CN105432395B - Delayed cultivation and fresh-keeping method for extremely late-maturing wild peach variety - Google Patents
Delayed cultivation and fresh-keeping method for extremely late-maturing wild peach variety Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
- A23B7/154—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Abstract
The invention discloses a delayed cultivation method for a super-late-maturing wild peach variety, which comprises shading in spring, delaying flowering, gradually raising temperature, controlling temperature and humidity in flowering period, applying pesticide, managing, bagging wild peaches, delaying fruiting in late autumn and early winter, and keeping fresh after picking bags. The invention also discloses a method for delaying the preservation of the extremely late-maturing wild peach variety. The invention integrates the advances of greenhouse heat preservation and delayed management, and greatly improves the commodity value of the product. The application of the living body preservation technology reduces the drug residue of the fruits and ensures the safety of the fruits after the fruits are on the market.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation and preservation, and particularly relates to a method for delaying cultivation of a very late-maturing wild peach variety.
Background
With the continuous development of science and technology, peach varieties are continuously developed, and planting technology is changed day by day. The outdoor and greenhouse cultivation of early-maturing varieties has already become mature, while the cultivation technology (mainly greenhouse cultivation technology) of late-maturing varieties, particularly extremely late-maturing varieties, has great technical problems at present.
The existing wild peach variety with extremely late maturity has no specific delayed cultivation technology, but the preservation method mainly adopts a constant-temperature storehouse for preservation, and the method can only ensure 70% of the fruit output, and the other 30% of the fruit output has the phenomena of black heart, wilting, rotting and the like. However, due to the long growth period of the variety, there is not enough growth time for open-air cultivation in colder areas (for example, in Haidong City of Qinghai province, peach trees usually bloom in the middle of 5 months, and leaves fall in the beginning of 10 months in the last 9 months).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a delayed cultivation method for a very late-maturing wild peach variety, which solves the problems of concentrated time to market, difficult preservation and incapability of cultivation in cold regions in the prior art, greatly expands the limitation of planting areas of the series of varieties and improves the market value of the series of varieties.
The invention also aims to provide a method for delaying the preservation of the extremely late-maturing wild peach variety.
The first technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for cultivating the extremely late-maturing wild peach variety in a delayed manner is suitable for the cultivation method between 33 and 38 degrees north latitude, and comprises the following steps:
1) shading in spring and delaying flowering, wherein when the temperature rises in spring, flowering is delayed by cooling and shortening the illumination time;
2) and (3) gradually raising the temperature: when the external highest temperature reaches 21 ℃, starting to heat; when the grass curtain or the cotton quilt is opened, the shed surface 1/3 is preferably opened every 8 days, the peach tree is gradually adapted to the external environment, the temperature in the flowering period is not more than 24 ℃, and when the illumination is strong and the temperature possibly exceeds 23 ℃, the grass curtain or the cotton quilt is put in advance to be shaded and cooled at the temperature close to 20 ℃; when the outside temperature is stable, the film can be uncovered, and the peach can grow as the open field peach and can be normally managed;
3) controlling the temperature and humidity of the flowering phase;
4) administration management: respectively carrying out pesticide application management on the stages of germination, before flowering, after flower withering and after fruit thinning;
5) bagging the wild peaches;
6) late autumn and early winter delayed results:
in the middle-upper ten days of 12 months, the greenhouse body is covered with a film and a quilt before frost, after the frost is finished, the ventilation opening is arranged to be maximum, and one third to one half of the quilt is arranged when the temperature is too high at noon so as to prevent the temperature in the greenhouse from being too high and accelerate the ripening of fruits; when the temperature is reduced to or below 7.2 ℃, gradually closing the ventilation opening, and ensuring that the temperature in the greenhouse is between 13 and 24 ℃ until picking; after picking, the temperature in the shed is gradually reduced until the temperature is balanced with the outside temperature. Then removing the covering and carrying out dormancy;
7) preserving after bag picking: spraying deacetylated chitin, namely chitosan, on the fruits for 3-4 times after picking the bags.
Further, the measures for shading in spring and delaying flowering are as follows:
1.1) shading and blocking illumination, which specifically comprises the following steps: the greenhouse film, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt are not covered in winter, when the temperature rises in spring, the greenhouse film, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt are covered immediately, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt is not removed in the daytime and is in a dark state, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt is uncovered before the sunset in the afternoon, and the ventilation opening is opened to enable cold air to enter the greenhouse;
1.2) in putting into the incubator with snow or ice-cube and moving into the canopy in the beginning spring, the case coats the cotton-wadded quilt, takes off the cotton-wadded quilt cooling daytime, covers the cotton-wadded quilt in order to prolong snow or ice-cube live time night, and the refrigeration plant refrigeration of direct mount under the condition of condition permission.
Further, the step 3) of controlling the temperature and humidity of the flowering phase specifically comprises the following steps: the temperature in the germination period is controlled to be 5-18 ℃, the lowest temperature is 5 ℃, the humidity is controlled to be 70-80%, and the temperature in the flowering period is controlled to be 7-23 ℃; the minimum temperature is 8 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-60%.
