CN105705499B - 用于制备化合物的方法 - Google Patents
用于制备化合物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105705499B CN105705499B CN201480054349.1A CN201480054349A CN105705499B CN 105705499 B CN105705499 B CN 105705499B CN 201480054349 A CN201480054349 A CN 201480054349A CN 105705499 B CN105705499 B CN 105705499B
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- -1 carboxybenzyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
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Abstract
本发明提供可用于制备可用作CHK1抑制剂的化合物的制备方法。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2013年8月22日提交的美国申请序列号61/868,933的优先权益,所述申请以引用的方式并入本文。
技术领域
在一个方面中,本发明涉及一种用于制备具有抗癌活性的化合物,例如抑制CHK1激酶活性的化合物的方法。
背景技术
蛋白激酶是磷酸化其他蛋白质的激酶。这些蛋白质的磷酸化通常会产生蛋白质的功能变化。大多数激酶作用于丝氨酸和苏氨酸或酪氨酸,并且一些激酶作用于所有三种。通过这些功能变化,激酶可调节许多细胞路径。蛋白激酶抑制剂是抑制这些蛋白激酶,并且因此可用于影响细胞路径的化合物。
检验点激酶1(“CHK1”)是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。CHK1调节细胞周期进程并且是细胞内DNA损伤反应的主要因素。已显示CHK1抑制剂使肿瘤细胞对各种基因毒性剂敏化,诸如化疗和辐射。(Tse,Archie N.等,“Targeting Checkpoint Kinase 1in CancerTherapeutics.”Clin.Cancer Res.13(7)(2007)1955-1960)。已观察到,许多肿瘤缺少G1DNA损伤检验点路径,导致依赖于S和G2检验点来修复DNA损伤和存活。(Janetka,JamesW.等,“Inhibitors of checkpoint kinases:From discovery to the clinic.”DrugDiscovery&Development第10卷,第4期(2007)473-486)。
S和G2检验点由CHK1调节。已显示CHK1的抑制取消S和G检验点,从而损害DNA修复并且导致增加的肿瘤细胞死亡。但是,非癌性细胞具有起作用的G检验点,从而允许DNA修复和存活。
检验点激酶2(“CHK2”)也是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。CHK2的功能对通过DNA损伤诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡来说是重要的。(Ahn,Jinwoo等,“The CHK2protein kinase.”DNARepair 3(2004)1039-1047)。CHK2响应于基因毒性损伤被活化并且沿若干路径传播检验点信号,从而最终造成细胞周期停滞于G1、S和G2/M期,DNA修复的活化和凋亡性细胞死亡。(Bartek,Jiri等,“CHK2Kinase-A Busy Messenger.”Nature Reviews Molecular CellBiology.第2(12)卷(2001)877-886)。癌细胞经常缺乏一个或多个基因组完整性检验点,所以CHK2的抑制可使肿瘤细胞选择性地对诸如γ辐射或DNA损伤药物的抗癌治疗更敏感。
正常细胞仍然会活化其他检验点并且恢复,然而丧失检验点的癌细胞将更可能死亡。已证明基于肽的CHK2抑制剂消除G2检验点并且使p53缺陷癌细胞对DNA损伤剂敏化。(Pommier,Yves等,“Targeting CHK2Kinase:Molecular Interaction Maps andTherapeutic Rationale.”Current Pharmaceutical Design.第11卷,第22期(2005)2855-2872)。
CHKl和/或CHK2抑制剂是已知的,参见例如,国际公布WO2009/089352、WO2009/089359和WO2009/140320。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面涉及一种用于制备式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶:
和其药学上可接受的盐的方法。式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶可用作CHK1抑制剂。
具体实施方式
现将详细参考本发明的某些实施方案,其实施例以所附的结构和化学式来说明。虽然本发明将结合列举的实施方案来描述,但应理解其不意图将本发明限于那些实施方案。本发明意图覆盖可以包括在本发明范围内的所有替代、修改以及等同物。本领域技术人员将认识到,与本文所描述的方法和材料类似或等同的许多方法和材料可用于实践本发明。本发明决不限于所述的方法和材料。在一篇或多篇并入的文献、专利和类似材料与本申请(包括但不限于定义的术语、术语用法、描述的技术等)不同或矛盾的情况下,以本申请为准。
定义
在本说明书和前文权利要求书中使用的词语“包含”、“包括”意在指定所述特征、整数、组分或步骤的存在,但它们并不排除一个或多个其它的特征、整数、组分、步骤或其组合的存在或加入。
与小时、温度结合使用的术语“约”表示±5小时,例如±1小时。与温度、温度结合使用的术语“约”表示±5摄氏度,例如±1摄氏度。与百分比或其他值结合使用的术语“约”表示其指代的百分比或值的±10%,例如±5%。
术语“治疗(treat)”或“治疗(treatment)”是指治疗性、预防性、姑息性或防预性措施。出于本发明的目的,有益的或所需的临床结果包括但不限于症状的减轻、疾病程度的减小、疾病状态的稳定(即不恶化)、疾病进程的延缓或减慢、疾病状态的改善或缓和,以及缓解(无论是部分缓解或是全部缓解),无论是可检测或是不可检测。“治疗”还可以意指与未接受治疗时预计的存活相比,存活延长。需要治疗的对象包括已经患有病状或病症的对象,以及易患病状或病症的对象或要预防其病状或病症的对象。
表达“治疗有效量”或“有效量”意指当对需要此治疗的哺乳动物施用时,足以(i)治疗或预防特定疾病、病状或病症,(ii)减弱、改善或消除所述特定疾病、病状或病症的一种或多种症状,或(iii)预防或延缓本文所描述的特定疾病、病状或病症的一种或多种症状的发作的式I化合物的量。对应于此量的化合物的量将取决于诸如特定的化合物、疾病病状和其严重性、需要治疗的哺乳动物的体征(identity)(例如体重)而变化,但是虽然如此仍可由本领域技术人员依惯例确定。
