CN105432395A - Delayed cultivation and fresh-keeping method of extremely late-maturing wild peach variety - Google Patents
Delayed cultivation and fresh-keeping method of extremely late-maturing wild peach variety Download PDFInfo
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- CN105432395A CN105432395A CN201510750330.7A CN201510750330A CN105432395A CN 105432395 A CN105432395 A CN 105432395A CN 201510750330 A CN201510750330 A CN 201510750330A CN 105432395 A CN105432395 A CN 105432395A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
- A23B7/154—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Abstract
The present invention discloses a delayed cultivation method of an extremely late-maturing wild peach variety. The method comprises the following steps: shading in spring to delay flowing, gradually raising temperature, performing temperature and humidity control in florescence, performing pesticide application managing, performing bagging treatment on a wild peach, delaying fruit bearing in late autumn and early winter, and keeping fresh after bag removal. The present invention also discloses a delayed fresh-keeping method of the extremely late-maturing wild peach variety. According to the methods disclosed by the present invention, greenhouse thermal insulation and high performance of delay management are integrated, and commercial value of a product is greatly improved. According to the methods disclosed by the present invention, by adopting the living body fresh-keeping technology, drug residue of the fruit is reduced, and the safety of the fruit after being on the market is ensured.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to plant cultivation and technical field of preservation of fresh, be specifically related to one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, the invention still further relates to the extremely late-maturing wild peach kind of one and postpone preservation method.
Background technology
Along with the development of science and technology, peach variety is constantly weeded out the old and bring forth the new, and planting technology is maked rapid progress.Outdoor and the greenhouse culture of early-maturing variety has been tending towards ripe, and the culture technique (mainly greenhouse culture technique) of late variety particularly pole late variety also also exists great technical barrier with regard to current.
Existing extremely late-maturing wild peach kind does not have concrete Delayed Cultivation, and preservation method mainly adopts constant heat storage to preserve, and this method can only ensure the fruit outbound amount of 70%, another 30% there will be evil mind, wilting, rot etc. phenomenon.And due to this veriety growth cycle longer, not having enough growth time compared with the outdoor cultivation of cold district, (such as: Qinghai Province Hai Dongshi, peach blooms general in mid-May, and just fallen leaves at the beginning of 10 months late Septembers.But this series of products generally needs 7 months from blooming to maturation).
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, solve the problem that the Time To Market existed in prior art is concentrated, fresh-keeping difficulty, cold district cannot be cultivated, greatly expand the region restriction of planting of this series of products, improve its commodity market and be worth.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the extremely late-maturing wild peach kind of one and postpones preservation method.
First technical scheme of the present invention is, one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, and this cultivation method is applicable to, between north latitude 33 degree of-38 degree, comprise the following steps:
1) shade spring late blooming, during temperature recovery in spring, carries out late blooming by lowering the temperature and shortening light application time;
2) incremental intensification: when extraneous maximum temperature reaches 21 DEG C, starts to heat up; Take off straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt will pull open canopy face 1/3 as well by every 8 days, make peach adapt to external environment gradually, flowering stage, temperature was unlikely to more than 24 DEG C, when illumination is strong, temperature may more than 23 DEG C time, in advance close to putting straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt sunshading and temperature reducing when 20 DEG C; After ambient temperature is stable, namely can take off film, equally with open country peach to grow, normal management;
3) temperature and humidity control is carried out to the florescence;
4) dispenser management: to the budding period, bloom before, after Xie Huahou, fruit thinning period carry out dispenser management respectively;
5) bagging process is carried out to wild peach;
6) time of the year when autumn changes into winter postpones result:
Maturing stage, canopy body cover film and cotton-wadded quilt before the Frost's Descent, put ventilating opening to maximum after completing in early or mid December, and put down 1/1 to two/3rd cotton-wadded quilt when noon, temperature was too high to prevent temperature of shed too high, accelerate the ripening fruit; Temperature be down to or lower than 7.2 DEG C time, close ventilating opening tight gradually, ensure temperature of shed between 13 DEG C-24 DEG C until pluck; Pluck in rear canopy and lower the temperature gradually, until balance with ambient temperature.Then remove covering, carry out dormancy;
7) that plucks after bag is fresh-keeping: after plucking bag, spray 3-4 chitosan-i.e. shitosan to fruit.
