CN106007709A - 一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法 - Google Patents

一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法 Download PDF

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CN106007709A
CN106007709A CN201610317300.1A CN201610317300A CN106007709A CN 106007709 A CN106007709 A CN 106007709A CN 201610317300 A CN201610317300 A CN 201610317300A CN 106007709 A CN106007709 A CN 106007709A
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张斗
廖晶晶
周科朝
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Abstract

一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法,包括陶瓷浆料配置,真空除气泡,注模固化,干燥,排胶,烧结;陶瓷浆料配置为由陶瓷粉体,分散剂,溶剂及有机单体组成预混液球磨12‑72h;预混液中陶瓷粉体体积分数为40%‑60%,陶瓷粉体为氧化锆、锆钛酸铅中一种或几种,陶瓷粉体粒径为亚微米及纳米级,分散剂为聚丙烯酸,聚丙烯酸氨、聚羧酸中一种或几种,溶剂为水,有机单体为海因环氧树脂;陶瓷浆料经真空除气泡后,加入固化剂3,3−二氨基二丙胺,混合均匀后注模固化,干燥得生坯;固化剂加入量为海因环氧树脂质量的17%~20%。本发明制备的生坯强度大,致密度高并具有足够强度承受脱模过程中剪切应力和机加工,可适用于陶瓷结构件及陶瓷生物牙和金属陶瓷制备。