术语“癌症”和“癌性”是指或描述哺乳动物的通常以异常或失调的细胞生长为特征的生理病状。“肿瘤”包含一种或多种癌性细胞。癌症的实例包括但不限于癌瘤、淋巴瘤、胚细胞瘤、肉瘤和白血病或淋巴恶性肿瘤。此类癌症的更特定实例包括鳞状细胞癌(例如上皮鳞状细胞癌)、肺癌(包括小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌(“NSCLC”)、肺腺癌和肺鳞状细胞癌)、腹膜癌、肝细胞癌、胃癌(包括胃肠癌)、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、子宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝细胞瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜或子宫癌、唾液腺癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、肝癌、肛门癌、阴茎癌、皮肤癌(包括黑素瘤)以及头颈癌。
表达“药学上可接受的”表示所述物质或组合物在化学上和/或毒理学上与构成制剂的其它成分和/或用所述制剂治疗的哺乳动物是相容的。
本文所使用的表达“药学上可接受的盐”是指本发明化合物的药学上可接受的有机或无机盐。
本发明化合物也包括所述化合物的其它盐,其不必要是药学上可接受的盐,并且其可适于用作用于制备和/或纯化本发明化合物和/或用于分离本发明化合物的对映异构体的中间体。
术语“哺乳动物”是指患有本文所描述的疾病或有患上本文所描述的疾病风险的温血动物,包括但不限于豚鼠、犬、猫、大鼠、小鼠、仓鼠和包括人的灵长类动物。
术语“手性”是指与镜像同组搭档具有不重叠性性质的分子,而术语“非手性”是指可重叠于同组搭档镜像上的分子。
术语“立体异构体”是指具有相同化学组成但原子或基团的空间排列不同的化合物。
“非对映异构体”是指具有两个或更多个手性中心且其分子不为彼此的镜像的立体异构体。非对映异构体具有不同物理性质,例如熔点、沸点、光谱性质及反应性。非对映异构体的混合物可在如电泳及色谱的高分辨率分析程序下分离。
“对映异构体”是指化合物的两个彼此为不可重叠镜像的立体异构体。
本文使用的立体化学定义及惯例通常遵循S.P.Parker编,McGraw-HillDictionary of Chemical Terms(1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York;和Eliel,E.和Wilen,S.,“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,NewYork,1994。本文所描述的式I至VII化合物可含有不对称或手性中心,并且因此以不同的立体异构体形式存在。意图本文所描述的式I至VII化合物的所有立体异构体形式,包括但不限于非对映异构体、对映异构体和阻转异构体以及其混合物(诸如外消旋混合物),均形成本发明的部分。许多有机化合物以光学活性形式存在,即其能够使平面偏振光的平面旋转。在描述光学活性化合物时,前缀D和L或R和S用于表示分子围绕其手性中心的绝对构型。前缀d和l或(+)和(-)用于表明化合物使平面偏振光旋转的记号,其中(-)或l意指化合物为左旋的。前缀为(+)或d的化合物为右旋的。对于给定化学结构,这些立体异构体为相同的,其为彼此的镜像除外。特定立体异构体还可称为对映异构体,且这类异构体的混合物常称为对映异构混合物。对映异构体的50:50混合物称为外消旋混合物或外消旋物,其可在化学反应或过程中不存在立体选择性或立体特异性时出现。术语“消旋混合物”和“消旋物”是指两种对映异构物质的等摩尔混合物,无光学活性。
术语“互变异构体”或“互变异构形式”是指可经由低能量屏障来互相转化的不同能量的结构异构体。举例来说,质子互变异构体(也称为质子移变互变异构体)包括经由质子迁移的互相转化,如酮-烯醇和亚胺-烯胺异构化。原子价互变异构体包括通过使一些键合电子重组来互相转化。
如本文所使用的表达“药学上可接受的盐”是指本文所描述的式I至VII化合物的药学上可接受的有机或无机盐。示例性盐包括但不限于硫酸盐、柠檬酸酯、乙酸盐、草酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硝酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、酸式磷酸盐、异烟酸盐、乳酸盐、水杨酸盐、酸式柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐、油酸盐、丹宁酸盐、泛酸盐、酒石酸氢盐、抗坏血酸盐、琥珀酸盐、顺丁烯二酸盐、龙胆酸盐、富马酸盐、葡糖酸盐、葡糖醛酸盐、糖酸盐、甲酸盐、苯甲酸盐、谷氨酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐“甲磺酸盐”、乙磺酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐以及双羟萘酸盐(亦即1,1'-亚甲基-双-(2-羟基-3-萘甲酸盐))盐。药学上可接受的盐可涉及包括另一种分子,如乙酸根离子、琥珀酸根离子或其它抗衡离子。抗衡离子可以是使电荷在母体化合物上稳定的任何有机或无机部分。此外,药学上可接受的盐在其结构中可具有多于一个带电原子。多个带电原子是药学上可接受的盐的一部分的情况可以具有多个抗衡离子。因此,药学上可接受的盐可以具有一个或多个带电原子和/或一个或多个的抗衡离子。
若本文所描述的式I至VII化合物是碱,则所需的药学上可接受的盐可通过本领域中可利用的任何合适方法制备,例如,用以下处理游离碱:无机酸,诸如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等;或有机酸,诸如乙酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、扁桃酸、富马酸、丙二酸、丙酮酸、草酸、乙醇酸、水杨酸、吡喃糖苷酸(诸如葡糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸)、α羟基酸(诸如柠檬酸或酒石酸)、氨基酸(诸如天冬氨酸或谷氨酸)、芳香族酸(诸如苯甲酸或肉桂酸)、磺酸(诸如对苯磺酸、甲烷磺酸、乙磺酸或乙二磺酸)等。
若本文所描述的式I至VII化合物为酸,则所需的药学上可接受的盐可通过任何合适方法制备,例如用诸如胺(伯胺、仲胺或叔胺)、碱金属氧化物或碱土金属氧化物等的无机或有机碱处理游离酸。合适盐的说明性实例包括但不限于:有机盐,其衍生自氨基酸(诸如甘氨酸和精氨酸)、氨、伯胺、仲胺和叔胺,和环胺(诸如哌啶、吗啉和哌嗪);和无机盐,其衍生自钠、钙、钾、镁、锰、铁、铜、锌、铝和锂。
“溶剂合物”是指一种或多种溶剂分子与本文所描述的式I至VII化合物的缔合物或复合物。可形成溶剂合物的溶剂的实例包括但不限于水、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、1-戊醇、乙醇、甲醇、DMSO、乙酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸、甲苯、苯甲醚、吡啶、1,3-二异丙基苯、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢呋喃、二噁烷、环戊基甲醚、甲基叔丁基醚、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、甲基环己烷、乙腈、戊腈和乙醇胺。术语“水合物”是指溶剂分子是水的复合物。
CHK1/2抑制剂
根据本发明的方法可用于制备式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶和其药物制剂,其抑制诸如像WO2009/140320中所描述的CHK1和/或CHK2。这种化合物潜在地可用于治疗由CHK1和/或CHK2调节的疾病、病状和/或病症。