Further, the measure of late blooming of shading spring is:
1.1) to shade stop illumination, be specially: do not cover canopy film and straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt winter, during temperature recovery in spring, cover canopy film and straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt immediately, do not remove straw screen or mat daytime or cotton-wadded quilt is dark state, open straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt before sunset in afternoon, and open ventilating opening, make cold air enter in canopy;
1.2) during the early spring, accumulated snow or ice cube are put into incubator and move into canopy, case covers thin cotton-wadded quilt, take cotton-wadded quilt cooling daytime off, cover cotton-wadded quilt night to extend the service time of accumulated snow or ice cube, when conditions permit, directly refrigerating device refrigeration is installed.
Further, step 3) to the florescence carry out temperature and humidity control be specially: budding period temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, minimum 5 DEG C, and humid control is 70% ~ 80%, and flowering stage, temperature controlled at 7 ~ 23 DEG C; Minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is 50% ~ 60%.
Further, dispenser management is specially:
4.1) before rudiment, 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies are sprayed to fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body, eliminate survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny;
4.2) to bloom front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times;
4.3) thank spend that rear main control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray;
4.4) after fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase mainly prevents and treats that peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza; Spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach.
Further, step 5) bagging process is carried out to wild peach be specially:
5.1) bagged stage: peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days and carried out fruit thinning process, the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out bagging; When bagging time is fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time;
5.2) fruit bag is selected: fruit bag selects shading good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound;
5.3) preparation before bagging: peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days; Should be thinning out crooked fruit during fruit thinning, malformed fruit, worm gnaw fruit, branch, leaf fray fruit, bursting by freezing fruit, the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch; Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth; Fruit distance is stayed to be 30 centimetres;
5.4) bagging operation: whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal and other foreign material that are attached on young fruit, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base of bag after putting fruit, blade and branch is prevented to load in sack, then sack is folded in incision by plicated manner successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, to prevent bag friction fruit face, will not tie up silk is entangled on carpopodium, during bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, in order to avoid pull off young fruit, light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack is tightened as far as possible, and tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back overlap less,
5.5) bag process is plucked: Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind, kind difference, peach plucks the time of bag, double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopt front 7-10 days all except bag, be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, during 3-5 in afternoon, the morning is except the paper bag in southern side, daylight the strongest time at noon must be avoided, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day; First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
Second technical scheme of the present invention is, one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, and it is to the north of north latitude 39 degree that this cultivation method is applicable to latitude, comprises the following steps:
1) temperature and humidity of peach is controlled;
2) dispenser management;
3) bagging management;
4) time of the year when autumn changes into winter postpones result: the environment maximum air temperature lower than when 25 DEG C on canopy film cover, make to keep daytime 25 DEG C, night 13 DEG C in canopy;
5) preserving active carrying out plucks fruit process: after maturation, and utilize shitosan to carry out biological living fresh-keeping, concrete operation step: install ethylene removal device in advance in canopy, when after fruit maturation colouring, reduces temperature of shed gradually, until fallen leaves; Then put down cotton-wadded quilt and cover tightly booth, application ethylene removal device removes ethene in canopy; Can ensure that fruit hangs that tree is not soft not to fall for a long time, really reach and pluck fruit listing the Spring Festival.
Further, step 1) in control the temperature and humidity of peach and be specially:
1.1) budding period waters water of once turning green, and be beneficial to the normal growth at follow-up florescence, temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, and humid control is 70 ~ 80%;
1.2) do not water flowering stage, to prevent from causing fallen flowers because moisture is excessive; Temperature controls at 7 ~ 23 DEG C, and minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is 50 ~ 60%.
