CN106047930A - 一种PS1基因条件性敲除flox大鼠的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种PS1基因条件性敲除flox大鼠的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN106047930A
CN106047930A CN201610548051.7A CN201610548051A CN106047930A CN 106047930 A CN106047930 A CN 106047930A CN 201610548051 A CN201610548051 A CN 201610548051A CN 106047930 A CN106047930 A CN 106047930A
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沈月雷
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种PS1基因条件性敲除flox大鼠的制备方法,该方法利用在PS1基因关键外显子两端添加Cre重组酶靶向序列loxP位点,构建条件性基因敲除载体,再进行显微注射的方法,制备可用于PS1条件性基因敲除的flox大鼠。该大鼠与Cre大鼠交配即可获得组织特异性或诱导性组织特异性PS1基因敲除大鼠。本发明基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的条件性基因敲除方法,可减少对其他细胞的危害,只需Cre工具鼠即可实现特异性基因敲除;且获得的PS1基因条件性敲除大鼠还可以作为研究阿尔兹海默症等疾病的动物模型,这对于研究PS1基因的功能,尤其是研究PS1基因在神经组织中的功能,具有重要的应用高价值。

Description

一种PS1基因条件性敲除flox大鼠的制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于动物基因工程和基因遗传修饰领域,具体地说,涉及基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的PS1基因条件性敲除的flox大鼠模型的构建方法。
背景技术
在实验动物领域,虽然小鼠是当前更为流行的动物模型,但对许多研究者而言,大鼠仍是首选。原因是相对小鼠,大鼠除体型更大更适合体内成像、电生理、手术等操作外,在生理、行为、代谢等方面与人类更接近,并且在部分疾病模型中,基因工程大鼠弥补了基因工程小鼠的局限性,例如许多心血管类疾病可以在大鼠而不能在小鼠上实现,研究表明大鼠具有更准确的炎症疾病和包括帕金森、亨廷顿氏病、阿尔兹海默症在内的神经系统疾病表型等。因此在神经行为研究的初期,大鼠是最常用的模式动物。大鼠行为表现多样、情绪敏感,适应新环境、探索性强,具有行为情绪的变化特征,在许多标准的神经药理学任务中表现良好,广泛应用于行为学及行为异常、高级神经活动的研究。
阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer,AD)是病因尚不明确的,且最常见、最为严峻的老年神经退行性疾病之一。AD患者的症状主要表现为渐进性记忆障碍、认知功能障碍、人格改变及语言障碍等精神症状,严重影响社交、职业与生活动能;疾病后期的患者无法识别亲人、生活无法自理。因此AD是一个给家庭和社会造成巨大冲击的老年疾病。目前没有有效的治疗手段。自上世界80年代到目前对AD发病机制进行了大量研究,但确切的发明机制仍不明确。阿尔兹海默症的标志性症状之一为β-淀粉样蛋白沉淀形成的斑块(plaque),而β-淀粉样沉淀的产生是APP蛋白经过一系列蛋白酶切割产生的短肽聚集而来。在此切割过程中,最关键的蛋白酶是γ-分泌酶。研究表明组成γ-分泌酶的PS1蛋白的基因中至少有200多个突变与阿尔茨海默氏症病人相关,部分家族性AD的患者(FAD)还携有APP基因突变。这些突变成为研究AD发病机制的切入点。
