CN105734725B - 一种“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229920001690 polydopamine Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- IEECXTSVVFWGSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron(3+);oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Fe+3] IEECXTSVVFWGSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 229940056319 ferrosoferric oxide Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010041 electrostatic spinning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
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- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
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- QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.OCC(N)(CO)CO QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
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- 150000005206 1,2-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WTDRDQBEARUVNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Dopa Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 WTDRDQBEARUVNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UMABOEXDTSGDQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L [OH-].[OH-].O.O.O.[Fe+2] Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].O.O.O.[Fe+2] UMABOEXDTSGDQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JLFVIEQMRKMAIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1l9mnz Chemical compound O.O.O JLFVIEQMRKMAIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
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- CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular oxygen Chemical compound C.O=O CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-dihydroxy-benzene Natural products OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
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- D01F9/21—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F9/22—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyacrylonitriles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/09—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt for making electroconductive or anti-static filaments
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- D01F11/00—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture
- D01F11/10—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture of carbon
- D01F11/12—Chemical after-treatment of artificial filaments or the like during manufacture of carbon with inorganic substances ; Intercalation
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- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
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Abstract
本发明属于纳米纤维材料技术领域,具体为一种“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料及其制备方法。本发明方法包括:将可纺性高分子材料配制成纺丝溶液,通过静电纺丝装置制备得到结构均匀的纳米纤维;通过水浴或水热在纳米纤维表面均匀上载氢氧化氧铁纺锤状纳米棒;将氢氧化氧铁修饰的纤维膜浸泡于多巴胺溶液中,通过调节多巴胺溶液的浓度以及反应时间控制聚多巴胺包覆层的厚度;通过高温碳化处理,实现纤维的碳化,氢氧化氧铁向四氧化三铁以及聚多巴胺向氮掺杂碳材料的转化;利用酸液浸泡去除四氧化三铁。本发明方法安全环保,制备出的碳纤维具有含氮量高、比表面积高、导电率高和稳定的物理化学性能等优点,是制备超级电容器等新能源器件的理想电极材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米纤维材料技术领域,具体涉及一种“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
纳米纤维是一维纳米材料的典型代表,而静电纺丝技术作为一种能够直接连续制备聚合物纳米纤维的方法,一直以来广受关注。制备得到的纳米纤维膜因其具有稳定性好、孔隙率高、比表面积大、导电率高及较多的物质及电子传输孔道等优点,可广泛应用于催化剂载体、储氢材料、吸附材料及超级电容器或锂离子电池的电极材料等,有利于解决当今社会的能源危机及环境污染问题。
传统的静电纺纳米纤维表面光滑,结构单一,很难满足实际应用的需求。多级“囊泡”结构的引入,不仅增加了纤维的粗糙度以及纤维材料的表面积,并且有利于提高材料的表面活性。本发明首次提出“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,旨在通过此新型的具有多级孔洞结构的纤维材料的制备可以弥补传统纤维材料的不足,以期在更多领域得到应用。
多巴胺(3,4—二羟基苯丙氨,dopamine)是L—多巴的儿茶酚衍生物,可以实现在潮湿环境中对材料表面的附着并在温和条件下发生自聚合反应。生成的聚多巴胺是一种具有聚合程度可调控、可二次反应、热稳定性好等优点的生物大分子材料,广泛应用于生物传感器、过滤膜、催化剂载体和生物组织工程等各个领域。本发明利用聚多巴胺的自聚反应将其可控包覆在氢氧化氧铁表面,再通过高温碳化得到核壳结构的碳包覆氧化铁,最后去除氧化铁制备得到具有新型“囊泡串”结构的高比表面积碳纤维材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种制备过程环保、制备成本低廉的新型“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料及其制备方法。
本发明所提供的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料,其制备原料组成包括:可纺高分子、铁盐、多巴胺。
本发明所提供的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料,选用氢氧化氧铁修饰的静电纺纳米纤维为基板,通过多巴胺的氧化自聚反应以及高温碳化过程最后酸洗去含铁氧化物制备得到。
本发明提供的是一种高比表面积、高孔隙率、由聚多巴胺壳层碳化得到的“囊泡”均匀上载的多级结构碳纤维材料。
本发明所提供的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料,其制备过程包括:通过静电纺丝装置得到纳米纤维膜;通过水浴法在纳米纤维表面实现氢氧化氧铁纺锤状纳米棒的均匀上载以及聚多巴胺的可控包覆;通过高温碳化处理,一步实现纤维的碳化,氢氧化氧铁向四氧化三铁以及聚多巴胺向氮掺杂碳材料的转化;通过盐酸去除体系中的四氧化三铁,制备出具有独特“囊泡串”结构的碳纳米纤维材料。具体步骤如下:
(1)将可纺性高分子溶解于溶液中配制成纺丝液,通过单针头静电纺丝技术制备得到纳米纤维膜;
(2)将纳米纤维膜置于鼓风烘箱中烘干,并进行预氧化处理;
(3)将纳米纤维膜置于铁盐溶液中,进行水热(浴)反应,得到氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜;
(4)将氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜置于多巴胺溶液中反应,得到聚多巴胺的包覆层;
(5)将聚多巴胺包覆的氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜进行高温碳化,得到囊泡内含有四氧化三铁的“囊泡串”纳米纤维,记作CNF@Fe3O4@NC;
(6)将CNF@Fe3O4@NC浸泡于酸液中,去除体系中的铁氧化物,得到具有囊泡串结构的纯碳纤维,记作CNF@NC。
本发明中,步骤(1)中所述的可纺性高分子选自聚丙烯腈(PAN),聚酰胺酸(PAA),聚酰胺(PA)以及聚苯乙烯(PS),优选PAN。另配置的纺丝液固含量范围为8%~20%,优选10-12%。
本发明中,步骤(2)中所述的纳米纤维的预氧化处理程序为:1)在空气中缓慢升温至200-300℃,升温速率控制在2~10℃/min范围内;(2)在该温度下保持1-3 h。
本发明中,步骤(3)中所述的铁盐选自氯化铁、硝酸铁、硫酸铁以及乙酸铁,优选氯化铁。铁盐溶液的浓度控制在10~50 mg/mL,优选25 mg/mL。水热(浴)反应温度控制在60~120℃(优选80℃),反应时间为6-12 h。
本发明中,步骤(4)中所述的多巴胺溶液的浓度范围为0.5~3 mg/mL,其中使用pH缓冲液Tris/Tris·HCl,其浓度为10 mM/L;反应温度为55-65℃(优选60℃),反应时间为3-12 h(优选3-6 h)。
本发明中,步骤(5)所述的高温碳化过程为:将所得到的聚多巴胺包覆的氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜置于管式炉中,在氮气氛围中控制程序升温,即从室温升温到400-500℃升温,时间为1-2 h,保温0.5-1 h;然后再升温到600-800℃,升温时间为1-3 h,保温1-2h,优选碳化温度为700℃ ~800℃。