Further, step 2) in dispenser management be specially:
2.1), before rudiment, 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies are sprayed to fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body, eliminates survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny;
2.2) to bloom front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times;
2.3) thank spend that rear control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray;
2.4) after fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase control peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza, spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach.
Further, step 3) in bagging management be specially:
3.1) bagged stage: peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days will carry out strict fruit thinning, the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out bagging; Bagging time with during fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time be advisable;
3.2) fruit bag is selected: shading should be selected good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound;
3.3) preparation before bagging: peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days.Unhealthy fruit, the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium should be dredged, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch during fruit thinning.Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth, stay fruit distance to be 30 centimetres;
3.4) bagging operation: bagging time select the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out, whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal be attached on young fruit and other foreign material carefully, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base of bag after putting fruit, then sack is folded in incision by " folding fan " mode successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, will not tie up silk is entangled on carpopodium, during bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, and light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack also will be tightened as far as possible, endangers fruit in order to avoid insect climbs in bag and prevent paper bag to be blown off, tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back should overlap less, to avoid the generation of sun burn,
3.5) bag process is plucked: Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind difference, and peach plucks the time of bag, and double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopts front 7-10 days all except bag; Be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, during 3-5 in afternoon, except the paper bag in southern side, avoid daylight the strongest time at noon, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day in the morning; First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days; Ventilate at the bottom of opening in advance bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
3rd technical scheme of the present invention is, the extremely late-maturing wild peach kind of one postpones preservation method, the method is applied to the extremely late-maturing wild peach kind after harvesting, comprise the following steps: active carbon is loaded in the cloth of gas permeability, paper pouch, store together with treating that storage fruit fills in main plastic sack or other container, fruit reserves are greater than double centner, active carbon are positioned over dispersedly storage fruit middle level and upper strata, and usage amount is generally the 0.3-3% of storage fruit weight;
Or, by 5 grams, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid 5 grams, sodium dihydrogen phosphate 5 grams, 65 grams, zeolite, bentonite 20 grams, mixing of putting together, adds water, stirs, fully infiltrate, and pulverizes after drying and makes the granule of particle diameter 2-3 millimeter or make the antistaling agent of 3 millimeters of columns; Loaded by antistaling agent in the pouch of gas permeability, load in container together with storage fruit, the place's storage of sealed packaging device cool place, usage amount is by weight 0.6-2%;
Or; by barium hypochlorite 100 grams; chrome green 100 grams, 200 grams, zeolite mixes to add water and stirs, and makes particle or the column antistaling agent of particle diameter 3 millimeter; after drying in the shade at 10 DEG C artificial seasoning; be required antistaling agent after cooling, antistaling agent loaded in the pouch of gas permeability, load in container together with storage fruit; the place's storage of sealed packaging device cool place, usage amount is 0.2-1.5%.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the present invention combines the advance of booth thermal insulation and delay management, drastically increase the commodity value of product.The application of preserving active technology of the present invention, reduces the medicament residue of fruit, ensure that the safety after fruit listing.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.
The invention provides one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, the cardinal principle dimension in this region is between north latitude 33 degree of-38 degree.At this area applications Delayed Cultivation, need late blooming, postpone result two measures and apply in the lump (suggestion adopts spring warm type big shack to reduce input cost).Concrete operation step is as follows:
1) shade spring late blooming
1. to shade stop illumination
Do not cover canopy film and straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt) winter, during temperature recovery in spring, cover canopy film and straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt) immediately, do not remove straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt) daytime in dark state, before sunset in afternoon (about four o'clock thirty to five) open straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt), and open ventilating opening, cold air is entered in canopy.