化合物的制备
本文所描述的化合物可含有不对称或手性中心,并且因此以不同的立体异构体形式存在。意图本文所描述的式I至VII化合物的所有立体异构体形式,包括但不限于非对映异构体、对映异构体和阻转异构体以及其混合物(诸如外消旋混合物),均形成本发明的部分。此外,本发明涵盖所有的几何和位置异构体。在本文所示的结构中,当没有指定任何特定的手性原子的立体化学时,则涵盖所有的立体异构体并且将其作为本发明化合物予以包括。当通过表示特定构型的实心楔形或虚线来指定立体化学时,则此立体异构体由此指定和定义。
本文所描述的化合物可以非溶剂化以及与药学上可接受的溶剂(诸如水、乙醇等)以溶剂化形式形式存在,并且意图本发明涵盖溶剂化和非溶剂化形式两者。
本文所描述的化合物还可以不同互变异构形式存在,并且所有此类形式都涵盖在本发明范围内。术语“互变异构体”或“互变异构形式”是指可经由低能量屏障来互相转化的不同能量的结构异构体。举例来说,质子互变异构体(也称为质子移变互变异构体)包括经由质子迁移的互相转化,如酮-烯醇和亚胺-烯胺异构化。原子价互变异构体包括通过使一些键合电子重组来互相转化。
本文所述的发明也涵盖本发明同位素标记的化合物,其与本文所述的化合物相同,但事实上,一个或多个原子被置换为原子质量或质量数与通常见于自然界中的原子质量或质量数不同的原子。如所指定的任何特定原子或元素的所有同位素以及它们的用途均涵盖在本发明化合物的范围内。可并入到本发明化合物中的示例性同位素包括氢、碳、氮、氧、磷、硫、氟、氯和碘的同位素,诸如2H、3H、11C、13C、14C、13N、15N、15O、17O、18O、32P、33P、35S、18F、36Cl、123I和125I。本发明的某些同位素标记的化合物(例如,3H和14C标记的化合物)适用于化合物和/或底物组织分布测定中。氚化(3H)和碳-14(14C)同位素由于它们易于制备和检测而适用。另外,用诸如氘(即,2H)的较重同位素取代可提供由更好的代谢稳定性产生的某些治疗优势(例如,体内半衰期增加或剂量需求降低),并因此在一些情况下可为优选的。诸如15O、13N、11C和18F的正电子发射同位素适用于正电子发射断层摄影术(PET)研究以检查底物受体占据。本发明同位素标记的化合物可通常通过遵循与本文以下实施例中所公开的程序类似的程序,通过用同位素标记的试剂代替非同位素标记的试剂来制备。
用于制备根据本发明化合物的起始材料和试剂通常可从诸如Sigma-AldrichChemical(Milwaukee,WI)的商业来源获得,或使用本领域技术人员熟知的方法容易地制备(例如,通过通常描述于Louis F.Fieser和Mary Fieser,Reagents for OrganicSynthesis,v.1-19,Wiley,N.Y.(1967-1999版)或Beilsteins Handbuch der organischenChemie,4,Aufl编.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,包括增刊(也可通过Beilstein在线数据库得到)中的方法制备)。
如上文所提及,在一个方面中,本发明涉及一种用于制备式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的方法:
所述方法包括将式(II)化合物与式(III)化合物反应的步骤:
其中X是卤素,
其中R是氨基保护基,以提供式(IV)化合物:
在实施方案中,式(II)化合物以约1.0当量至约3.0当量式(III)化合物反应。在一个实施方案中,在式(II)化合物与式(III)化合物之间的反应在高于室温的温度下进行。在一个实施方案中,反应在高于50℃的温度下进行。在一个实施方案中,反应在约85℃下进行。
在实施方案中,X是I、Cl、F或Br。在实施方案中,X是Cl、F或Br。在实施方案中,X是I。在实施方案中,X是F。在实施方案中,X是Cl。在实施方案中,X是Br。
在实施方案中,式(II)化合物是式(II-a)化合物:
在实施方案中,式(II)化合物是式(II-b)化合物:
在实施方案中,式(II)化合物是式(II-c)化合物:
在实施方案中,上文所述的式(II)化合物与式(III)化合物的反应在有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中进行。在实施方案中,有机溶剂选自由以下组成的组:醇、二甲亚砜(DMSO)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、环丁砜、乙腈和丙腈。在实施方案中,醇选自由以下组成的组:2-甲基-2-丁醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、1-丙醇和2-丙醇。在实施方案中,醇是2-甲基-2-丁醇。
在实施方案中,上文所述的化合物(II)与化合物(III)的反应用选自由以下组成的组的碱进行:N-甲基吗啉、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO)、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)、四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铯和磷酸钾。在实施方案中,碱是N-甲基吗啉。
在实施方案中,氨基保护基R选自由以下组成的组:三苯基甲基(trityl)、叔丁氧基羰基(Boc)、羧基苄基(Cbz)、三氟乙酰基和乙酰基。
在实施方案中,本发明方法还包括使式(IV)化合物:
其中R是氨基保护基,经历硝基还原的步骤,以获得式(V)化合物:
在实施方案中,硝基还原步骤使用氢气、硫化物或硼烷作为还原剂来进行。在实施方案中,氢化用铂或雷尼镍催化剂进行。在实施方案中,催化剂结合选自由钒、铁和铜组成的组的改性剂使用。在实施方案中,氢化步骤用选自由以下组成的组的碱来进行:N-甲基吗啉、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO)、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)、四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)。在实施方案中,氢化步骤在选自以下的溶剂中进行:2-甲基-2-丁醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、2-甲基四氢呋喃和四氢呋喃。在实施方案中,氢化步骤在5bar的氢气下进行。
在实施方案中,本发明方法还包括将式(V)化合物:
与式(VI)化合物反应的步骤:
其中R1选自由以下组成的组:氯、氟、溴和OR2,其中R2选自由以下组成的组:环丙基羰基、异丁基羰基、异丙基羰基、乙基羰基、甲基羰基、2-吡啶基、N-琥珀酰亚胺基等以获得式(VII)化合物:
在实施方案中,本发明方法还包括除去式(VII)化合物中保护基R的步骤:
以获得式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶:
在实施方案中,氨基保护基R是叔丁氧基羰基(Boc)。在这种情况下,其去保护可使用硫酸、盐酸或三氟乙酸在酸性条件下进行。游离碱形式可通过用诸如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾或磷酸钾的无机碱或诸如哌嗪、哌啶、吡咯烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO)、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)或四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)的有机碱处理盐来获得。在实施方案中,碱是哌嗪。