PS1基因编码产物早老蛋白1(presenilin-1)是γ-分泌酶催化亚单元的重要组成部分。近年来的研究表明,PS1不仅参与胚胎发育的调控,并且参与β-APP代谢途径、Notch信号通路、E-cadherin细胞间相互作用、Wnt信号通路的调控等。PS1与散发性及家族性阿尔兹海默症(AD)、家族反常性痤疮、扩展性心肌病(Dilated Cardiomyopathy)等疾病都具有相关性。
Jie Shen等人制备了PS1基因敲除小鼠,发现该小鼠围产期致死,中枢骨架严重变形,前脑细胞缺失及神经系统损伤严重;表明PS1参与了胚胎期形成正常中枢骨骼、神经和神经元过程。PS1、PS2均为γ-分泌酶的主要组分。Dorit B Donoviel等人制备了PS2基因敲除小鼠,发现该小鼠并无异常表型,随后他们尝试制备PS1、PS2双敲小鼠,发现该小鼠胚胎阶段即表现出多种模式形成缺陷而导致胚胎致死。Huakui Yu等人采用传统的ES细胞打靶的制备了PS1前脑特异性条件敲除小鼠,该小鼠可正常存活、无严重畸形,且表现出神经退化的特征,但并未出现β-淀粉样沉淀。目前还有多种常见的AD转基因小鼠,但多为家族性AD基因突变相关的过表达突变株APP或PS1,甚至两者共同表达的双转基因模式,但这些模型都尚不能较全面的模拟AD。
由于目前现有的模型小鼠存有的各种缺陷,相比小鼠,大鼠在认知行为检测及电生理记录上有明显优势,而且目前大鼠模型相对缺乏,其主要原因是大鼠基因工程技术的限制严重阻碍了大鼠模型的发展。直到2008年才建立了可用于基因打靶的大鼠胚胎干细胞(小鼠是1981年),但建立的胚胎干细胞分化和生殖细胞传代效率低下,严重限制了大鼠ES打靶技术的应用。此后,不依赖ES细胞的基因修饰技术不断完善,包括转座子及逆转座子、TALENs、ZFN技术,但这些技术制备基因工程大鼠的效率低下,且只能实现系统敲除,不易实现条件敲除,这对致死基因和特定组织的研究不利。
CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated)系统是一种原核生物特有的针对外源性遗传物质的免疫系统,通过序列特异的RNA介导,切割降解外源性DNA,包括噬菌体和外源质粒。CRISPR/Cas系统可以作为一种具有位点特异性的基因编辑系统,其最大的特点是操作简单、成本低、作用高效。2013年,科学家首次报道CRISPR/Cas系统在细胞上应用成功,随后,在斑马鱼、果蝇、小鼠、大鼠、猪中迅速得到应用。CRISPR/Cas系统凭借其巨大优势迅速成为基因编辑工具中的佼佼者,在基因功能研究、疾病模型、基因治疗等领域得到广泛的应用。近几年随着CRISPR/Cas9技术的发展,大鼠基因修饰模型已经具有可行性。目前尚未见到CRISPR/Cas9系统表达敲除fPS1基因大鼠模型的报道。
综上所述,目前PS1基因的功能未知,也没有相关的大鼠模型用于研究,因此本领域迫切需要能研究PS1基因,进而用于有关的药物开发的合适动物模型。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种条件性敲除PS1基因的载体及其应用。
本发明的另一目的是利用CRISPR-Cas9系统介导同源重组PS1基因修饰以获得条件性敲除PS1基因的flox大鼠。
本发明首先提供一种质粒LScKO,以pUC19载体骨架,载体上引入两个LoxP位点和多克隆位点。
优选地,质粒LScKO是用EcoRI和HindIII酶切pUC19载体,将核苷酸序列如SEQ IDNO.10所示的片段连至pUC19载体得到。
本发明提供一种条件性敲除PS1基因的同源重组载体,通过以下步骤制备得到:
(1)以野生型大鼠基因组为模板,PCR扩增A、B、C三段同源重组片段;B片段为PS1基因的第4外显子,其核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.9所示,A、C片段为PS1基因的第4外显子的同源左、右臂,其核苷酸序列分别如SEQ ID NO.7-8所示;
(2)将A、B、C片段分别与上述的LScKO载体连接,构建条件性敲除PS1基因的同源重组载体。
优选地,扩增A、B、C片段的引物分别如SEQ ID NO.1-2、SEQ ID NO.3-4、SEQ IDNO.5-6所示。
本发明提供了上述同源重组载体在制备转基因大鼠中的应用。