Further, the administration management specifically comprises:
4.1) spraying 5-degree lime sulphur or 20-30 times of lime sulphur to fruiting branch groups and trees before sprouting to eliminate overwintering insect eggs and disease sources;
4.2) 600 times of carbendazim and 1000 times of lesinum before flowering;
4.3) the traditional Chinese medicine composition is mainly used for preventing and treating peach blossom midges, aphids and scale insects after blossom falling; spraying Dasheng M-45600 times, chlorbenzuron 3000 times and calcium amino acid 800 times;
4.4) thinning fruits after thinning fruits and before bagging, thinning fruits 2 weeks after blossom, and mainly preventing and controlling peach blossom, red spiders, aphids and leaf miners at the stage; spraying 70% of methyl-800 times, 5% of polyoxin 500 times, big growth 800 times, 20% of gadolinate 1500 times and amino acid calcium 800 times.
Further, the step 5) of bagging the wild peaches specifically comprises the following steps:
5.1) bagging period: carrying out fruit thinning treatment within 30 days after the peach blossom blooms, and bagging 50-55 days after the 2 nd fruit falling, namely, the flower falling; the bagging time is 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days;
5.2) fruit bag selection: the fruit bag is selected to be good in shading, hydrophobic on the outside, anti-aging, not decolored on the inner bag, and compounded with a black double-layer fruit bag on the inside;
5.3) preparation work before bagging: thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach blossom falls off, and finishing thinning fruits within 30 days; when thinning fruits, removing crooked fruits, malformed fruits, insect gnawing fruits, grinding branches and leaves to damage the fruits, cracking the fruits by freezing, enabling short and thick fruit stalks to stand upright and upward fruits, combining the fruits and fruits on thick fruit branches; only drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of fruit branches and long fruits are left, and strong and intact fruits grow; the fruit retention distance is 30 cm;
5.4) bagging operation: before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; after young fruits are selected, removing petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits, supporting a paper bag by a left hand, opening a bag opening by a right hand, expanding the bag body, opening ventilating and water draining holes at two corners of the bottom of the bag, holding the position 2-3 cm below the bag opening by a hand, sleeving fruits, putting fruit stalks on the opening base of the bag after sleeving the fruits, preventing blades and branches from being placed in the bag, then folding the bag opening at a cut opening in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening in sequence, tying the bag opening at the folded position with tying wires, tearing the tying wires from a connecting point above a wire opening, turning the tying wires back to 90 degrees, rotating the tying wires for 1 week along the bag opening, tying the bag opening, enabling the young fruits to be positioned in the center of the bag body, suspending in the bag, preventing the bag body from rubbing fruit surfaces, and not winding the tying wires; when the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards to avoid pulling off young fruits, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, the bag opening is tightened, and the upper parts of the tree crowns and the back of the bone branches are less sleeved with exposed fruits;
5.5) bag picking treatment: the bag picking period is greatly different according to different bag types and varieties, the outer layer bag is removed 15-20 days before picking of the double-layer bag, the outer layer bag is removed 7-10 days before picking, the suitable bag removing time in one day is 9-11 am, 3-5 pm, the south paper bag is removed in the morning, and the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon is avoided to avoid the fruits from being scorched; when the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when the single-layer bag is removed, the bottom of the bag is opened for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days.
The second technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for cultivating the extremely late maturing wild peach variety in a delayed manner is suitable for the north with the latitude of 39 degrees north latitude and comprises the following steps:
1) controlling the temperature and humidity of the peach trees;
2) administration management;
3) bagging management;
4) late autumn and early winter delayed results: covering the greenhouse film when the highest ambient temperature is lower than 25 ℃ to keep the temperature in the greenhouse at 25 ℃ in the daytime and 13 ℃ in the evening;
5) living body preservation and fruit picking treatment: after maturation, the chitosan is utilized to carry out biological living body preservation, and the specific operation steps are as follows: an ethylene remover is arranged in the shed in advance, and after the fruits are ripe and colored, the temperature in the shed is gradually reduced until the leaves fall; then putting down the cotton quilt to tightly cover the greenhouse, and removing ethylene in the greenhouse by using an ethylene remover; can ensure that the fruits are not soft and do not fall off after being hung on the tree for a long time, and really achieves the purposes of picking the fruits in spring festival and marketing.
Further, the step 1) of controlling the temperature and humidity of the peach trees specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1) irrigating primary green turning water in the germination period to facilitate the normal growth of the subsequent flowering period, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 5-18 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 70-80%;
1.2) no watering is carried out in the flowering period so as to prevent flower falling caused by excessive moisture; the temperature is controlled to be 7-23 ℃, the minimum temperature is 8 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-60%.
Further, the administration management in the step 2) is specifically as follows:
2.1) spraying 5-degree lime sulphur or 20-30 times of lime sulphur to fruiting branch groups and trees before sprouting to kill overwintering insect eggs and disease sources;
2.2) 600 times of carbendazim and 1000 times of lesinum before flowering;
2.3) preventing and treating peach blossoms, aphids and scale insects after blossom; spraying Dasheng M-45600 times, chlorbenzuron 3000 times and calcium amino acid 800 times;
2.4) before bagging after thinning the fruit, thinning the fruit 2 weeks after flower withering, and spraying 70% of methyl 800 times, 5% of polyoxin 500 times, 800 times for big growth, 20% of dolantin 1500 times and 800 times of amino acid calcium at the stage to prevent and control peach blossom, red spider, aphid and leaf miner.