本领域的技术人员将认识到,WO2009140320的流程2、3、4和5的条件和试剂也可应用到上文制备式(I)化合物的方法,所述专利的内容以引用的方式并入。
分离方法
在制备本文所描述的式I至VII化合物的方法中,将反应产物互相分离和/或从起始材料中分离可能是有利的。通过本领域中常用的技术,将每一步或一系列步骤的所要产物分离和/或纯化(在下文中,分离)至所要的均质程度。通常,此类分离涉及多相萃取,从溶剂或溶剂混合物中结晶,蒸馏,升华或色谱法。色谱法可涉及任何许多方法,包括例如:反相和正相;尺寸排阻;离子交换;高、中和低压液相色谱方法和装置;小规模分析;模拟移动床(SMB)和制备薄层或厚层色谱法,以及小规模薄层和快速色谱法的技术。
另一类分离方法涉及用试剂处理混合物,选择所述试剂以结合到所需产物、未结合起始材料、反应副产物等或以其他方式使它们可分离。这类试剂包括吸附剂或吸收剂,诸如活性碳、分子筛、离子交换介质等。或者,试剂可以是酸(就碱性材料而言)、碱(就酸性材料而言)、结合试剂(诸如抗体)、结合蛋白、选择性螯合剂(诸如冠醚)、液体/液体离子萃取试剂(LIX)等。
适当分离方法的选择取决于所涉及的材料的性质。例如,蒸馏和升华中的沸点和分子量,色谱法中极性官能团的存在或不存在,多相萃取中酸性和碱性介质中材料的稳定性等。本领域技术人员将会应用最可能实现所需分离的技术。
通过本领域技术人员熟知的方法,诸如通过色谱法和/或分步结晶,可基于非对映异构体混合物的物理化学差异将它们分离成其单独的非对映异构体。对映异构体可如下分离:通过与适当的光学活性化合物(例如手性助剂,诸如手性醇或Mosher氏酰基氯)反应,将对映异构体混合物转化成非对映异构体混合物,分离所述非对映异构体并将单独的非对映异构体转化(例如水解)成对应的纯对映异构体。同样,本文所描述的式I至VII化合物中的一些可以是阻转异构体(例如,取代的联芳基)并且被认为是本发明的一部分。也可使用手性HPLC柱来分离对映异构体。
使用诸如用光学活性拆分剂形成非对映异构体的方法(Eliel,E.和Wilen,S.“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds,”John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,New York,1994;Lochmuller,C.H.,(1975)J.Chromatogr.,113(3):283-302),通过拆分外消旋混合物,可得到实质上不含有其立体异构体的单一立体异构体,例如对映异构体。本文所描述的式I至VII手性化合物的外消旋混合物可通过任何合适的方法分离和分开,所述方法包括:(1)用手性化合物形成离子性非对映异构体的盐并通过分步结晶或其他方法分离,(2)用手性衍生试剂形成非对映异构体化合物,分离非对映异构体并转化成纯的立体异构体,以及(3)在手性条件下直接分离实质上纯的或富集的立体异构体。参见:“Drug Stereochemistry,Analytical Methods and Pharmacology,”Irving W.Wainer编,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,NewYork(1993)。
在方法(1)下,非对映异构体盐可通过对映异构纯的手性碱(诸如马钱子碱、奎宁、麻黄碱、番木鳖碱、α-甲基-β-苯乙胺(安非他明)等)与带有酸性官能团(诸如羧酸和磺酸)的不对称化合物的反应形成。通过分步结晶或离子色谱法可诱导非对映异构体盐的分离。对于氨基化合物的光学异构体的分离,添加手性羧酸或磺酸(诸如樟脑磺酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸或乳酸)可导致非对映异构体盐的形成。
或者,通过方法(2),使要拆分的底物与手性化合物的一种对映异构体反应,以形成非对映异构体对(E.和Wilen,S.“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1994,第322页)。通过使不对称化合物与对映异构体纯的手性衍生试剂(诸如薄荷基衍生物)反应,可形成非对映体化合物,随后分离所述非对映异构体并水解产生纯的或富集的对映异构体。测定光学纯度的方法涉及制备外消旋混合物的手性酯,诸如薄荷基酯(例如,在碱存在下制备(-)氯甲酸薄荷酯),或Mosher酯、乙酸α-甲氧基-α-(三氟甲基)苯酯(Jacob III.J.Org.Chem.,(1982)47:4165),并分析1H NMR光谱中的两种阻转异构对映异构体或非对映异构体的存在。按照分离阻转异构萘基-异喹啉的方法(WO 96/15111),通过正相和反相色谱法,可使阻转异构体化合物的稳定非对映异构体分离和分开。通过方法(3),两种对映异构体的外消旋混合物可通过色谱法使用手性固定相来分离(“Chiral Liquid Chromatography”(1989)W.J.Lough编,Chapman and Hall,New York;Okamoto,J.Chromatogr.,(1990)513:375-378)。通过用于区分具有不对称碳原子的其它手性分子的方法,诸如旋光度和圆二色性,可区分富集或纯化的对映异构体。
施用和药物制剂
式(I)化合物可通过适合于要治疗的病状的任何便利途径来施用。适当的途径包括口服、肠胃外(包括皮下、肌内、静脉内、动脉内、真皮内、鞘内和硬膜外)、透皮、直肠、鼻部、局部(包括口腔和舌下)、阴道、腹膜内、肺内和鼻内。
所述化合物可以任何适当的施用形式来施用,所述施用形式例如片剂、粉末、胶囊、溶液、分散剂、混悬剂、糖浆、喷雾剂、栓剂、凝胶、乳剂、贴片等。此类组合物可含有药物制剂中的常规组分,例如稀释剂、载体、pH调节剂、甜味剂、填充剂和其它活性剂。如果希望肠胃外施用,则组合物将是无菌的并且呈适用于注射或输注的溶液或混悬液形式。
通过将式(I)化合物与载体或赋形剂混合来制备典型的制剂。合适的载体和赋形剂是本领域技术人员所熟知的并且详细地描述于例如:Ansel,Howard C.等,Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems.Philadelphia:Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins,2004;Gennaro,Alfonso R.等,Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy.Philadelphia:Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins,2000;和Rowe,Raymond C.Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients.Chicago,PharmaceuticalPress,2005中。制剂还可包括一种或多种缓冲剂、稳定剂、表面活性剂、湿润剂、润滑剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、乳浊剂、助流剂、加工助剂、着色剂、甜味剂、芳香剂、调味剂、稀释剂和其它已知添加剂以提供药物(即式(I)化合物或其药物组合物)的优良外观或有助于制造医药产品(即药剂)。