本发明中,步骤(6)所述的去除体系中铁氧化物的酸液,选自盐酸、硝酸、硫酸,或者他们一定配比的混合物。优选浓度为8-15%盐酸溶液。
使用SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、X-射线衍射分析、全自动吸附仪、电化学工作站来表征本发明所获得的“囊泡串”碳纤维材料的结构形貌及用作电化学催化剂的电化学性能,其结果如下:
(1)SEM的测试结果表明:聚丙烯腈(PAN)具有优异的可纺性。通过对纺丝液浓度、电纺工艺等各方面条件的优化,本发明制备得到的PAN纤维表面光滑平整,且直径较为均一分布在300-400 nm之间。此外,PAN纤维呈无规分布,表现出较高孔隙率,为后续FeOOH颗粒和囊泡的生长提供了空间。将PAN纳米纤维膜浸泡在铁盐溶液中,FeOOH纺锤状纳米颗粒呈放射状生长在纤维表面,几乎覆盖了整个纤维表面。进一步上载聚多巴胺(PDA)后,FeOOH纳米颗粒表面形成了一层均匀的PDA包覆层。高温碳化一步实现了纤维的碳化,氢氧化氧铁向四氧化三铁以及聚多巴胺向氮掺杂碳材料的转化过程,形成多级结构的碳纤维材料,参见附图1。进一步通过盐酸去除体系中的四氧化三铁,即制备出具有独特“囊泡串”结构的碳纳米纤维材料,参见附图2;
(2)X射线衍射表征结果表明:本发明中所制备得到的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维表现出纯碳材料的衍射曲线,参见附图3;
(3)全自动吸附仪测试结果表明:本发明中所制备的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维比表面积可达338m2/g,远大于无囊泡结构的纯碳纤维(94 m2/g)。本发明中所制备的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维孔径分布集中在3.7nm和40nm左右,参见附图4;
(4)电化学测试结果表明:本发明中所制备的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维是一种良好的纯碳氧还原催化剂,其起始电位低至90 mV(Vs. RHE)并催化参与为四电子的反应过程。另在抗甲醇稳定性和循环稳定性方面,本发明中所制备的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维也表现出明显优势,参见附图5,6。
本发明涉及了三个基本原理:
(1)聚丙烯腈纳米纤维上含有大量氰基,通过预氧化过程引入羟基、羧基等反应性官能团。这些官能团可作为活性位点,与大分子、小分子、离子、纳米颗粒等在某些条件下发生进一步反应。本发明中在加热条件下,铁离子与聚丙烯腈表面基团发生作用生成氢氧化氧铁颗粒,实现了纺锤状FeOOH颗粒的均匀分布并且也极大增加了复合材料的比表面积;
(2)多巴胺为含氨基的儿茶酚类小分子,可以在温和条件下氧化自聚在几乎任何材料表面形成一层聚多巴胺修饰膜。聚多巴胺有一定反应活性,可以还原金属离子或者接枝其他活性基团。本发明中利用多巴胺的氧化自聚反应,实现聚多巴胺在纺锤状FeOOH颗粒表面的可控包覆,为“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维制备过程的关键步骤;
(3)所制备出聚多巴胺包覆FeOOH上载PAN经过高温碳化,一步实现了纤维的碳化,氢氧化氧铁向四氧化三铁以及聚多巴胺向氮掺杂碳材料的转化过程,形成多级结构的碳纤维材料。聚多巴胺碳化后得到的碳纳米囊泡具有类石墨烯的原子结构,另电活性N的高度掺杂使“囊泡”碳具有更低的阻抗因此增强了碳纤维材料的导电能力。
本发明的显著优点是:
(1)制备过程温和、环保,易于操作,是一种绿色化学制备方法;
(2)设计思路巧妙:采用含有丰富含氧官能团的预氧化聚丙烯腈纤维作为基底通过离子交换法制备得到FeOOH修饰的多级结构纳米纤维,进一步利用多巴胺的特殊性能,实现聚多巴胺在纺锤状FeOOH颗粒表面的可控包覆。碳化后的聚多巴胺仍保持纺锤状的结构,通过离子交换除去其包覆的含铁氧化物即制备得到这种新型“囊泡串”结构的碳纳米纤维;
(3)所制备的“囊泡串”碳纳米纤维具有介孔、微孔和大孔三级孔洞结构,且所制备出来的碳纳米纤维具有较高的比表面积和较高的导电活性。
附图说明
图1是本发明中所制备的纯PAN纤维、PAN@FeOOH、PAN@FeOOH@PDA以及碳化后的CNF@Fe3O4@NC。
图2是本发明中所制备的“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维。
图3是本发明中所制备的材料的XRD图,分别对应于纯PAN、PAN@FeOOH、PAN@FeOOH@PDA、碳化后的CNF@Fe3O4@NC以及除去氧化铁的CNF @NC。
图4是本发明中所制备的纯PAN以及CNF@NC的N2吸附脱附曲线和孔径分布曲线。
图5是本发明中所制备的纯PAN以及CNF@NC的CV和LSV曲线以及和商业Pt/C的性能对比图。
图6是本发明中所制备的CNF@NC以及商业Pt/C的抗甲醇稳定性和循环性能对比图。
图7是本发明中所制备的不同囊泡大小以及囊泡厚度的CNF@NC性能对比图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实例,进一步阐述本发明,应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明做各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
本实施例包括以下步骤:
(1)将聚丙烯腈溶解于二甲基甲酰胺中配制成纺丝液,通过单针头静电纺丝技术制备得到聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜;
(2)将聚丙烯腈纤维膜置于鼓风烘箱中进行预氧化;
(3)将预氧化后聚丙烯腈置于25mg/mL FeCl3·6H2O盐溶液中得到氢氧化氧铁修饰的聚丙烯腈纤维,记作PAN@FeOOH;