Description

一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法
技术领域
本发明属于陶瓷材料加工成型技术,具体涉及一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法。
背景技术
陶瓷材料因与牙釉质的透明度和折射率接近,外观效果相近天然牙,并具有良好的生物相容性,使陶瓷基底冠及陶瓷牙在口腔修复中的应用越来越广泛。氧化锆是广泛使用的一种结构材料和生物陶瓷材料,其在机械结构件及牙科材料中具有重要的应用,长期以来,受到了材料工作者广泛关注和深入研究。和其它工程陶瓷一样,进二十年来,氧化锆陶瓷的先进成型技术研究是主要的研究热点之一。
但陶瓷材料包括氧化锆陶瓷烧结后很难进行机加工,故人们一直在寻求复杂形状陶瓷元件的净尺寸成型方法,这已成为保证陶瓷元件质量和获得具有实际应用价值材料的重要环节。
陶瓷的凝胶注模成型是继注浆成型、注射成型之后发展起来的一种近净尺寸成型工艺,由美国橡树岭国家实验室研制开发成功。其工艺的特点是:陶瓷粉末分散在有机单体溶液中,有机单体在催化剂/引发剂或热作用下,发生原位聚合反应形成网状结构将陶瓷粉末包裹其中,成为硬实的坯体。相对注浆成型来说,凝胶注模成型周期短,制品的结构与密度均匀,性能稳定可靠;与注射成型相比,凝胶注模成型不需要昂贵的成型模具,一般以水作分散介质,只需少量的粘合剂,因此不需要严格的排胶工序,适合批生产及特殊制件的一次成型。
然而,陶瓷的凝胶注模成型过程中面临着下述的几个问题:
1、目前凝胶注模成型关于浆料的制备中针对亚微米甚至纳米级别陶瓷颗粒的分散技术以及凝胶注模成型技术研究较少,阻碍了超精细陶瓷结构成型的发展,因此如何通过调控陶瓷颗粒在溶剂介质中的胶体特性,引入合适的分散剂增加颗粒之间静电排斥力及空间位阻,实现亚微米纳米陶瓷颗粒凝胶注模成型技术是研究的重点问题之一。
2、相比于其他陶瓷成型工艺而言,凝胶注模成型最大优势在于生坯具有优异的力学性能,为复杂形状陶瓷零部件成型提供了保证。然而随着产品向微型化、三维化方向发展,陶瓷微纳器件需求不断增加,为实现具有精细尺寸、高深宽比陶瓷微结构的加工制备,必须保证陶瓷生坯具有足够强度以承受脱模过程中剪切应力作用而不发生断裂损坏。虽然凝胶注模成型工艺经过多年的发展,在新型凝胶体系的开发方面取得了一系列重要进展,但研究主要是基于凝胶体系毒性以及与凝胶注模成型工艺适用性的角度出发,如何有效制得高强度陶瓷生坯的研究进展十分缓慢。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明提供凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法,采用的原料粉体粒径为亚微米及纳米级,制备的陶瓷浆料生坯强度大,致密度高并具有足够强度承受脱模过程中剪切应力和机加工,是陶瓷材料的近净尺寸成型技术,可适用于陶瓷结构件及陶瓷生物牙和金属陶瓷的制备。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法,包括陶瓷浆料的配置,真空除气泡,注模固化,干燥,排胶,烧结;
所述的陶瓷浆料配置为将含有陶瓷粉体,分散剂,溶剂及有机单体的预混液进行混合球磨12~72h;预混液中陶瓷粉体的体积分数为40%~60%,所述的陶瓷粉体为氧化锆、锆钛酸铅中的一种或几种,所述的陶瓷粉体的粒径为亚微米及纳米级,所述的分散剂为聚丙烯酸,聚丙烯酸铵、聚羧酸中的一种或几种,所述的溶剂为水,所述的有机单体为海因环氧树脂;所述的陶瓷浆料经真空除气泡后,加入固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺,混合均匀后浇注入相应的模具中注模固化,干燥得到生坯;所述的固化剂加入量为海因环氧树脂的质量的17-20%。
预混液中有机单体的质量分数为10~30%,分散剂的质量分数为0.2%~1%,预混液的PH通过酸或碱控制在6~10。
预混液经过12~72h的球磨后获得了均匀的高固相,低粘度的浆料,向该浆料中加入消泡剂,随后放入真空除气装置中进行真空除气泡,所述的消泡剂为正辛醇。
所述的陶瓷浆料的固化时间为0.5h-6h。
将固化后的生坯脱模放置于室温下干燥12-48h,随后分别于40℃和80℃干燥12-48h,可获得致密度大于百分之五十的生坯产品。
根据后续陶瓷产品的加工需求,可对生坯进行选择性的机械加工后脱脂排胶烧结,获得高致密度,高强度的陶瓷成品。
所述的烧结方式为脱脂排胶一体化烧结,烧结手段可采用普通马弗炉烧结及微波烧结,脱脂段温升速率为1℃/min,烧成段温升速率为5℃/min,烧成陶瓷制品的致密度大于98%。烧结温度是1300℃-1600℃。
脱脂排胶一体化烧结可简化操作工序,大大缩短排胶和烧结时间,减少能耗和经济劳动成本。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明的凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷所用的陶瓷原料粉体颗粒为亚微米及纳米级别,属于超精细陶瓷结构成型,本发明的体系为氧化锆、锆钛酸铅的陶瓷粉体的水体系,为获得高固相含量浆料良好的分散效果,特别选用的分散剂为聚丙烯酸,聚丙烯酸氨、聚羧酸,可获得固相体积分数为40-60%的稳定分散高固相含量浆料,为烧结坯的高致密度及高强度提供了可靠的保障;为配合本发明的水体系并进一步配合选用了固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺及海因环氧树脂,使得制得的生坯其生坯致密度可高达59%,生坯力学强度可达30Mpa以上;同样本发明的烧结品致密度高,强度大,力学性能优异,可进一步机加工,制得的陶瓷生坯具有足够强度可以承受脱模过程中剪切应力作用而不发生断裂损坏,适用于高深宽比陶瓷微结构的加工制备。
附图
图1为凝胶注模成型的工艺流程图
图2为凝胶注模成型制备的氧化锆陶瓷生坯SEM图
图3为凝胶注模成型制备的氧化锆陶瓷烧结坯SEM图
图4为凝胶注模成型制备的氧化锆陶瓷原料粉SEM图
具体实施方式
实施例1
将分散剂、水、PZT粉以及海因环氧树脂混合,海因环氧树脂含量(质量分数)为15%、PZT粉体固相含量为54%、分散剂为聚丙烯酸铵,含量为0.6%,调PH值为7,加入1~2滴的正辛醇作为消泡剂,球磨24h后,加入质量分数相对于海因环氧树脂的含量为17.6%的固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺,抽真空除去气泡,然后将浆料浇注至模具,样品在80℃条件下干燥20h,脱模获得PZT生坯,对生坯进行脱脂及烧结后得烧结坯,对生坯及烧结坯进行力学性能测试得生坯和烧结坯的强度分别为32和76MPa,烧结坯致密度高达99%。
实施例2
将分散剂、乙醇、PZT粉以及海因环氧树脂混合,海因环氧树脂含量(质量分数)为20%、PZT粉体固相含量为58%、分散剂为聚丙烯酸铵,含量为0.8%,调PH值为8,加入1~2滴的正辛醇作为消泡剂,球磨24h后,加入质量分数相对于海因环氧树脂的含量为19%的固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺,抽真空除去气泡,然后将浆料浇注至模具,样品在80℃条件下干燥36h,脱模获得氮化硼生坯,对生坯进行脱脂及烧结后得烧结坯,对烧结坯进行力学性能测试得烧结坯的强度为360MPa,致密度高达99.6%。
实施例3
将分散剂、水、氧化锆粉以及海因环氧树脂混合,海因环氧树脂含量(质量分数)为15%、氧化锆粉体固相含量为50%、分散剂为聚丙烯酸铵,含量为0.4%,调PH值为9,加入1~2滴的正辛醇作为消泡剂,球磨24h后,加入质量分数相对于海因环氧树脂的含量为17.6%的固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺,抽真空除去气泡,然后将浆料浇注至模具,样品在80℃条件下干燥48h,脱模获得氧化锆生坯,对生坯进行脱脂及烧结后得烧结坯,对生坯及烧结坯进行力学性能测试得生坯和烧结坯的强度分别为38和120MPa,生坯和烧结坯的致密度分别为54%和99%。
实施例4
其它步骤同实施例3,分散剂为聚羧酸。对生坯及烧结坯进行力学性能测试得生坯和烧结坯的强度分别为34和125MPa,生坯和烧结坯的致密度分别为55%和99%。
实施例5
其它步骤同实施例1,分散剂为聚丙烯酸。对生坯及烧结坯进行力学性能测试得生坯和烧结坯的强度分别为40和80MPa,烧结坯的致密度分99%。
以上是对本发明进行了示例性的描述,显然本发明的实现并不受上述方式的限制,只要采用了本发明技术方案进行的各种改进,或未经改进将本发明的构思和技术方案直接应用于其它场合的,均在本发明的保护范围内。
对比例1
将分散剂、水、氧化锆粉以及海因环氧树脂混合,海因环氧树脂含量(质量分数)为15%、氧化锆粉体固相含量为54%、分散剂为PEI,含量为0.6%,调PH值为7,加入1~2滴的正辛醇作为消泡剂,球磨24h后,发现浆料无法磨开,浇注成型失败。
对比例2
将分散剂、水、氮化硼粉以及海因环氧树脂混合,海因环氧树脂含量(质量分数)为20%、氮化硼粉体固相含量为58%、分散剂为聚丙烯酸铵,含量为0.8%,调PH值为8,加入1~2滴的正辛醇作为消泡剂,球磨24h后,加入质量分数相对于海因环氧树脂的含量为19%的固化剂二丙烯三胺,发现粘度突然急剧增大,导致浆料无法流动,浇注成型失败。