一个实施方案包括包含式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的药物组合物。进一步实施方案提供一种包含式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐以及药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂的药物组合物。
用式(I)化合物治疗的方法
式(I)化合物可用于通过施用一种或多种式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐来治疗或预防疾病或病状。在一个实施方案中,用可检测到抑制CHK1活性的量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体、佐剂或媒介物治疗人类患者。
一种预防或治疗由CHK1和/或CHK2调节的疾病或病症的方法可包括对需要此治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的式(I)化合物。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种治疗哺乳动物的过度增生性疾病的方法,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种治疗或预防需要此治疗的哺乳动物的癌症(包括下文所确认的病状)的方法,其中所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)的CHK1抑制剂(即,式(I)化合物)与DNA损伤剂组合施用。通常,DNA损伤剂将在式(I)的CHK1抑制剂之前施用。DNA损伤剂包括(吉西他滨)、(伊立替康或CPT-11)、(替莫唑胺)、(卡培他滨)、(托泊替康)、顺铂、(奥沙利铂)、(卡铂)、喜树碱、ara-C(阿糖胞苷)、5-FU(氟尿嘧啶)、(环磷酰胺)、或(磷酸依托泊苷)、(替尼泊苷)、Adriamycin或Adriamycin(阿霉素)、柔红霉素、(培美曲塞)和辐射。在某些实施方案中,DNA损伤剂选自由以下组成的组:吉西他滨、伊立替康、替莫唑胺、卡培他滨、喜树碱、顺铂、ara-C和5-FU。在某些实施方案中,DNA损伤剂选自吉西他滨、伊立替康、替莫唑胺和卡培他滨。在某些实施方案中,DNA损伤剂选自吉西他滨、伊立替康、顺铂、奥沙利铂、卡铂和阿糖胞苷。在某些实施方案中,DNA损伤剂选自吉西他滨和伊立替康。DNA损伤剂以其批准或推荐剂量施用。
由于CHK1抑制剂能提高许多抗癌剂活性的能力,预期可通过本文所描述的组合物和方法治疗广范围的肿瘤类型。这些病状包括但不限于:心脏:肉瘤(血管肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤)、粘液瘤、横纹肌瘤、纤维瘤、脂肪瘤和畸胎瘤;肺:支气管癌(鳞状细胞、未分化小细胞、未分化大细胞、腺癌)、肺泡(细支气管)癌、支气管腺瘤、肉瘤、淋巴瘤、软骨瘤型错构瘤、间皮瘤;胃肠:食道(鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、平滑肌瘤、淋巴瘤)、胃(癌、淋巴瘤、平滑肌瘤)、胰腺(导管腺癌、胰岛瘤、胰高血糖素瘤、胃泌素瘤、类癌瘤、舒血管肠肽瘤)、小肠(腺癌、淋巴瘤、类癌瘤、卡波济氏肉瘤、平滑肌瘤、血管瘤、脂肪瘤、神经纤维瘤、纤维瘤)、大肠(腺癌、管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤、错构瘤、平滑肌瘤);泌尿生殖道:肾(腺癌、威廉氏肿瘤[肾母细胞瘤]、淋巴瘤、白血病)、膀胱和尿道(鳞状细胞癌、移行细胞癌、腺癌)、前列腺(腺癌、肉瘤)、睾丸(精原细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、胚胎癌、畸胎癌、绒毛膜癌、肉瘤、间质细胞癌、纤维瘤、纤维腺瘤、腺瘤样瘤、脂肪瘤);肝:肝细胞瘤(肝细胞癌)、胆管细胞癌、肝母细胞瘤、血管肉瘤、肝细胞腺瘤、血管瘤;骨:骨原性肉瘤(骨肉瘤)、纤维肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤、尤因氏肉瘤、恶性淋巴瘤(网状细胞肉瘤)、多发性骨髓瘤、恶性巨细胞瘤脊索瘤、骨软骨瘤(骨软骨外生骨疣)、良性软骨瘤、软骨母细胞瘤、软骨肌瘤样纤维瘤、骨样骨瘤和巨细胞瘤;神经系统:颅骨(骨瘤、血管瘤、肉芽肿、黄色瘤、畸形性骨炎)、脑膜(脑膜瘤、脑膜肉瘤、神经胶质瘤)、脑(星形细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、室管膜瘤、生殖细胞瘤[松果体瘤]、多形胶质母细胞瘤、少突神经胶质细胞瘤、神经鞘瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、先天性肿瘤)、脊髓癌神经纤维瘤、脑膜瘤、神经胶质瘤、肉瘤);妇科:子宫(子宫内膜癌)、子宫颈(宫颈癌、预肿瘤宫颈发育不良)、卵巢(卵巢癌[浆液性囊腺癌、粘液性囊腺癌、未分类癌]、颗粒腱鞘细胞瘤、支持-间质细胞瘤、无性细胞瘤、恶性畸胎瘤)、外阴(鳞状细胞癌、上皮内癌、腺癌、纤维肉瘤、黑素瘤)、阴道(透明细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、葡萄状肉瘤(胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤]、输卵管(癌);血液系统:血液(髓细胞性白血病[急性和慢性]、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、骨髓增生性疾病、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征)、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤[恶性淋巴瘤];皮肤:恶性黑素瘤、基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、卡波济氏肉瘤、痣发育异常痣、脂肪瘤、血管瘤、皮肤纤维瘤、瘢痕瘤、银屑病;乳房:侵入性乳腺癌(侵入性导管癌和侵入性小叶癌)等;以及肾上腺:神经母细胞瘤。术语过度增生性疾病包括上文所确认的病状。本文所提供的术语“癌性细胞”包括受上文所确定的病状折磨的细胞。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自结肠直肠癌(包括Ras突变)、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、神经胶质瘤、卵巢癌、转移性乳癌、胰腺癌、肝胆管癌(包括肝细胞癌、胆管癌和胆管细胞癌)、胃癌、睾丸癌、头颈鳞状细胞癌、白血病(包括急性骨髓性白血病、急性淋巴母细胞性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病和慢性淋巴细胞白血病)、淋巴瘤(包括套细胞淋巴瘤、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤和非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤)和前列腺癌。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症是实体肿瘤癌。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自胰腺癌、卵巢癌和结肠直肠癌。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自结肠直肠癌(包括Ras突变)、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌和神经胶质瘤。在某些实施方案中,CHK1抑制剂与DNA损伤剂组合施用。在另一实施方案中,DNA损伤剂是伊立替康。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌、转移性乳癌、胰腺癌、肝胆管癌(包括肝细胞癌、胆管癌和胆管细胞癌)和胃癌。在某些实施方案中,CHK1抑制剂与DNA损伤剂组合施用。在另一实施方案中,DNA损伤剂是吉西他滨。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自结肠直肠癌(包括Ras突变)、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌、肝胆管癌(包括肝细胞癌、胆管癌和胆管细胞癌)、胃癌、睾丸癌和头颈鳞状细胞癌。在某些实施方案中,CHK1抑制剂与DNA损伤剂组合施用。在另一实施方案中,DNA损伤剂选自由顺铂、奥沙利铂和卡铂组成的组。
