀酸中于40℃浸煮5小时,过滤,取滤饼水洗3-5次干燥后得6.9g脱钙产物A;
(2) 脱蛋白:将6.9g脱钙产物A、0.14g胰蛋白酶、0.14g木瓜蛋白酶、0.28g碱性脂肪酶和水置于三口烧瓶中,控制反应液PH为8.5,于55℃搅拌水解2小时后,过滤,取滤饼水洗干燥得4.6g脱蛋白产物B;
(3) 纯化:将4.6g脱蛋白产物B、40g己酸、32g乙二酸、20g吡啶和1.4g Na2SO4中,于80℃搅拌溶解1小时后,过滤,滤液经减压干燥去除溶剂,再经水洗去除Na2SO4,干燥得3.5g甲壳素,HPLC纯度为93.1%,回收率为32.6%,灰分为0.72%。
(4) 脱乙酰:将3g甲壳素和24g 20%NaOH水溶液加入石英玻璃反应容器中,置于245nm紫外光下照射3小时,同时予以超声处理,反应结束后降温至室温,离心,沉淀物水洗至中性,于60℃干燥24小时后得2.2g壳聚糖,其脱乙酰度为93.6%,纯度为96.8%,粘度为153cp。
(5) 壳聚糖溶液制备:将2g壳聚糖加入18g 3%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解;
(6) 乳化交联剂制备:将1g司盘80、20g液体石蜡和3g戊二醛混合均匀得乳化交联剂;
(7) 壳聚糖微球的制备:将5g壳聚糖溶液滴加入50g乳化交联剂中,边加边搅拌,于40min内滴加完毕后,保持40℃继续搅拌1小时后,搅拌速度为1000r/min,离心,取沉淀物采用热无水乙醇洗涤3次后,真空干燥得6.8g壳聚糖微球,壳聚糖微球的粒径为210μm,偏差为13.2%。
比较例1
原料采用浙江绿洲生物技术有限公司生产的壳聚糖,脱乙酰度为86.6%,纯度为90.2%,粘度为131cp。
采用与实施例3(5)-(7)相同的操作方法和原料配比制备壳聚糖微球,所得壳聚糖微球的平均粒径为820μm,偏差为36.4%,不满足其在介入疗法中的应用要求。
通过对比实施例3和比较例1,可以得出壳聚糖的分子量越高、脱乙酰度越大,纯度越高,越有利于制备粒径小,偏差低的壳聚糖微球,从而满足其在介入疗法中的应用要求。
以上所述的实施例只是本发明的一种较佳的方案,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,在不超出权利要求所记载的技术方案的前提下还有其它的变体及改型。
Claims (1)
1.一种壳聚糖微球的制备方法,其特征在于,所述壳聚糖微球的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1) 除钙:将昆虫甲壳粉碎后,置于质量浓度为10-20%的稀酸中于30-50℃浸煮4-6小时,过滤,取滤饼水洗3-5次后干燥得脱钙产物A待用;
(2) 脱蛋白:将脱钙产物A、复合酶和水置于反应容器中,控制反应液pH为7.5-8.5,于40-55℃搅拌水解2-3小时后,过滤,取滤饼水洗干燥得脱蛋白产物B待用;所述复合酶为胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性脂肪酶的混合物,三者的质量比为1:1:2;
(3) 纯化:将脱蛋白产物B置于混合溶剂中,并加入中性盐,于60-80℃搅拌溶解1-3小时后,过滤,滤液经减压干燥去除溶剂,再经水洗去除中性盐,干燥得所需甲壳素;所述混合溶剂为己酸、乙二酸和吡啶的混合物,三者的质量比为1:0.8:0.5;
(4) 脱乙酰:将步骤(3)所得甲壳素和15-20%NaOH水溶液加入石英玻璃反应容器中,置于紫外光下照射2-3小时,同时予以超声处理,反应结束后降温至室温,离心,沉淀物水洗至中性,于50-60℃干燥24小时后得壳聚糖;
(5) 壳聚糖溶液制备:将步骤(3)所得壳聚糖加入3%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解;
(6) 乳化交联剂制备:将司盘80、液体石蜡和戊二醛混合均匀得乳化交联剂;
(7) 壳聚糖微球的制备:将步骤(5)所得壳聚糖溶液滴加入步骤(6)所得乳化交联剂中,边加边搅拌,于30-50min内滴加完毕后,保持30-40℃继续搅拌1-2小时后,搅拌速度为800-1000r/min,离心,取沉淀物采用热无水乙醇洗涤3次后,真空干燥得壳聚糖微球;
步骤(1)中所述稀酸为盐酸、硫酸或磷酸;
步骤(1)中所述稀酸质量为昆虫甲壳质量的20-30倍;
步骤(2)中所述脱钙产物A、复合酶和水的质量比为1:0.05-0.08:10-30;
步骤(3)中所述脱蛋白产物B、混合溶剂和中性盐的质量比为1:15-20:0.1-0.3,所述中性盐为NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、MgCl2或MgSO4;
步骤(4)中所述甲壳素与NaOH水溶液质量比为1:8-15;
步骤(5)中所述乙酸水溶液的质量为壳聚糖质量的8-10倍;
步骤(6)中所述司盘80、液体石蜡和戊二醛的质量比为1:10-20:2-3;
步骤(7)中所述壳聚糖溶液与乳化交联剂的质量比为1:8-10。
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