本发明提供了特异性靶向大鼠PS1基因的sgRNA,其DNA序列如以下任一对所示:SEQ ID NO.20-21;SEQ ID NO.22-23;SEQ ID NO.24-25;SEQ ID NO.26-27;SEQ ID NO.28-29;SEQ ID NO.30-31;SEQ ID NO.32-33;SEQ ID NO.34-35;SEQ ID NO.36-37;SEQ IDNO.38-39;SEQ ID NO.40-41;SEQ ID NO.42-43;SEQ ID NO.44-45;SEQ ID NO.46-47;SEQID NO.48-49;SEQ ID NO.50-51。
优选地,特异性靶向大鼠PS1基因的sgRNA为表3中的sgRNA-2和sgRNA-13,其DNA序列分别如SEQ ID NO.22-23所示或如SEQ ID NO.44-45所示。
本发明提供了含有上述sgRNA的CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体。
本发明提供了一种条件性敲除PS1基因的flox大鼠的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)选4-5周龄发育良好的SD雌鼠,腹腔注射孕马血清促性腺激素20IU,48小时后注射人绒毛促性腺激素20IU;
2)所述SD雌鼠经过步骤1)的激素超排处理后,与SD公鼠合笼,次日清晨挑选检栓成功的雌鼠,从检栓成功的雌鼠得到单细胞受精卵;
3)选8周龄以上的正常SD雌鼠与输精管结扎过的SD公鼠合笼,次日选取检栓成功的雌鼠,即为假孕SD雌鼠;
4)将权利要求4所述的sgRNA和Cas9mRNA及权利要求2所述的同源重组载体溶液利用显微注射方法直接注入单细胞受精卵的胞浆内,通过调节半定量仪的注射时间和注射压力来调整合适的注射量,以溶液明显流入胞浆而不至于导致细胞死亡为止;其中Cas9mRNA和重组载体的浓度范围在30-50ng/μL,sgRNA的浓度范围在15-30ng/μL,优选的浓度分别是30ng/μL及15ng/μL;
5)注射后的受精卵在培养基中短暂培养后,移植到假孕SD雌鼠的输卵管内,待产仔后,经PCR鉴定阳性的大鼠即为阳性大鼠。
本发明提供了上述同源重组载体与CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体在制备研究阿尔茨海默病相关动物模型中的应用。
本发明提供了上述同源重组载体与CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体在制备与阿尔茨海默病相关疾病动物模型用于治疗药物研发中的应用。
本发明提供了一种条件性敲除PS1基因的动物模型,其基因组中含有本发明所述的同源重组载体。
优选地,所述动物为大鼠、小鼠、斑马鱼。
利用本方法构建的flox大鼠具备以下优点:1)制备过程简单,操作简便、效率高;2)可与不同Cre工具大鼠交配,即可得到组织特异性敲除PS1基因的大鼠,便于研究PS1基因在不同组织中的功能;3)还可选择与启动子诱导表达Cre的工具大鼠交配,获得诱导性表达组织特异性敲除PS1基因的大鼠,这在研究阿尔兹海默症等老年性疾病中可能有助于更好的模拟人类AD疾病的机理,进而用于有关的药物开发。
附图说明
图1为PS1基因大鼠构建的基因打靶策略。
图2为LScKO质粒图谱。
图3为重组载体酶切电泳图,M为标准条带,1、2、3、4分别为4个克隆的酶切结果。
图4为pT7-sgRNA质粒图谱。
图5A为针对5’端靶位点设计的8组sgRNA活性检测结果,其sgRNA编号为sgRNA1-sgRNA8,图5B为针对3’端靶位点设计的8组sgRNA活性检测结果,其sgRNA编号为sgRNA9-sgRNA16,其中,NC为阴性对照,PC为阳性对照,WT为空白。
图6A为首建鼠第一对引物的PCR结果,图6B为首建鼠第二对引物的PCR结果,+:阳性对照;-:阴性对照;其它未标注的条带为非阳性的大鼠。
图7A为fPS1大鼠第一对引物的PCR结果,图7B为fPS1大鼠第二对引物的PCR结果,+:阳性对照;-:阴性对照。
图8为fPS1大鼠southern blot结果。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。在不背离本发明精神和实质的情况下,对本发明方法、步骤或条件所作的修改或替换,均属于本发明的范围。
