CN106164352B - 新材料 - Google Patents

新材料 Download PDF

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CN106164352B
CN106164352B CN201580019348.8A CN201580019348A CN106164352B CN 106164352 B CN106164352 B CN 106164352B CN 201580019348 A CN201580019348 A CN 201580019348A CN 106164352 B CN106164352 B CN 106164352B
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composite material
unsaturated polyester
weight
polyester resin
manikin
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CN106164352A (zh
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艾伦·佩格勒姆
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Ar Pegram
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/425Cellulose series
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47FSPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
    • A47F8/00Dummies, busts or the like, e.g. for displaying garments
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/08Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
    • B29C70/083Combinations of continuous fibres or fibrous profiled structures oriented in one direction and reinforcements forming a two dimensional structure, e.g. mats
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/34Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
    • B29C70/342Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation using isostatic pressure
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4266Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2311/00Use of natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29K2201/00 - B29K2309/00, as reinforcement
    • B29K2311/10Natural fibres, e.g. wool or cotton

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)

Abstract

一种新型复合材料,其包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维,由此复合材料制作的人体模型,和从所述复合材料制作人体模型的方法。优选地,植物纤维为可从黄麻麻袋再循环以实现闭环再循环性的黄麻纤维。优选地,所述不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。

Description

新材料
技术领域
本发明涉及新材料。特别地,本发明涉及包含植物纤维和不饱和聚酯树脂的新型复合材料。优选不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。
背景技术
植物纤维是有多种用途的天然产物;例如,可用其制作用于服装或地毯用的织物,或用其制作绳子。此类植物纤维的实例为亚麻(胡麻,Linum usitatissimum),大麻(火麻,Cannabis sativa),剑麻(菠萝麻,Agave sisalana)和黄麻(黄麻,Corchorus sp.)。这些植物纤维容易得到。它们也容易农业地生产,并且作为原料相对廉价。植物纤维以多种形式出现,并可为农作物的主要产物或副产物。
复合材料是两种或更多种不同物质结合而产生在任何单独的组分中不存在的结构或功能性质的复合产品。复合材料的实例为包含由玻璃纤维补强的聚合物的纤维玻璃。然而,如果纤维玻璃被损坏或破坏,玻璃纤维可释放入空气中,如果吸入则是有害的。
发明内容
本发明寻求提供对纤维玻璃更生态友好的替代。特别地,本发明寻求提供用例如源自黄麻麻袋的植物纤维的闭环再循环(closed loop recycling)制作的环保人体模型(mannequin)。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维的复合材料。
具体实施方式
在本发明优选的实施方案中,所述不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。
优选地,植物纤维包含黄麻纤维,更优选包含再循环黄麻纤维(recycled jutefibres)。在一些实施方案中,复合材料中的所有植物纤维可为黄麻纤维;在其它的实施方案中,黄麻纤维与其它类型的植物纤维混合。
黄麻纤维可源自再循环的通常用于运输咖啡、大米和燕麦的黄麻麻袋(jutesacks),其相应提供闭环再循环性的机会。作为替代,黄麻纤维可源自原生材料(virginmaterial)。
无论是否包括黄麻,植物纤维可源自布、再循环服装、麻袋、纱线(thread)或麻线(twine)。所有这些材料包括黄麻麻袋的组合可用作植物纤维的来源。
在一个实例中,将2.25kg树脂用于1m2的植物纤维,其可为布、纱线、麻线、再循环麻袋或再循环服装的形式。
优选地,复合材料以约2:1至3:1的重量:重量比包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维(例如黄麻纤维)。例如,树脂对植物纤维的重量:重量比为约2.25:1。
如果黄麻垫每m2的质量为450g,那么在优选的实施方案中,可用2.25kg树脂来适当地饱和该垫。
一般而言,在制作复合材料的方法期间,必须使用足够的不饱和聚酯,以便其适当地使黄麻或其它植物纤维饱和。因此,使用的树脂的确切的量取决于黄麻(或其它植物纤维)处于何种形式。