Further, the bagging management in the step 3) specifically comprises:
3.1) bagging period: strictly thinning fruits within 30 days after full bloom of peach flowers, and bagging 50-55 days after 2 nd fruit drop, namely, flower falling; the bagging time is preferably 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days;
3.2) fruit bag selection: selecting a double-layer fruit bag which is good in shading, hydrophobic on the outside, anti-aging, not decolored on the inner bag and black on the inside;
3.3) preparation work before bagging: and (4) thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach withers flowers, and finishing thinning fruits within 30 days. When thinning fruits, unhealthy fruits should be thinned, the stems of the fruits are short, thick, upright and upward, and the fruits are connected and the fruits on the thick fruit branches should be thinned. Only drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of fruit branches and long fruits are left, healthy and strong fruits are grown, and the distance between the left fruits is 30 cm;
3.4) bagging operation: the bagging time is selected to be 50-55 days after the 2 nd fruit drop, namely the flower withering; before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; selecting young fruits, carefully removing petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits, supporting a paper bag by a left hand, opening a bag opening by a right hand, expanding a bag body, opening ventilating and water draining holes at two corners of the bottom of the bag, holding the bag opening by a hand at a position 2-3 cm below the bag opening, sleeving fruits, putting fruit handles on the opening base of the bag after sleeving the fruits, sequentially folding the bag opening at a cut opening in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening, tying a tying wire to the folded position, tearing the tying wire from a connecting point above a wire opening, turning the tying wire back by 90 degrees, and tying the bag opening by rotating for 1 week along the bag opening to enable the young fruits to be positioned in the center of the bag body, suspending in the bag and not winding the tying wire on the fruit handles; when the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, and the bag opening is also tightened, so that pests are prevented from climbing into the bag to harm the fruits and the paper bag is prevented from being blown down by wind; the bare fruits on the upper part of the crown and the back of the bone trunk branch are less in cover, so that the occurrence of the sunburn is avoided;
3.5) bag picking treatment: the bag picking period is greatly different according to different bag types, the bag picking time of peaches is 15-20 days before picking the double-layer bags, and all the bags are removed 7-10 days before picking; in one day, the suitable bag removing time is 9-11 am and 3-5 pm, the paper bags on the south side in the morning are removed, and the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon is avoided, so that the fruits are prevented from being sunburned; when the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when removing the single-layer bag, opening the bottom of the bag for ventilation or tearing the paper bag into long strips, and removing the paper bag after several days; the bag bottom is opened in advance for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days.
The third technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for delaying the preservation of the extremely late maturing wild peach variety is applied to the harvested extremely late maturing wild peach variety and comprises the following steps: filling activated carbon into a small bag made of air-permeable cloth or paper, storing the bag together with fruits to be stored in a main plastic bag or other containers, wherein the storage amount of the fruits is more than 100 kg, and dispersedly placing the activated carbon in the middle layer and the upper layer of the stored fruits, wherein the using amount is generally 0.3-3% of the weight of the stored fruits;
or 5 g of potassium permanganate, 5 g of phosphoric acid, 5 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 65 g of zeolite and 20 g of bentonite are mixed together, water is added, the mixture is stirred uniformly and fully infiltrated, and the mixture is dried and crushed to prepare small particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm or prepare the preservative of a columnar body with the particle size of 3 mm; the antistaling agent is put into a small bag with air permeability, and is put into a container together with the stored fruits, and the antistaling agent is stored in a sealed bag device in a shade place, wherein the using amount is 0.6 to 2 percent by weight;
or mixing 100 g of barium hypochlorite, 100 g of chromium oxide and 200 g of zeolite together, adding water, uniformly stirring to prepare a granular or columnar preservative with the particle size of about 3 mm, drying in the shade, manually drying at 10 ℃, cooling to obtain the required preservative, filling the preservative into a small air-permeable bag, filling the small air-permeable bag and the preserved fruits into a container, and storing in a sealed bag device in a shade place with the use amount of 0.2-1.5%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention integrates the advances of greenhouse heat preservation and delayed management, and greatly improves the commodity value of the product. The application of the living body preservation technology reduces the drug residue of the fruits and ensures the safety of the fruits after the fruits are on the market.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
The invention provides a method for cultivating a variety of wild peaches with extremely late maturity in a delayed manner, wherein the general dimension of the area is 33-38 degrees north latitude. The delayed cultivation technology is applied in the area, and two measures of delaying the flower blossoming and delaying the result are required to be applied together (a spring warm greenhouse is recommended to reduce the investment cost). The specific operation steps are as follows:
1) shade in spring and delay flowering
① shading and blocking light
The greenhouse film and the straw mat (or the cotton quilt) are not covered in winter, when the temperature rises in spring, the greenhouse film and the straw mat (or the cotton quilt) are immediately covered, the straw mat (or the cotton quilt) is not removed in the daytime and is in a dark state, the straw mat (or the cotton quilt) is uncovered before sunset in the afternoon (about four o 'clock to half o' clock), and the ventilation opening is opened to enable cold air to enter the greenhouse.
② manual or mechanical cooling
In the early spring, the accumulated snow (or ice blocks) is put into an insulation can (foam box) and moved into a greenhouse, the greenhouse is covered with a thin cotton quilt, the cotton quilt is removed in the daytime to cool, and the cotton quilt is covered at night to prolong the service time of the accumulated snow (or ice blocks). The refrigeration equipment can be directly installed for refrigeration under the condition that the condition allows.
2) Gradual temperature rise
When the maximum temperature of the outside reaches 21 ℃, the temperature rises. The cover surface 1/3 should be opened every 8 days to make peach adapt to external environment gradually, the temperature will not exceed 24 deg.C in flowering period, when the illumination is strong and the temperature may exceed 23 deg.C, the cover (or quilt) should be put in advance to shade at 20 deg.C for sunshade and cooling. When the outside temperature is stable, the film can be uncovered, and the peach can grow as the open field peach and be normally managed.