Claims (7)

1.一种凝胶注模成型制备高强度陶瓷的方法,其特征在于,包括陶瓷浆料的配置,真空除气泡,注模固化,干燥,排胶,烧结;
所述的陶瓷浆料配置为将由陶瓷粉体,分散剂,溶剂及有机单体的组成预混液进行混合球磨12-72h;预混液中陶瓷粉体的体积分数为40%-60%,所述的陶瓷粉体为氧化锆、锆钛酸铅中的一种或几种,所述的陶瓷粉体的粒径为亚微米及纳米级,所述的分散剂为聚丙烯酸,聚丙烯酸氨、聚羧酸中的一种或几种,所述的溶剂为水,所述的有机单体为海因环氧树脂;所述的陶瓷浆料经真空除气泡后,加入固化剂3,3-二氨基二丙胺,混合均匀后浇注入相应的模具中注模固化,干燥得到生坯;所述的固化剂加入量为海因环氧树脂的质量的17%~20%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在预混液中有机单体在预混液中的质量分数为10~30%,分散剂的质量分数为0.2%-1%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,预混液的PH通过酸或碱控制在6-10。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,向陶瓷浆料中加入消泡剂,所述的消泡剂为正辛醇。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的陶瓷浆料的固化时间为0.5h-6h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,将固化后的生坯脱模放置于室温下干燥12-48h,随后分别于40℃和80℃干燥12-48h。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,根据后续陶瓷产品的加工需求,对生坯进行选择性的机械加工后脱脂排胶,烧结。
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