黄麻纤维可按黄麻垫(即黄麻的片)的形式提供。黄麻纤维也可按黄麻麻袋(也是黄麻的片)的形式提供,例如通常用于运输咖啡、燕麦或大米的那些。
在本发明可选的实施方案中,代替黄麻纤维或除黄麻纤维以外,复合材料可包括其它植物纤维,例如麻、剑麻、洋麻(kenaf)、棉、苎麻(ramie)和亚麻纤维。例如,复合材料可包括黄麻和剑麻、或黄麻和亚麻的混合物。这些可选的纤维也可为垫的形式。
植物纤维垫可为压缩垫。然而,植物纤维垫也可为编织垫。此外,植物纤维垫可为压缩和编织垫的组合。
优选地,在本发明的实施方案中,不饱和聚酯树脂包含1,3-丙二醇。优选地,此为SusterraTM丙二醇。SusterraTM丙二醇可从DuPont Tate&Lyle Bio Products Company,USA获得。SusterraTM丙二醇来源于使用发酵方法的玉米糖(corn sugar),并实现可再生、天然和可持续产品的制造。优选不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。
不饱和聚酯树脂是可商购的。用于本发明的不饱和聚酯树脂的一个实例包括:
(a)1,3-丙二醇
(b)邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)马来酸酐,和
(d)苯乙烯
在本发明的一个实施方案中,不饱和聚酯树脂包括:
(a)29重量%的1,3-丙二醇
(b)24.5重量%的邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)14重量%的马来酸酐,和
(d)32.5重量%的苯乙烯
一种此类树脂可从Eternal Chemical Company Limited以“ETERSET 2522PT”的产品名购得。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,不饱和聚酯树脂包括:
(a)25重量%的1,3-丙二醇
(b)20重量%的邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)15重量%的马来酸酐
(d)40重量%的苯乙烯
一种此类树脂可从Yong Shun Chemical Co Ltd以产品名型号157BQT-BS(BioGala-100)购得。
优选地,不饱和聚酯树脂包括:
(a)20至35%,更优选25至29重量%的1,3-丙二醇
(b)15至30%,更优选20至24.5重量%的邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)10至20%,更优选14至15重量%的马来酸酐,和
(d)30至45%,更优选32.5至40重量%的苯乙烯
优选地,不饱和聚酯树脂进一步包括用于将固化过程活化的催化剂。催化剂可为例如甲基乙基酮过氧化物。例如,催化剂可为“有机过氧化物类型D(organic peroxidetype D)”。合适的催化剂包括甲基乙基酮过氧化物催化剂,例如M-50、HBO-50或28。M-50、HBO-50和28包括邻苯二甲酸二甲酯中的溶液中的甲基乙基酮过氧化物。
向不饱和聚酯树脂中添加催化剂是有利的,因为其加速固化过程。
重要的是在树脂用于植物纤维之前确保催化剂充分混合入树脂。
优选地,不饱和聚酯树脂和催化剂的混合物应含有1至3重量%的催化剂,最优选约2重量%的催化剂。这些范围以外的添加对于树脂的恰当固化是不可取的。例如,具有超过4重量%催化剂的混合物可能无法固化。类似地,具有小于1重量%催化剂的混合物可能固化过于缓慢。
本发明的复合材料可用于多种应用中,包括纤维玻璃的各种应用。在一种特别的应用中,本发明的复合材料可用于人体模型的生产。
本发明因此也提供从本发明的复合材料形成的人体模型。
根据本发明,提供从包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维的复合材料形成的人体模型,所述植物纤维优选包括黄麻纤维并优选为黄麻垫或黄麻麻袋的形式。优选不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。
从黄麻纤维和/或其它植物纤维和不饱和聚酯树脂制作的人体模型的总毛重通常少于从常规的玻璃纤维(例如GRP)生产的人体模型。
独立的试验也表明,根据本发明制作的人体模型提供相比于常规的纤维玻璃人体模型在二氧化碳排放上的显著降低。
在从纤维玻璃制作的产品中,在产品可上色(painted)之前,凝胶涂层必须施用至产品的表面。然而,本发明的复合材料允许涂料直接施用至从材料形成的任何产品如人体模型:不需要凝胶涂层。
用本发明的复合材料生产的产品例如人体模型可用水基涂料上色。
在从本发明的复合材料形成的人体模型中,人体模型的关节和/或手臂可用不饱和聚酯树脂、黄麻纤维(作为植物纤维的实例)和硅粉末填充。树脂、黄麻(例如)和硅粉末混合物是可用于填充缝隙并帮助将人体模型的区域粘接在一起的糊状物质。
根据本发明进一步的方面,提供从本发明的复合材料制作人体模型的方法。
制作人体模型的方法包括:
(a)将黄麻和/或其它植物纤维的片铺放在人体模型模具中,
(b)向片施用本文描述的不饱和聚酯树脂,
(c)使树脂固化,和
(d)将固化产品从人体模型模具脱模。
制作人体模型的方法优选包括:
(a)向人体模型模具施用如本文所述的不饱和聚酯树脂,
(b)将黄麻和/或其它植物纤维的片铺放在人体模型模具中,
(c)向片施用不饱和聚酯树脂,
(d)使树脂固化,和
(e)将固化产品从人体模型模具脱模。
在步骤(a)中,首先将树脂施用至模具,并可使其开始固化,由此在模具的表面形成轻微的皮。
在步骤(b)中,片铺放在模具中,优选确保相邻片的最少叠加,和最大叠加为25mm。
在步骤(c)中,可使用刷或辊将树脂施用于片,并且所得的复合材料可用金属辊和/或手压来压缩,以从材料除去空气。
在步骤(c)和(d)之间,金属装置周围的任何接头可用不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维的短切原丝的组合来填充,以产生糊。
片优选为具有黄麻纤维的黄麻片,其形式为黄麻垫或黄麻麻袋。片可包含黄麻纤维或其它源自布、纱线、麻线、再循环麻袋和再循环衣物的植物纤维,意指闭环再循环是可能的。
在本发明的实施方案中,人体模型可用单个人体模型模具形成。可选地,同一人体模型的不同部件可用不同的人体模型模具形成(例如,人体模型的躯干可与手臂和腿分别形成)。如果使用多个模具,必须将固化产品组装以形成完整的人体模型。
脱模剂例如蜡可在片或不饱和聚酯树脂放置在模具中之前施用于模具。脱模剂可在生产第一物件时施用于模具,然后通常在生产的每个第二人体模型脱模后再次施用。
优选地,用可为毛制品和/或聚酯的刷或辊将不饱和聚酯树脂施用于片。
为了确保良好的抛光,应优选空气不被限制在片和模具之间。
取决于人体模型所需的厚度,在方法的步骤(b)之后可施用另外的片和另外的不饱和聚酯树脂。
优选地,在树脂已施用于片之后,施加压力以帮助树脂使片饱和。例如,可通过手或者通过用真空或辊施加压力。压力的施加也帮助除去空陷(air pocket)。
一旦树脂固化,可将人体模型从模具脱模并通过例如修毛边(trimming)而抛光。然后,如果需要,可将人体模型上色。在产品可上色之前,不必向人体模型的表面施用凝胶涂层。