3) Flowering phase temperature and humidity control standard
Taking the Weifang area of Shandong province as an example: according to the research, the geographical position is 50 kilometers to the north every time, and the phenological period is delayed for 1 day (advanced to the south) after the flowering period of the open-air peach trees is 4 months, 5 days to 10 days and the flowering period is 5 days to 7 days. The specific date also needs to look at the local altitude and the microenvironment, and the higher the altitude, the later the phenological period. The greenhouse is utilized to reduce the temperature and delay the flowering phase, and the flowering phase can be delayed by 25-30 days to the maximum extent, namely the flowering phase is delayed to 5 months and 1-10 days.
① the temperature in the germination period is controlled at 5-18 deg.C, the minimum temperature is 5 deg.C, and the humidity is controlled at about 70-80%.
② the temperature in the flowering period is controlled at 7-23 ℃, the minimum temperature is 8 ℃, and the humidity is controlled at about 50-60%.
4) The technical points of the bag covering
A. The function of the cover bag
The bag can prevent diseases, insects, birds and the like from damaging fruits, reduce fruit rust, green spots and fruit cracking, improve the hardness of the fruits, improve the appearance of the fruits, reduce pesticide residues, improve the commodity rate and increase the economic benefit.
B. Bagging period
Strictly thinning fruits within 30 days after full bloom of peach blossoms, and bagging 50-55 days after the second fruit drop (hard core period) of peach blossoms. The bagging time is preferably 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days.
C. Fruit bag selection
The double-layer fruit bag with good shading, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag not discolored and inner black is selected.
D. Preparation before bagging
a. Before germination, 5-degree lime sulphur or 20-30 times crystal lime sulphur is sprayed on fruiting branch groups and trees to kill overwintering worm eggs and disease sources.
b. 600 times carbendazim and 1000 times leston before flowering.
c. After the flowers are withered, the traditional Chinese medicine composition is mainly used for preventing and treating peach blossom mites, aphids and scale insects; spraying Dasheng M-45600 times, chlorbenzuron 3000 times and calcium amino acid 800 times.
d. After fruit thinning, before bagging, fruit thinning is carried out 2 weeks after flower withering, and peach blossom mites, red spiders, aphids and leaf miners are mainly prevented and controlled at the stage. Spraying 70% of methyl-800 times, 5% of polyoxin 500 times, big growth 800 times, 20% of gadolinate 1500 times and amino acid calcium 800 times;
and (4) thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach withers flowers, and finishing thinning fruits within 30 days. When thinning fruits, the fruits with skew, malformed fruits, worm gnawing fruits, branch and leaf grinding fruits, frost cracking fruits, short and thick fruit stalks, upright fruits, conjoined fruits and fruits on thick fruit branches are thinned. Only drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of fruit branches and long fruits are left, and strong and intact fruits grow. The fruit retention distance is generally about 30 cm.
E. Bagging operation technology
Before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; after young fruits are selected, petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits are carefully removed, a paper bag is held by the left hand, the bag opening is opened by the right hand, the bag body is expanded, air and water holes at two corners of the bag bottom are opened, fruits are sleeved in the bag by holding the bag opening 2-3 cm below the bag opening, the fruit stem is placed at the opening base of the bag after the fruits are sleeved (without placing blades and branches into the bag), then the bag opening is folded at the cut part in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening in sequence, the bag opening is tightened at the folded part by tightening a binding wire, the binding wire is torn from a connecting point above the wire opening and is turned back by 90 degrees, the bag opening is tightened by rotating 1 week along the bag opening, the young fruits are positioned in the center of the bag body, and are suspended in the bag to prevent the bag body from rubbing the fruit surface without winding the binding wire. When the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards to avoid pulling off the young fruits, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, and the bag opening is also tightened to avoid pests climbing into the bag to harm the fruits and prevent the paper bag from being blown off by wind. In addition, the bare fruits on the upper part of the crown and the back of the bone trunk branch are less in number so as to avoid the occurrence of the sunburn.
F. Bag picking period and method
The bag picking period is greatly different according to different bag types and varieties, the bag picking time of peaches is 15-20 days before picking the double-layer bags, and all the bags are removed 7-10 days before picking. In one day, the suitable bag removing time is 9-11 am, 3-5 pm or so, and the paper bags in the south of the morning are necessarily kept away from the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon so as to prevent the fruits from being sunburned. The expected effect of bagging can not be achieved too early or too late in bag picking time, and the color of the fruit surface is dark and the smoothness is poor when the bag is picked too early; after the bag is removed, the color of the fruit surface is light and the color is easy to fade during storage. When the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when the single-layer bag is removed, the bottom of the bag is opened for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days.