NotI、HindIII、EcoRI、NdeI酶购自NEB,货号为分别R3189S、R310M、R3101M、R0111L。Top10感受态细胞购自Tiangen公司,货号为CB104-02;Xtra MaxiPlus EF购自Macherey-Nagel,货号为740426。Cas9mRNA来源:SIGMA,货号:CAS9MRNA-1EA。
实施例1 PS1基因同源重组载体的构建
该载体设计是将PS1基因的第4外显子敲除,从而实现失活整个基因。首先从野生型SD大鼠组织基因组DNA扩增3段同源重组片段(A,B和C),分别通过酶切连接的方式连接至LScKO载体,构建PS1条件性基因敲除载体质粒。LScKO载体图谱见图2。骨架来源(载体骨架为pUC19,来自Takara,货号3219)经发明人设计改造,载体上引入LoxP位点和多克隆位点,见图2。具体改造方式如下:由质粒合成公司合成片段DNA(如SEQ ID NO.10),用EcoRI和HindIII酶切pUC19载体,将合成的片段连至pUC19载体上,经测序公司测序验证,结果表明获得了正确的目的质粒。
1、三段同源重组片段引物设计
根据实验设计方案,设计扩增同源重组片段(A,B和C)的引物,利用NCBI引物设计软件设计结果见表1。
表1 同源重组片段扩增引物
2、同源重组片段的PCR扩增
以野生型SD大鼠组织基因组DNA为模板,使用KOD-Plus-酶扩增三段同源重组片段(A、B和C)
反应体系(20μL)如下:
表2 PCR扩增反应条件:
*a不同引物退火温度见表1,
*b每个循环降0.7℃,退火温度为首次反应温度。
3、目的片段与载体质粒连接
依次将B、A、C三个片段依次连接至载体质粒,具体连接位置见图2,连接反应体系(10μL)如下:
其中以上反应体系载体以10ng为优;室温反应至少20min(也可过夜处理)。
将最终反应得到的载体质粒转化入大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞中,涂平板并挑取单菌落接种于含100mg/L氨苄青霉素的LB培养基中,37℃振荡培养12-16小时,8000×g离心10min收集菌体。使用Xtra Maxi Plus EF大提试剂盒,按照说明书方法提取质粒。
4、重组载体的鉴定
随机挑选四个克隆,用限制性内切酶NotI、HindIII、EcoRI和NdeI对重组载体进行酶切,而后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,电泳结果如图3所示。连接正确的结果为:
NotI、HindIII:应得到1235bp+5300bp
EcoRI:应得到484bp+2437bp+3614bp
NdeI:应得到2914bp+3621bp
根据电泳结果图中条带的大小初步判断重组载体全部构建正确,再将3、4号质粒送测序公司进行测序验证,结果表明获得了目的重组载体的质粒。
实施例2 CRISPR/Cas9打靶质粒的构建
1、sgRNA片段设计、合成与构建:
表3 sgRNA片段序列
1、具体设计如下:
(a)在NCBI上寻找PS1基因的相关信息;该基因ID号为29192,位于第6号染色体上,约47.98kb,
(b)利用Crispr软件(http://crispr.mit.edu/)设计sgRNA片段
(c)在NCBI数据库上对选择的靶点进行分析,确定敲除区域。选择脱靶位点较少的sgRNA位点,最后将靶位点定在4号外显子上。
2、针对5’端靶位点设计的8组sgRNA,其sgRNA编号为sgRNA1-sgRNA8,针对3’端靶位点设计的8组sgRNA,其sgRNA编号为sgRNA9-sgRNA16,序列见表3。使用本公司自主开发的UCA活性检测方法检测sgRNA活性,5’靶位点活性检测结果见图5A,3’靶位点活性检测结果见图5A。优选活性最高的两对sgRNA(分别sgRNA-2和sgRNA-13)用于基因编辑,将片段退火为双链片段;
退火的条件如下:将一对sgRNA单链用水溶解至终浓度为100μM,各取15μL混合,放入沸水浴5min,然后自然缓慢降至低于40℃即可。