在本文的某些实施方案中,癌症选自白血病(包括急性骨髓性白血病、急性淋巴母细胞性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病和慢性淋巴细胞白血病)、淋巴瘤(包括套细胞淋巴瘤、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤和非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤)和前列腺癌。在某些实施方案中,CHK1抑制剂与DNA损伤剂组合施用。在另一实施方案中,DNA损伤剂是阿糖胞苷。
本文的另一个实施方案提供式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制造用于治疗癌症的药物中的用途。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种治疗或预防由CHK1和/或CHK2调节的疾病或病症的方法,所述方法包括对需要此治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种预防或治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括对需要此治疗的哺乳动物单独施用或与具有抗癌性质的一种或多种其他化合物组合施用有效量的式(I)化合物。
当此类试剂触发CHK1依赖性细胞周期检验点时,预期CHK1抑制剂提高广范围的抗癌剂(或DNA损伤剂)的活性。
式(I)化合物可用于治疗哺乳动物的过度增生性疾病的组合物中,其中所述组合物包含治疗有效量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及选自以下的抗肿瘤剂:有丝分裂抑制剂、烷化剂、抗代谢物、反义DNA或RNA、插入抗生素、生长因子抑制剂、信号转导抑制剂、细胞周期抑制剂、酶抑制剂、类视色素受体调节剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、血管生成抑制剂、抗雄激素剂、靶向抗体、HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂和异戊二烯基-蛋白质转移酶抑制剂。
式(I)化合物还可用于治疗哺乳动物的过度增生性病症的方法中,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及选自以下的抗肿瘤剂:有丝分裂抑制剂、烷化剂、抗代谢物、反义DNA或RNA、插入抗生素、生长因子抑制剂、信号转导抑制剂、细胞周期抑制剂、酶抑制剂、类视色素受体调节剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、血管生成抑制剂、抗雄激素剂、靶向抗体、HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂和异戊二烯基-蛋白质转移酶抑制剂。
另一个实施方案提供用于治疗的式(I)化合物。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
另一个实施方案提供用于治疗过度增生性疾病的式(I)化合物。在另一实施方案中,过度增生性疾病是癌症,包括上文所确认的病状。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
式(I)化合物可用于抑制哺乳动物中异常细胞生长的药物组合物,所述组合物包含一定量的式(I)化合物,或其立体异构体或药学上可接受的盐,以及一定量的化疗剂,其中化合物、立体异构体或盐和化疗剂的量在一起有效抑制异常细胞生长。许多化疗剂是本领域中已知的。在某些实施方案中,化疗剂选自:有丝分裂抑制剂、烷化剂、抗代谢物、反义DNA或RNA、插入抗生素、生长因子抑制剂、信号转导抑制剂、细胞周期抑制剂、酶抑制剂、类视黄醇受体调节剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素剂、血管生成抑制剂、抗雄激素剂、靶向抗体、HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂和/或异戊二烯基-蛋白质转移酶抑制剂。
式I化合物可用于抑制哺乳动物中异常细胞生长或治疗过度增生性病症的方法,其中所述方法包括对哺乳动物施用一定量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及辐射疗法,其中化合物或盐以及辐射疗法的量有效抑制异常细胞生长或治疗哺乳动物中过度增生性病症。施用辐射治疗的技术在本领域是已知的,并且这些技术可在本文中描述的组合疗法中使用。式I化合物在此组合疗法中的施用可如本文所述确定。
据信,式I化合物可使异常细胞对用来杀灭和/或抑制此类细胞生长的辐射治疗更敏感。因此,式I化合物可用于使哺乳动物中的异常细胞对辐射治疗敏化的方法中,所述方法包括对哺乳动物施用一定量的式I化合物或其立体异构体或药学上可接受的盐,所述量有效使异常细胞对辐射治疗敏化。此方法中所使用的化合物、立体异构体或盐的量可根据用于确定本文中描述的此类化合物的有效量的手段或通过本领域技术人员已知的方法确定。
另一个实施方案提供式I化合物或其或药学上可接受的盐在制造用于治疗过度增生性疾病的药物中的用途。在另一实施方案中,过度增生性疾病可以是癌症,包括上文所确认的病状。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
另一个实施方案提供式I化合物在制造用作进行癌症治疗的患者的治疗中的CHK1和/或CHK2抑制剂的药物中的用途,包括上文所确认的病状。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
另一个实施方案提供式I化合物在治疗过度增生性疾病中的用途。在另一实施方案中,过度增生性疾病是癌症,包括上文所确认的病状。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
另一个实施方案提供式I化合物在制造用作进行癌症治疗的患者的治疗中的CHK1和/或CHK2抑制剂的药物中的用途。在另一实施方案中,所述用途还包括DNA损伤剂的使用。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种用于治疗过度增生性疾病的包含式I化合物的药物组合物。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种用于治疗癌症的包含式I化合物的药物组合物。