5) Late autumn and early winter delayed results:
for a peach that should have matured in the middle and last 10 or 11 months due to the delayed flowering phase, the corresponding maturity is delayed to the middle and last 12 months. At this moment, the solar temperature is already low, and the fruits cannot be normally ripe in the open air, so that the temperature is increased by adding heat preservation measures to ensure the normal growth of the fruits. Specifically, the shed body is covered with a film and a cotton quilt before frost, after the frost is finished, the ventilation opening is arranged to be the maximum, and one third to one half of the cotton quilt can be put down when the temperature is too high at noon so as to prevent the temperature in the shed from being too high and accelerate the ripening of fruits. When the temperature is reduced to or below 7.2 ℃, the ventilation opening is gradually closed, the temperature in the greenhouse is ensured to be between 13 and 24 ℃, leaves start to gradually fall off due to the temperature and the growth cycle of the tree body after the fruit is bagged, and therefore, the chitosan, namely chitosan, is sprayed for 3 to 4 times after the bag is picked (the spraying for 3 to 4 times is to ensure that the chitosan fully and uniformly forms a layer of protective film on the surface of the fruit), the film forming property and the moisture retention property of the chitosan are utilized to reduce the formation of endogenous mature hormone (such as ethylene), and the water content of the fruit is maintained, so that the color and luster of the fruit are ensured to be bright, and the ripening is delayed. And chitosan has strong antibacterial effect, prevents fruit from rotting due to bacterial infection, and the high molecular weight chitosan acts on the freedom degree of restricting microorganisms through the mutual attraction of-NH 3+ and anions such as sialophospholipid and the like of the cell wall of the microorganisms, thereby hindering the metabolism and the propagation of the microorganisms. The chitosan is chemically modified, the density of the structural unit antibacterial factor-NH 3+ is increased, and the chitosan derivative with good human body safety and antibacterial property can be synthesized. The chitosan has good compatibility with organisms, has certain physiological health care function to human bodies, and is an edible substance. Therefore, the edible safety guarantee of the fruits is increased, and the commodity value of the fruits is further improved.
After picking, the temperature in the shed is gradually reduced until the temperature is balanced with the outside temperature. The cover is then removed and the sleep is performed.
The comparative table of temperature control management in this area, taking the Shandong area as an example, is shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 temperature control management comparison table for Shandong area
The invention provides a method for cultivating a variety of wild peaches in a delayed manner, wherein the general latitude of the region is north of 39 degrees north latitude. Since the area has long winter time and late flowering phase, the flowering phase is not delayed intentionally. In the same second area, the daily management after flowers is mainly focused on enhancing the heat preservation measures in the cooling period in autumn and winter (because the temperature is too cold, the use of a winter-heating greenhouse is recommended to facilitate heat preservation). The specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) because the winter time of the area is long and the flowering phase is late, the flowering phase is not required to be delayed intentionally, but the following two points are also ensured:
① irrigating the water for turning green once in the germination period to facilitate the normal growth of the subsequent flowering period, controlling the temperature at 5-18 ℃ and the humidity at about 70-80%, and not irrigating water in the ② flowering period to prevent flower falling caused by excessive water, controlling the temperature at 7-23 ℃ and the minimum temperature at 8 ℃, and controlling the humidity at about 50-60%.
2) The technical points of the bag covering
A. The function of the cover bag
The bag can prevent diseases, insects, birds and the like from damaging fruits, reduce fruit rust, green spots and fruit cracking, improve the hardness of the fruits, improve the appearance of the fruits, reduce pesticide residues, improve the commodity rate and increase the economic benefit.
B. Bagging period
Strictly thinning fruits within 30 days after full bloom of peach blossoms, and bagging 50-55 days after the second fruit drop (hard core period) of peach blossoms. The bagging time is preferably 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days.
C. Fruit bag selection
The double-layer fruit bag with good shading, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag not discolored and inner black is selected.
D. Preparation before bagging
1. Before germination, 5-degree lime sulphur or 20-30 times crystal lime sulphur is sprayed on fruiting branch groups and trees to kill overwintering worm eggs and disease sources.
2. 600 times carbendazim and 1000 times leston before flowering.
3. After the flowers are withered, the traditional Chinese medicine composition is mainly used for preventing and treating peach blossom mites, aphids and scale insects; spraying Dasheng M-45600 times, chlorbenzuron 3000 times and calcium amino acid 800 times.
4. After fruit thinning, before bagging, fruit thinning is carried out 2 weeks after flower withering, and peach blossom mites, red spiders, aphids and leaf miners are mainly prevented and controlled at the stage. Spraying 70% of methyl-800 times, 5% of polyoxin 500 times, big growth 800 times, 20% of gadolinate 1500 times and amino acid calcium 800 times;
and (4) thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach withers flowers, and finishing thinning fruits within 30 days. When thinning fruits, unhealthy fruits (skew fruits, malformed fruits, worm gnawing fruits, branch and leaf grinding fruits, frozen cracked fruits) should be thinned, fruits with short and thick stems and upright upward, combined fruits and fruits on thick fruit branches. Only drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of fruit branches and long fruits are left, and strong and intact fruits grow. The fruit retention distance is generally about 30 cm.
E. Bagging operation technology
The bagging time in this area is still selected to be carried out 50-55 days after the 2 nd fruit drop (sclerosing stage) i.e. the flower withering. Before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; after young fruits are selected, petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits are carefully removed, a paper bag is held by the left hand, the bag opening is opened by the right hand, the bag body is expanded, air and water holes at two corners of the bag bottom are opened, fruits are sleeved in the bag by holding the bag opening 2-3 cm below the bag opening, the fruit stem is placed at the opening base of the bag after the fruits are sleeved (without placing blades and branches into the bag), then the bag opening is folded at the cut part in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening in sequence, the bag opening is tightened at the folded part by tightening a binding wire, the binding wire is torn from a connecting point above the wire opening and is turned back by 90 degrees, the bag opening is tightened by rotating 1 week along the bag opening, the young fruits are positioned in the center of the bag body, and are suspended in the bag to prevent the bag body from rubbing the fruit surface without winding the binding wire. When the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards to avoid pulling off the young fruits, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, and the bag opening is also tightened to avoid pests climbing into the bag to harm the fruits and prevent the paper bag from being blown off by wind. In addition, the bare fruits on the upper part of the crown and the back of the bone trunk branch are less in number so as to avoid the occurrence of the sunburn.