3、将上述两对sgRNA退火后的双链片段分别连接到pT7-sgRNA载体中得到连接产物(sgRNA表达质粒),并利用构建的质粒进行以T7启动子介导的体外转录,即以T7启动子作为体外转录的启动子,利用RNA聚合酶在体外实现从DNA到mRNA的转录过程。
(a)连接反应的体系如下:
室温连接10-30min,转化至30μL TOP10感受态细胞中,然后取200μL涂布于Kan抗性的平板,37℃培养12小时后挑选2个克隆接种含有Kan抗性的LB培养基(5ml)中,37℃,250rpm摇培至少12小时后,小提质粒送测序公司测序。
pT7-sgRNA载体图谱见图4如下。该质粒骨架来源Takara,货号3299。由质粒合成公司合成含有T7启动子及sgRNA scaffold的片段DNA(如SEQ ID NO.11所示)并依次通过酶切(EcoRI及BamHI)连接至骨架载体上,经专业测序公司测序验证,结果表明获得了目的质粒。
(b)体外转录
测序通过后,使用Ambion体外转录试剂盒MEGA shortscriptTM Kit(货号AM1354)按照说明书方法,对上述的2个阳性克隆进行体外转录。反应产物经离心、收集柱纯化后得到sgRNA的体外转录产物(mRNA)。
实施例3 利用针对PS1基因的CRISPR-Cas9系统mRNA生产flox大鼠
1、显微注射及受精卵移植
取SD大鼠的原核期受精卵,利用显微注射仪将预混好的实施例2获得的2组sgRNA的转录产物、Cas9mRNA和实施例1制得的重组载体的混合物,注射至大鼠受精卵的胞浆内,注射后的受精卵转移至培养液中短暂培养,然后移植至受体雌鼠的输卵管中发育,转移177个胚胎获得32只首建鼠(即founder鼠)。
显微注射法制备转基因大鼠的具体方法如下:
1)选4-5周龄发育良好的SD雌鼠,腹腔注射孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)20IU,48小时后注射人绒毛促性腺激素(hCG)20IU;
2)所述SD雌鼠经过步骤1)的激素超排处理后,与SD公鼠按1:1合笼,次日清晨挑选检栓成功的雌鼠,从检栓成功的雌鼠得到单细胞受精卵;
3)选8周龄以上的正常SD雌鼠与输精管结扎过的SD公鼠按1:1合笼,次日选取检栓成功的雌鼠,即为假孕SD雌鼠;
4)将预混好的Cas9mRNA/sgRNA混合物及重组载体溶液利用显微注射方法直接注入单细胞受精卵的胞浆内,通过调节半定量仪的注射时间和注射压力来调整合适的注射量,以溶液明显流入胞浆而不至于导致细胞死亡为止;其中Cas9mRNA和重组载体的浓度范围在30-50ng/μL,sgRNA的浓度范围在15-30ng/μL,优选的浓度分别是30ng/μL及15ng/μL;
5)注射后的受精卵在培养基中短暂培养30min后,移植到假孕SD雌鼠的输卵管内,待产仔后,经PCR鉴定阳性的大鼠即为阳性大鼠。本次共转移177个胚胎得到32只founder鼠。
2、阳性大鼠的鉴定
对32只大鼠的鼠尾基因组DNA进行PCR分析,引物针对PS1基因的第4外显子,引物对序列如下:
第一对引物:
上游引物:GACTCCACAGTCATGGTCACACTGT
下游引物:GACGCCTAGATTGTGCTACTCTCAGCT
第二对引物:
上游引物:CGTGCTAGATCGACTGCTAGAGTGAC
下游引物:GCCTGGCACTCACCTTGTAGCACC
如果重组载体插入正确,则有PCR条带,产物长度应为2993bp;如果重组载体未插入,则无PCR条带。
PCR体系与实施例1中同源重组片段的PCR扩增体系一致;PCR扩增反应条件如表4:
表4
*每个循环降0.7℃
32只大鼠中,共有3只经鉴定为阳性大鼠。3只大鼠的PCR鉴定结果见图,阳性为一条2993bp的特异条带。其中,编号为3、6和7的为阳性大鼠。见图6A和图6B。
实施例4 fPS1大鼠的鉴定、繁育和传代扩群
fPS1首建鼠(founder鼠,即F0代大鼠)建成后,与野生型SD大鼠杂交进行传代、培育。培养方法按照常规大鼠饲养模式进行。同时对所得的子代大鼠进行PCR鉴定及Southernblot分析。