组合治疗
本文所描述的式(I)化合物和其药学上可接受的盐可单独使用或与用于治疗的其它治疗剂组合使用。式(I)化合物可以与一种或多种额外药物组合使用,例如通过不同作用机制起作用的消炎化合物。药物组合制剂或给药方案的第二化合物优选具有与式I化合物互补的活性,以使它们不会相互产生不利影响。此类分子适当地以对预期的目的有效的量组合存在。所述化合物可在单一药物组合物中一起施用,或分开施用,并且当分开施用时,可同时或以任何顺序依次进行。此依次施用可在时间上接近或在时间上疏远。
实施例
本发明包括以下实施例以进行说明。然而,应理解的是,此实施例不限制本发明并且仅仅意在提出实践本发明的方法。本领域技术人员将会认识到,可容易地改变所描述的化学反应以替代用于制备本发明化合物的方法,所述方法视为属于本发明的范围之内。
在以下描述的实施例中,除非另外指明,否则所有温度是以摄氏度(℃)来给出。试剂是购自商业供应商,诸如Sigma-Aldrich化学公司,并且除非另外指明,否则无需进一步纯化即使用。
实施例1:(R)-5-溴-4-(3-氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的制备:
步骤1:(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的制备:
向装备有机械搅拌器、氮气/真空歧管、热电偶、冷凝器的惰性化10L夹套反应器中装入2-甲基-2-丁醇(3.30L)、5-溴-4-氯-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(330g,1.00当量)、(R)哌啶-3-基氨基甲酸叔丁酯(456g,2.00当量)和N-甲基吗啉(115g,1.00当量)。在85℃下搅拌反应混合物48h并且冷却至20℃。然后用15重量%柠檬酸水溶液(3.30kg)和水(3.30kg)洗涤混合物。在50℃下在真空下蒸馏掉大部分2-甲基-2-丁醇。添加乙腈以使混合物恢复至其原始体积。进行连续蒸馏直到添加总计10.3kg乙腈。在55℃下在大致1h内将水(3.20kg)缓慢装入悬浮液中。在4h内将浆液缓慢冷却至20℃。将所得固体通过过滤收集并用乙腈和水的1:1(v/v)混合物(1.60L)洗涤。在70℃下在氮气下将产物在真空烘箱中干燥以提供358g(69%产率)呈黄色固体的(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6):δ13.12(s,1H),8.60(s,1H),8.39(s,1H),6.80(d,J=6.8Hz,1H),3.49(m,1H),3.34(m,2H),3.22(t,J=11.2Hz,1H),3.00(t,J=10.2Hz,1H),1.88(dd,J=12.3,2.8Hz,1H),1.74(m,2H),1.38(m,1H),1.34(s,9H)。13CNMR(150MHz,DMSO-d6):δ154.8,148.9,148.2,147.9,130.6,128.5,113.8,109.6,77.6,54.7,48.9,47.3,30.0,28.1(3C),24.2。HRMS–ESI(m/z):C17H23BrN5O4的[M+H]+计算值440.0928;实测值440.0912。
步骤2和3:(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的制备:
向惰性化1L高压反应器中装入(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(75.0g,1.00当量)、1%Pt+2%V/C(11.3g,15重量%)、N-甲基吗啉(29.3g,1.70当量)和2-MeTHF(750mL)。在50℃下在5bar的氢气下搅拌反应混合物至少2h。在15℃下在10min内将环丙烷甲酰氯(26.7g,1.50当量)装入反应器中。在25℃下搅拌混合物1h,并且经Celite过滤。用2-MeTHF(150mL)洗涤滤饼。将滤液用15重量%氯化铵水溶液(450mL)和水(450mL)洗涤,然后在真空中蒸馏至其原始体积的1/3。添加甲苯以使混合物恢复至其原始体积。在55℃下进行连续真空蒸馏,同时添加甲苯直到2-MeTHF低于2重量%。所得固体通过过滤分开,用甲苯洗涤并且在40℃下在真空中干燥过夜以得到69.8g(69%校正产率)呈灰白色固体的(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(1:1甲苯溶剂合物)。1H NMR(600MHz,THF-d8,4℃):δ10.76(s,1H),9.72(s,1H),8.15(s,1H),7.90(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),7.18–7.08(m,5H),6.41(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),3.82(m,1H),3.60(m,1H),3.44(t,J=10.6Hz,1H),3.30(dd,J=10.6,3.9Hz,1H),3.03(d,J=10.9Hz,1H),2.29(s,3H),2.08(m,1H),1.89(m,2H),1.66(m,1H),1.37(s,9H),1.36(m,1H),0.95–0.80(m,4H)。13C NMR(150MHz,THF-d8,4℃):δ170.0,155.8,149.0,147.8,147.6,138.4,129.6(2C),128.9(2C),126.0,116.6,115.6,111.9,108.8,78.5,55.8,50.2,49.1,31.8,28.6(3C),26.3,21.5,15.8,7.70,7.56。HRMS–ESI(m/z):C21H29BrN5O3的[M+H]+计算值478.1448;实测值478.1431。
步骤4:(R)-5-溴-4-(3-氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的制备:
向装备有机械搅拌器、氮气/真空歧管、热电偶、冷凝器的惰性化1L夹套反应器中装入(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶(1:1甲苯溶剂合物)(30.0g,1.00当量)、四氢呋喃(180mL,6.00mL/g),接着装入4.5M硫酸(36.1mL,3.00当量)。在50±5℃下搅拌反应混合物2h,然后冷却至20℃。在25℃下缓慢添加哌嗪水溶液(42.4g溶解于190mL水中),接着添加15.0mL饱和盐水。除去底部水层。在20℃下搅拌所得溶液5min。添加水(22.0mL)。在50℃下通过调整乙醇的进料速率以匹配蒸馏速率来进行连续蒸馏直到添加总计260mL乙醇。在50℃下在1h内添加水(340mL)。所得固体通过过滤分开,用20%乙醇水溶液(2×60mL)洗涤并且在50℃下在真空中干燥过夜以得到16.4g(78%校正产率)呈淡黄色固体的(R)-5-溴-4-(3-氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶。(注意:游离碱产物的质子(1H)和碳-13(13C)光谱非常宽。因此,以下所示的光谱为转化成双盐酸盐的游离碱的光谱。)1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6):δ11.98(br,1H),9.78(s,1H),8.44(br,3H),8.25(s,1H),7.45(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),3.57(m,1H),3.43(m,1H),3.41(m,1H),3.28(m,1H),3.14(m,1H),2.15(m,1H),1.90(penta,J=6.5Hz,1H),1.81(m,1H),1.72(m,1H),1.52(m,1H),0.83(m,4H)。13C NMR(75MHz,DMSO-d6):δ172.9,149.5,145.9,145.1,121.9,114.2,113.1,107.8,53.8,51.1,47.5,28.6,24.37,14.7,7.55,7.45。HRMS–ESI(m/z):C16H21BrN5O的[M+H]+计算值378.0924;实测值378.0912。