F. Bag picking period and method
The bag picking period is greatly different according to different bag types, the bag picking time of peaches is 15-20 days before picking the double-layer bags, and all the bags are removed 7-10 days before picking. In one day, the suitable bag removing time is 9-11 am, 3-5 pm or so, and the paper bags in the south of the morning are necessarily kept away from the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon so as to prevent the fruits from being sunburned. The expected effect of bagging can not be achieved too early or too late in bag picking time, and the color of the fruit surface is dark and the smoothness is poor when the bag is picked too early; after the bag is removed, the color of the fruit surface is light and the color is easy to fade during storage. When the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when the single-layer bag is removed, the bottom of the bag is opened for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days. However, because the film covering time in the area is longer and the illumination in the shed is weaker than that in the open air, the bag bottom can be opened in advance for ventilation or the paper bag can be torn into long strips and can be removed after several days.
(3) Keep warm after autumn
In the area, because the extremely late-maturing variety cannot mature when the leaves of the open-air peach trees fall early in winter, the greenhouse film is covered when the highest temperature of the environment is lower than 25 ℃, so that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept to be about 25 ℃ in the daytime and about 13 ℃ in the evening, and the extremely late-maturing variety cannot be too high or too low, so that the branches and leaves are guaranteed to be fresh and alive, and the formation of nutrients and the normal growth of fruits are facilitated.
(4) Fresh-keeping of living body
After the biological fresh-keeping agent is mature, the fresh-keeping technology can refer to the previous area to utilize chitosan to keep the living bodies fresh, and due to the favorable conditions of the specific climate in the area, an ethylene removal device can be installed to keep the living bodies fresh. The method comprises the following specific operation steps: the ethylene remover is arranged in the shed in advance. After the fruit is ripe and colored, the temperature in the shed is gradually reduced until the leaves fall. Then putting down the cotton quilt to tightly cover the greenhouse, and removing the ethylene in the greenhouse by using an ethylene remover (the ethylene can generate water and CO2 under the action of the catalyst at the high temperature of 250 ℃, and the gas after the removal of the ethylene is sent into the greenhouse again through a closed circulation system, so that the process of removing the ethylene is completed in a reciprocating way). Can ensure that the fruits are not soft and do not fall off after being hung on the tree for a long time, and really achieves the purposes of picking the fruits in spring festival and marketing.
The comparison table of temperature control management of this area, taking Qinghai area as an example, is shown in Table 2:
table 2 temperature control management comparison table for Qinghai area
Wherein, the Yuan Dan at 12 months in the technology is the fruit picking period.
The preservation method after picking comprises the following steps: the fruit ripening process is carried out in the presence of enzymes. Research shows that the fruits have ethylene formed in the natural ripening process, and the closer the fruits are ripened, the higher the ethylene content is. The ethylene generated by the fruit has the function of promoting the fruit to ripen. Ethylene is a plant hormone, has various physiological effects on fresh fruits, can accelerate the respiration of plants, and promotes maturation and aging; the acceleration of softening and after-ripening of many fruits, even in the presence of ethylene in a concentration of one thousandth, is sufficient to induce post-harvest physiological disorders in fresh fruits, which adversely affect the shelf life of the fruit. Therefore, in order to prolong the shelf life of the fruits and maintain the sensory quality of the fruits, the respiration of the fruits can be inhibited and the after-ripening and aging can be prevented by applying the ethylene removal technology within 1 to 5 days after harvesting. The ethylene removing agent is mainly used in daily production, and is most economical and practical, and can be classified into a physical adsorption type ethylene removing agent, an oxidation adsorption type ethylene removing agent and a catalyst type ethylene removing agent according to the characteristics of the ethylene removing agent. The preparation and use of the compounds are described below by way of example.
A. Physical adsorption type ethylene remover, which is to pack active carbon into small bags of air-permeable cloth, paper and the like, and store the small bags and fruits to be stored in a main plastic bag or other containers, wherein the fruits are stored in a large amount, and the active carbon is dispersedly placed on the middle layer and the upper layer of the stored fruits, and the using amount is generally 0.3-3% of the weight of the stored fruits. If the activated carbon is wet, the adsorption performance is reduced and the activated carbon should be replaced.
B. The oxidation adsorption type ethylene remover-oxidation type antistaling agent is not used alone, but is coated on the surface of porous adsorbent with large surface area to form the oxidation adsorption type ethylene remover, such as 5 g potassium permanganate, 5 g phosphoric acid, 5 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 65 g zeolite and 20 g bentonite, which are mixed together (or proportionally mixed), added with a small amount of water, stirred uniformly, fully infiltrated, dried and crushed into small particles with the particle size of 2-3 mm or into columns with the particle size of about 3 mm. The antistaling agent is put into a small bag with air permeability, and is put into a container together with the stored fruits, and the antistaling agent is stored in a sealed bag device in a shade place, wherein the using amount is 0.6-2% by weight.
C. The catalyst type ethylene remover is used to catalyze the oxidation decomposition of ethylene with specific selective metal, metal oxide or inorganic acid and is suitable for removing low-concentration endogenous ethylene. For example, 100 g of barium hypochlorite, 100 g of chromium oxide and 200 g of zeolite are mixed together (or mixed according to the proportion), a small amount of water is added and stirred uniformly to prepare granules or column-shaped bodies with the grain diameter of about 3 mm, the granules or column-shaped bodies are dried in the shade, then are manually dried at 10 ℃, and the required preservative is obtained after cooling, wherein the using amount is 0.2-1.5%.