2. artificial or machinery cooling
During the early spring, accumulated snow (or ice cube) is put into incubator (bubble chamber) and move into canopy, case covers thin cotton-wadded quilt, take cotton-wadded quilt cooling daytime off, cover cotton-wadded quilt night to extend the service time of accumulated snow (or ice cube).Directly refrigerating device refrigeration can be installed when conditions permit.
2) incremental intensification
When extraneous maximum temperature reaches 21 DEG C, start to heat up.Take off straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt) and canopy face 1/3 will be pulled open as well by every 8 days, make peach adapt to external environment gradually, temperature was unlikely to more than 24 DEG C, when illumination is strong flowering stage, temperature may more than 23 DEG C time, in advance close to putting straw screen or mat (or cotton-wadded quilt) sunshading and temperature reducing when 20 DEG C.After ambient temperature is stable, namely can take off film, equally with open country peach to grow, normal management.
3) florescence Temperature and Humidity Control standard
For Weifang Prefecture of Shandong Province: outdoor peach full-bloom stage (height above sea level 50-100 rice) 5-10 day in April, florescence 5-7 day, according to the study, geographical position is often northwards in 50 kilometers, and the phenophase postpones 1 day (shifting to an earlier date southwards).Also will see local height above sea level and subenvironment exact date, height above sea level is higher, and the phenophase is more late.And utilize greenhouse cooling to postpone the florescence, can postpone 25-30 days to greatest extent, namely flowering delay is to 1-10 day in May.
1. budding period temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, and minimum 5 DEG C, humid control is about 70 ~ 80%.
2. flowering stage, temperature controlled at 7 ~ 23 DEG C.Minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is about 50 ~ 60%.
4) bagging technique main points
The effect of A, bagging
Bagging can prevent the harm fruits such as disease, worm, bird, alleviates fruit russeting, blue spot and dehiscent fruit, improves the hardness of fruit, improves fruit appearance, reduces residue of pesticide, improves commodity rate, increases economic benefit.
B, bagged stage
Peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days will carry out strict fruit thinning, namely thanks spend rear 50-55 days to carry out bagging the 2nd physiological fallen fruit (stone phase).Bagging time with during fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time be advisable.
C, fruit bag are selected
Shading should be selected good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound.
Preparation before D, bagging
Before a, rudiment, fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body spray 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies, eliminate survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny.
B, front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times of blooming.
C, thank spend that rear main control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray.
After d, fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase mainly prevents and treats that peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza.Spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach;
Peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days.Should be thinning out crooked fruit during fruit thinning, malformed fruit, worm gnaw fruit, branch, leaf fray fruit, bursting by freezing fruit, the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch.Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth.Fruit distance is stayed to be generally 30 cm.
E, bagging operating technology
Whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal be attached on young fruit and other foreign material carefully, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base (blade and branch not being loaded in sack) of bag after putting fruit, then sack is folded in incision by " folding fan " mode successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, to prevent bag friction fruit face, will not tie up silk to be entangled on carpopodium.During bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, in order to avoid pull off young fruit, light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack also will be tightened as far as possible, endangers fruit in order to avoid insect climbs in bag and prevent paper bag to be blown off.In addition, tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back should overlap less, to avoid the generation of sun burn.