实施例2:
或者,化合物(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶可由5-溴-4-氯-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶和(R)哌啶-3-基氨基甲酸叔丁酯经由直通方法制备,而不必分开(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶。现有程序的变化显示如下:在用15重量%柠檬酸水溶液(10.0g/g)和水(10.0g/g)水性洗涤之后,将(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-硝基-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶溶液在2-甲基-2-丁醇中直接氢化。通过HPLC重量测定来确定2-甲基-2-丁醇中的溶液浓度。
Claims (23)
1.一种用于制备式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的方法:
所述方法包括将式(II)化合物与式(III)化合物反应的步骤:
其中X是卤素,
其中R是氨基保护基,
以提供式(IV)化合物:
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中X是I、Cl、F或Br。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中X是Cl或Br。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中X是Cl。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应在有机溶剂中进行。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述有机溶剂选自由以下组成的组:醇、二甲亚砜、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、环丁砜、乙腈和丙腈。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述醇选自由以下组成的组:2-甲基-2-丁醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、1-丙醇和2-丙醇。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述醇是2-甲基-2-丁醇。
9.如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应用选自由以下组成的组的碱进行:N-甲基吗啉、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺、四甲基乙二胺、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铯和磷酸钾。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述碱是N-甲基吗啉。
11.如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中R选自由以下组成的组:三苯基甲基、叔丁氧基羰基、羧基苄基、三氟乙酰基和乙酰基。
12.如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括使式(IV)化合物:
其中R是氨基保护基,
经历硝基还原的步骤以获得式(V)化合物:
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述硝基还原步骤使用氢气、硫化物或硼烷作为还原剂来进行。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述硝基还原步骤用铂或雷尼镍催化剂进行。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述催化剂结合选自由钒、铁和铜组成的组的改性剂使用。
16.如权利要求13至15中任一项所述的方法,其中所述硝基还原步骤用选自由以下组成的组的碱来进行:N-甲基吗啉、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺和四甲基乙二胺。
17.如权利要求13至16中任一项所述的方法,其中所述硝基还原步骤在选自以下的溶剂中进行:2-甲基-2-丁醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、2-甲基四氢呋喃和四氢呋喃。
18.如权利要求12至17中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括将式(V)化合物:
与式(VI)化合物反应的步骤:
其中R1选自由以下组成的组:氯、氟、溴和OR2,其中R2选自由以下组成的组:环丙基羰基、异丁基羰基、异丙基羰基、乙基羰基、甲基羰基、2-吡啶基和N-琥珀酰亚胺基,以获得式(VII)化合物:
其中R如权利要求1所定义。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其还包括除去所述式(VII)化合物中保护基R的步骤:
以获得式(I)(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶:
其中R如权利要求1所定义。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述氨基保护基R是叔丁氧基羰基。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中除去所述氨基保护基R使用硫酸、盐酸或三氟乙酸在酸性条件下进行。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,进一步包括用选自氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、磷酸钾、哌嗪、哌啶、吡咯烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺和四甲基乙二胺的碱处理式(I)的(R)-5-溴-4-(3-(氨基)哌啶-1-基)-3-(环丙烷甲酰胺基)-1H-吡咯并[2,3-b]吡啶的硫酸盐、盐酸盐或三氟乙酸盐的步骤。
23.式(II)化合物或其盐:
其中X是溴。
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