Claims (7)
1. A method for cultivating a variety of wild peaches late in maturity is characterized in that the cultivation method is suitable for being used between 33 degrees and 38 degrees of north latitude, and comprises the following steps:
1) Shading in spring and delaying flowering, wherein when the temperature rises in spring, flowering is delayed by cooling and shortening the illumination time;
2) And (3) gradually raising the temperature: when the external highest temperature reaches 21 ℃, starting to heat; when the grass curtain or the cotton quilt is uncovered, the shed surface 1/3 is pulled open every 8 days, the peach tree is gradually adapted to the external environment, the temperature in the flowering period is not more than 24 ℃, when the illumination is strong and the temperature possibly exceeds 23 ℃, the grass curtain or the cotton quilt is put in advance to be shaded and cooled at the temperature close to 20 ℃; when the outside temperature is stable, the temperature can be controlled
Uncovering the film, growing as the open field peaches, and carrying out normal management;
3) Controlling the temperature and humidity of the flowering phase;
4) Administration management: respectively carrying out pesticide application management on the stages of germination, before flowering, after flower withering and after fruit thinning;
5) Bagging the wild peaches;
6) Late autumn and early winter delayed results:
in the middle-upper ten days of 12 months, the greenhouse body is covered with a film and a quilt before frost, after the frost is finished, the ventilation opening is arranged to be maximum, and one third to one half of the quilt is arranged when the temperature is too high at noon so as to prevent the temperature in the greenhouse from being too high and accelerate the ripening of fruits; when the temperature is reduced to or below 7.2 ℃, gradually closing the ventilation opening, and ensuring that the temperature in the greenhouse is between 13 and 24 ℃ until picking; after picking, gradually cooling the greenhouse until the temperature is balanced with the outside temperature, then removing the covering, and carrying out dormancy;
7) Preserving after bag picking: spraying chitosan for 3-4 times on the fruits after picking the bags.
2. The method for delayed cultivation of a very late maturing wild peach variety as claimed in claim 1, wherein the means for shading in spring and delaying flowering are:
1.1) shading and blocking illumination, which specifically comprises the following steps: the greenhouse film, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt are not covered in winter, when the temperature rises in spring, the greenhouse film, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt are covered immediately, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt is not removed in the daytime and is in a dark state, the straw curtain or the cotton quilt is uncovered before the sunset in the afternoon, and the ventilation opening is opened to enable cold air to enter the greenhouse;
1.2) in putting into the incubator with snow or ice-cube and moving into the canopy in the beginning spring, the case coats the cotton-wadded quilt, takes off the cotton-wadded quilt cooling daytime, covers the cotton-wadded quilt in order to prolong snow or ice-cube live time night, and the refrigeration plant refrigeration of direct mount under the condition of condition permission.
3. The method for delayed cultivation of a very late maturing wild peach variety according to claim 1, wherein the step 3) of controlling the temperature and humidity of the flowering phase specifically comprises: the temperature in the germination period is controlled to be 5-18 ℃, the lowest temperature is 5 ℃, the humidity is controlled to be 70-80%, and the temperature in the flowering period is controlled to be 7-23 ℃; the minimum temperature is 8 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-60%.
4. The method for cultivating the variety of the wild peaches late maturing in claim 1, wherein the step 5) of bagging the wild peaches is specifically as follows:
5.1) bagging period: carrying out fruit thinning treatment within 30 days after the peach blossom blooms, and bagging 50-55 days after the 2 nd fruit falling, namely, the flower falling; the bagging time is 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days;
5.2) fruit bag selection: the fruit bag is selected to be good in shading, hydrophobic on the outside, anti-aging, not decolored on the inner bag, and compounded with a black double-layer fruit bag on the inside;
5.3) preparation work before bagging: thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach blossom falls off, and finishing thinning fruits within 30 days; when thinning fruits, removing crooked fruits, malformed fruits, insect gnawing fruits, grinding branches and leaves to damage the fruits, cracking the fruits by freezing, enabling short and thick fruit stalks to stand upright and upward fruits, combining the fruits and fruits on thick fruit branches; only drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of fruit branches and long fruits are left, and strong and intact fruits grow; the fruit retention distance is 30 cm;
5.4) bagging operation: before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; after young fruits are selected, removing petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits, supporting a paper bag by a left hand, opening a bag opening by a right hand, expanding the bag body, opening ventilating and water draining holes at two corners of the bottom of the bag, holding the position 2-3 cm below the bag opening by a hand, sleeving fruits, putting fruit stalks on the opening base of the bag after sleeving the fruits, preventing blades and branches from being placed in the bag, then folding the bag opening at a cut opening in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening in sequence, tying the bag opening at the folded position with tying wires, tearing the tying wires from a connecting point above a wire opening, turning the tying wires back to 90 degrees, rotating the tying wires for 1 week along the bag opening, tying the bag opening, enabling the young fruits to be positioned in the center of the bag body, suspending in the bag, preventing the bag body from rubbing fruit surfaces, and not winding the tying wires; when the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards to avoid pulling off young fruits, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, the bag opening is tightened, and the upper parts of the tree crowns and the back of the bone branches are less sleeved with exposed fruits;
5.5) bag picking treatment: the bag picking period varies greatly according to the types of the bags, the time for picking the bags of the peaches is before picking the bags of the double-layer bags
Removing outer bags in 15-20 days, removing all bags in 7-10 days before picking, wherein the suitable bag removing time in one day is 9-11 am, 3-5 pm and the paper bags on the south side in the morning are avoided from the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon to prevent the fruits from being scorched; when the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when the single-layer bag is removed, the bottom of the bag is opened for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days.