(4)将PAN@FeOOH置于1mg/mL多巴胺溶液中3 h得到聚多巴胺的包覆层,记作PAN@FeOOH@PDA;
(5)将PAN@FeOOH@PDA进行高温碳化,得到囊泡内含有四氧化三铁的“囊泡串”纳米纤维,记作CNF@Fe3O4@NC;
(6)将CNF@Fe3O4@NC浸泡于酸液中,去除体系中的铁氧化物得到具有囊泡串结构的纯碳纤维,记作CNF@NC。
实施例2
将实施例1中的多巴胺浸泡时间变为6 h,其余均同实施例1,最终所获得的杂化材料记为CNF@NC-2,该材料亦表现出良好的氧还原催化活性,其起始电位低至90 mV(Vs.RHE),稳态电流密度达到5.3 mA cm-2。
实施例3
将实施例1中的多巴胺溶液溶度变为2mg/mL,其余均同实施例1,最终所获得的杂化材料记为CNF@NC-3,该材料亦表现出稍次于CNF@NC和CNF@NC-2的氧还原催化活性,其起始电位低至90 mV(Vs. RHE),稳态电流密度为4.2 mA cm-2。
实施例4
将实施例1中的FeCl3·6H2O的浓度变为10mg/mL,其余均同实施例1,最终所获得的杂化材料记为CNF@NC-4,该材料起始电位低至80 mV(Vs. RHE),稳态电流密度为7.9 mAcm-2。
实施例5
将实施例1中的FeCl3·6H2O的浓度变为50mg/mL,其余均同实施例1,最终所获得的杂化材料记为CNF@NC-5,该材料起始电位低至80 mV(Vs. RHE),稳态电流密度为6.8 mAcm-2。
在电化学测试中,采用三电极测试系统,以所制备的杂化材料修饰的铂碳电极为工作电极,Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极,铂丝为对电极。在测试前,预先将电解液通氮气或者氧气30 min。采用循环伏安曲线(CV)和线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究本发明中所制备的杂化材料的电催化氧还原反应活性。上述的电化学测试方法中相关的工艺参数如下:
(1)铂碳电极的预处理:铂碳电极依次用1.0、0.3、0.05微米的氧化铝粉末抛光,使成镜面。每次抛光后用去离子水和乙醇超声清洗,然后用氮气吹干备用;
(2)修饰电极的制备:采用直接滴涂法在经过预处理的铂碳电极的表面用本发明所制备的杂化材料进行修饰。具体为将所制备的杂化材料分散在去离子水和乙醇比为1:1的溶剂中,制成2 mg/mL的溶液,超声处理1 h后,取5微升溶液滴在铂碳电极上,在70℃的烘箱中干燥0.5 h。
Claims (9)
1.一种“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤如下:
(1)将可纺性高分子溶解于溶液中配制成纺丝液,通过单针头静电纺丝技术制备得到纳米纤维膜;
(2)将纳米纤维膜置于鼓风烘箱中烘干,并进行预氧化处理;
(3)将纳米纤维膜置于铁盐溶液中,进行水热或水浴反应,得到氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜;
(4)将氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜置于多巴胺溶液中反应,得到聚多巴胺的包覆层;
(5)将聚多巴胺包覆的氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜进行高温碳化,得到囊泡内含有四氧化三铁的“囊泡串”纳米纤维,记作CNF@Fe3O4@NC;
(6)将CNF@Fe3O4@NC浸泡于酸液中,去除体系中的铁氧化物,得到具有囊泡串结构的纯碳纤维,记作CNF@NC。
2.根据权利要求1所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(1)中所述的可纺性高分子选自聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺酸、聚酰胺以及聚苯乙烯;配置的纺丝液固含量范围为8%~20%。
3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中所述的纳米纤维的预氧化处理程序为:(1)在空气中缓慢升温至200-300℃,升温速率控制在2~10℃/min范围内;(2)在该温度下保持1-3 h。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中所述的铁盐选自氯化铁、硝酸铁、硫酸铁以及乙酸铁;铁盐溶液的浓度控制在10~50mg/mL;水热或水浴反应温度控制在60~120℃,反应时间为6-12 h。
5.根据权利要求4所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(4)中所述的多巴胺溶液的浓度范围为0.5~3 mg/mL,其中使用pH缓冲液Tris/Tris·HCl,其浓度为10 mM/L;反应温度为55-65℃,反应时间为3-12 h。
6.根据权利要求1、2或5所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(5)所述的高温碳化过程为:将所得到的聚多巴胺包覆的氢氧化氧铁修饰的纳米纤维膜置于管式炉中,在氮气氛围中控制程序升温,即从室温升温到400-500℃,升温时间为1-2 h,保温0.5-1 h;然后再升温到600-800℃,升温时间为1-3 h,保温1-2 h。
7.根据权利要求6所述的“囊泡串”结构碳纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(6)所述的酸液选自盐酸、硝酸、硫酸,或者他们一定配比的混合物。
8.由根据权利要求1-7之一所述制备方法制备得到的“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维材料。
9.如权利要求8所述的“囊泡串”结构纯碳纤维材料作为催化剂载体、储氢材料、吸附材料及超级电容器或锂离子电池的电极材料的应用。
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