PCR分析方法同实施例3。应用Southern blot方法对24只PCR确认为阳性大鼠进行进一步确认,剪取鼠尾提取基因组DNA,选用Scal酶消化基因组,转膜,杂交。探针P1、P2分别位于片段A外侧及片段C上。探针合成引物如下:
制备成功的基因工程大鼠经探针杂交分别产生15.5kb和6.7kb或8.1kb大小的条带,而野生型的SD大鼠基因组只有15.5kb的条带,不会有杂交条带产生。实验结果显示杂交条带大小均与预期相符,证实有7只大鼠为阳性大鼠,编号分别为F1-4、F1-9、F1-16、F1-33、F1-37、F1-47、F1-49。
以上结果显示实施例3中构建的fPS1大鼠能够稳定传代,且无随机插入。PCR电泳图见图7A和图7B。Southern blot结果见图8。

Claims (10)

1.一种质粒LScKO,其特征在于,以pUC19载体骨架,载体上引入两个LoxP位点和多克隆位点。
2.一种条件性敲除PS1基因的同源重组载体,其特征在于,通过以下步骤制备得到:
(1)以野生型大鼠基因组为模板,PCR扩增A、B、C三段同源重组片段;B片段为PS1基因的第4外显子,其核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.9所示,A、C片段为PS1基因的第4外显子的同源左、右臂,其核苷酸序列分别如SEQ ID NO.7-8所示;
(2)将A、B、C片段分别与权利要求1所述的LscKO载体连接,构建条件性敲除PS1基因的同源重组载体。
3.权利要求2所述的同源重组载体在制备基因工程大鼠中的应用。
4.特异性靶向大鼠PS1基因的sgRNA,其特征在于,其DNA序列如以下任一对所示:SEQID NO.20-21;SEQ ID NO.22-23;SEQ ID NO.24-25;SEQ ID NO.26-27;SEQ ID NO.28-29;SEQ ID NO.30-31;SEQ ID NO.32-33;SEQ ID NO.34-35;SEQ ID NO.36-37;SEQ ID NO.38-39;SEQ ID NO.40-41;SEQ ID NO.42-43;SEQ ID NO.44-45;SEQ ID NO.46-47;SEQ IDNO.48-49;SEQ ID NO.50-51。
5.含有权利要求4所述sgRNA的CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体。
6.一种用于条件性敲除PS1基因的flox大鼠的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)选4-5周龄发育良好的SD雌鼠,腹腔注射孕马血清促性腺激素20IU,48小时后注射人绒毛促性腺激素20IU;
2)所述SD雌鼠经过步骤1)的激素超排处理后,与SD公鼠合笼,次日清晨挑选检栓成功的雌鼠,从检栓成功的雌鼠得到单细胞受精卵;
3)选8周龄以上的正常SD雌鼠与输精管结扎过的SD公鼠合笼,次日选取检栓成功的雌鼠,即为假孕SD雌鼠;
4)将权利要求4所述的sgRNA和Cas9mRNA及权利要求2所述的同源重组载体溶液利用显微注射方法直接注入单细胞受精卵的胞浆内,通过调节半定量仪的注射时间和注射压力来调整合适的注射量,以溶液明显流入胞浆而不至于导致细胞死亡为止;其中Cas9mRNA和重组载体的浓度范围在30-50ng/μL,sgRNA的浓度范围在15-30ng/μL,优选的浓度分别是30ng/μL及15ng/μL;
5)注射后的受精卵在培养基中短暂培养后,移植到假孕SD雌鼠的输卵管内,待产仔后,经PCR鉴定阳性的大鼠即为阳性大鼠。
7.权利要求2所述的同源重组载体与权利要求5所述的CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体在制备研究阿尔茨海默病相关动物模型中的应用。
8.权利要求2所述的同源重组载体与权利要求5所述的CRISPR/Cas9打靶载体在制备与阿尔茨海默病相关疾病动物模型用于治疗药物研发中的应用。
9.一种用于条件性敲除PS1基因的动物模型,其基因组中含有权利要求2所述的同源重组载体。
10.如权利要求9所述的动物模型,所述动物为大鼠,小鼠或斑马鱼。
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