5. A method for cultivating a variety of wild peaches late in maturity is characterized in that the cultivation method is suitable for being used in the north with the latitude of 39 degrees north latitude and comprises the following steps:
1) Controlling the temperature and humidity of the peach trees;
2) Administration management;
3) Bagging management;
4) Late autumn and early winter delayed results: covering the greenhouse film when the highest ambient temperature is lower than 25 ℃ to keep the temperature in the greenhouse at 25 ℃ in the daytime and 13 ℃ in the evening;
5) Living body preservation and fruit picking treatment: spraying chitosan for 3-4 times on the fruits after picking the bags; an ethylene remover is arranged in the shed in advance, and after the fruits are ripe and colored, the temperature in the shed is gradually reduced until the leaves fall; then putting down the cotton quilt to tightly cover the greenhouse, and removing ethylene in the greenhouse by using an ethylene remover; the fruits are guaranteed not to be soft and not to fall after being hung on the tree for a long time, and the fruit picking in spring festival is really achieved and the fruits are sold on the market.
6. The method for delayed cultivation of a very late maturing wild peach variety according to claim 5, wherein the controlling of the temperature and humidity of the peach tree in the step 1) is specifically:
1.1) irrigating primary green turning water in the germination period to facilitate the normal growth of the subsequent flowering period, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 5-18 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 70-80%;
1.2) no watering is carried out in the flowering period so as to prevent flower falling caused by excessive moisture; the temperature is controlled to be 7-23 ℃, the minimum temperature is 8 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-60%.
7. The method for delayed cultivation of a very late maturing wild peach variety according to claim 5, wherein the bagging management in step 3) is specifically:
3.1) bagging period: strictly thinning fruits within 30 days after full bloom of peach flowers, and bagging 50-55 days after 2 nd fruit drop, namely, flower falling; the bagging time is preferably 9-11 am and 3-6 pm in fine days;
3.2) fruit bag selection: selecting a double-layer fruit bag which is good in shading, hydrophobic on the outside, anti-aging, not decolored on the inner bag and black on the inside;
3.3) preparation work before bagging: thinning fruits 2 weeks after the peach blossom falls off, finishing thinning within 30 days, thinning unhealthy fruits, enabling stems of fruits to be short, thick, upright and upward, combining fruits and fruits on thick fruit branches, only leaving fruits on drooping fruits, fruits on two sides of the fruit branches and fruits with long shapes, keeping healthy and healthy fruits, and keeping the fruit distance to be 30 cm;
3.4) bagging operation: the bagging time is selected to be 50-55 days after the 2 nd fruit drop, namely the flower withering; before bagging, the whole bundle of fruit bag is placed in a damp place to make the whole bundle of fruit bag damp and flexible; selecting young fruits, carefully removing petals and other impurities attached to the young fruits, supporting a paper bag by a left hand, opening a bag opening by a right hand, expanding a bag body, opening ventilating and water draining holes at two corners of the bottom of the bag, holding the bag opening by a hand at a position 2-3 cm below the bag opening, sleeving fruits, putting fruit handles on the opening base of the bag after sleeving the fruits, sequentially folding the bag opening at a cut opening in a folding fan mode from two sides of the bag opening, tying a tying wire to the folded position, tearing the tying wire from a connecting point above a wire opening, turning the tying wire back by 90 degrees, and tying the bag opening by rotating for 1 week along the bag opening to enable the young fruits to be positioned in the center of the bag body, suspending in the bag and not winding the tying wire on the fruit handles; when the bag is sleeved, the force is always applied upwards, the force is preferably light, the young fruits are not touched as much as possible, and the bag opening is also tightened, so that pests are prevented from climbing into the bag to harm the fruits and the paper bag is prevented from being blown down by wind; the bare fruits on the upper part of the crown and the back of the bone trunk branch are less in cover, so that the occurrence of the sunburn is avoided;
3.5) bag picking treatment: the bag picking period is greatly different according to different bag types, the bag picking time of peaches is 15-20 days before picking the double-layer bags, and all the bags are removed 7-10 days before picking; in one day, the suitable bag removing time is 9-11 am and 3-5 pm, the paper bags on the south side in the morning are removed, and the time with the strongest sunlight in the noon is avoided, so that the fruits are prevented from being sunburned; when the double-layer bag is removed, the outer bag is torn off along the cut line of the bag, and after 5 to 7 days, the inner bag is removed; when removing the single-layer bag, opening the bottom of the bag for ventilation or tearing the paper bag into long strips, and removing the paper bag after several days; the bag bottom is opened in advance for ventilation or the paper bag is torn into long strips and is removed after a few days.
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| CN107347553A (en) * | 2017-07-13 | 2017-11-17 | 叶集试验区绿叶果木种植专业合作社 | A kind of yellow peach delayed cultivation method |
| CN107811034B (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2021-01-15 | 宁波市农业科学研究院 | Peach storage and preservation method |
| CN110537444A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2019-12-06 | 李艳臣 | Delayed ripening cultivation technology of extremely late ripening peaches |
| CN110679381A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-01-14 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Cultivation method for keeping grape on tree for preservation |
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