Claims (14)

1.一种复合材料,其包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维,其中所述植物纤维为再循环麻袋或再循环布料的形式;
所述不饱和聚酯树脂包括:
(a)20至35重量%的1,3-丙二醇
(b)15至30重量%的邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)10至20重量%的马来酸酐,和
(d)30至45重量%的苯乙烯。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中所述不饱和聚酯树脂为可生物降解的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其中所述植物纤维为黄麻纤维。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其中所述复合材料以2:1至3:1的重量:重量比包含不饱和聚酯树脂和植物纤维。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其中所述不饱和聚酯树脂进一步包含催化剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的复合材料,其中所述催化剂为甲基乙基酮过氧化物。
7.根据权利要求5所述的复合材料,其中不饱和聚酯树脂和催化剂的混合物含有1至3重量%的催化剂。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其中所述不饱和聚酯树脂包含:
(a)25至29重量%的1,3-丙二醇
(b)20至24.5重量%的邻苯二甲酸酐
(c)14至15重量%的马来酸酐,和
(d)32.5至40重量%的苯乙烯。
9.一种人体模型或其部件,其由根据权利要求1-8中的任一项所述的复合材料形成。
10.一种从根据权利要求1-8中的任一项所述的复合材料制作人体模型或其部件的方法,其中制作人体模型或其部件的方法包括:
(a)将黄麻或其它植物纤维的片铺放在模具中,其中所述植物纤维为再循环麻袋或再循环布料,
(b)将不饱和聚酯树脂施用至所述片,
(c)使所述树脂固化,和
(d)将固化产品从所述模具脱模。
11.根据权利要求10所述的制作人体模型或其部件的方法,其中在步骤
(a)之前将不饱和聚酯树脂的层施用至模具。
12.根据权利要求10或权利要求11所述的制作人体模型或其部件的方法,其中在将所述片放置在所述模具中之前将脱模剂施用至模具。
13.根据权利要求10或11所述的制作人体模型或其部件的方法,其中在步骤(b)之后施用另外的片和另外的不饱和聚酯树脂。
14.根据权利要求10或11所述的制作人体模型或其部件的方法,其中在施用所述树脂之后,向所述复合材料施加压力。
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