F, Packing season and method
Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind, kind difference, and peach plucks the time of bag, and double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopts front 7-10 days all except bag.Be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, about during 3-5 in afternoon, except the paper bag in southern side, must avoid daylight the strongest time at noon, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day in the morning.Pluck bag time too early or cross the Expected Results that evening does not all reach bagging, pluck bag too early, fruit face darker in color, fineness is poor; Spend evening except bag, fruit face is light, storage fugitive color.First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
5) time of the year when autumn changes into winter postpones result:
Due to the delay at florescence, originally should mid or late October or early November ripe peaches, the corresponding maturing stage was postponed to early or mid December.This time temperature is on the low side, and outdoor temperature cannot make fruit normal mature, so should add Insulation to improve temperature guarantee fruit normal growth.Specifically should before the Frost's Descent canopy body cover film and cotton-wadded quilt, put by ventilating opening to maximum after completing, can put down 1/1 to two/3rd cotton-wadded quilt when noon, temperature was too high to prevent temperature of shed too high, accelerate the ripening fruit.When temperature be down to or lower than 7.2 DEG C time, close ventilating opening tight gradually, ensure that temperature of shed is between 13 DEG C-24 DEG C, after fruit bag, due to temperature and the reason in Growth status cycle, leaf starts progressively to come off, so fruit needs to spray 3-4 chitosan-i.e. shitosan (spray is for 3-4 time to ensure that shitosan fully and equably forms layer protecting film at fruit surface) after plucking bag, the film forming of shitosan and moisture retention is utilized to reduce the formation (as: ethene) of endogenous ripe hormone, keep the moisture amount of fruit self, to ensure that fruit colour is vivid, delayed maturity.And shitosan has and strong antibacterial action, prevent fruit from causing rotting because bacterium property infects, and the shitosan of HMW passes through the attracting each other of anion such as the sialic acid phosphatide of-NH3+ and microorganism wall makes to fetter the degree of freedom of microorganism, thus hinders microbial metabolism and breeding.Chemical modification is carried out to shitosan, increases the density of construction unit antimicrobial factors-NH3+, the chitosan derivatives with good human safety and anti-microbial property can be synthesized.Shitosan and organism have good affine compatibility, have certain physiological hygiene function to human body, are edibility material.This just increases the edible safety guarantee of fruit, further increases the commodity value of fruit.
Lower the temperature gradually, until balance with ambient temperature in canopy after plucking.Then remove covering, carry out dormancy.
This region is as shown in table 1 for the temperature control of Shandong District management contrast table:
The temperature control management contrast table of table 1 Shandong District
The invention provides one extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, the cardinal principle latitude in this region is to the north of north latitude 39 degree.Because this region is long for winter time, the florescence is more late, so deliberately need not postpone the florescence.Spend the same second area of rear daily management, mainly should strengthen emphatically catathermal Insulation autumn and winter (because temperature is too cold, suggestion uses winter warm type big shack, so that insulation).Concrete operation step is as follows:
(1) because this region is long for winter time, the florescence is more late, so deliberately need not postpone the florescence, but also will ensure following 2 points:
1. the budding period waters water of once turning green, and be beneficial to the normal growth at follow-up florescence, temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, and humid control is about 70 ~ 80%.2. can not water flowering stage, to prevent from causing fallen flowers because moisture is excessive.Temperature controls at 7 ~ 23 DEG C, and minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is about 50 ~ 60%.
2) bagging technique main points
The effect of A, bagging
Bagging can prevent the harm fruits such as disease, worm, bird, alleviates fruit russeting, blue spot and dehiscent fruit, improves the hardness of fruit, improves fruit appearance, reduces residue of pesticide, improves commodity rate, increases economic benefit.
B, bagged stage
Peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days will carry out strict fruit thinning, namely thanks spend rear 50-55 days to carry out bagging the 2nd physiological fallen fruit (stone phase).Bagging time with during fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time be advisable.
C, fruit bag are selected
Shading should be selected good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound.
Preparation before D, bagging
1, before rudiment, fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body spray 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies, eliminate survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny.
2, to bloom front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times.
3, thank spend that rear main control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray.
4, after fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase mainly prevents and treats that peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza.Spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach;
Peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days.Unhealthy fruit (crooked fruit, malformed fruit, worm gnaw fruit, and branch, leaf fray fruit, bursting by freezing really), the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium should be dredged, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch during fruit thinning.Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth.Fruit distance is stayed to be generally 30 cm.
E, bagging operating technology
This region bagging time is still selected namely to thank the 2nd physiological fallen fruit (stone phase) to spend carry out for rear 50-55 days.Whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal be attached on young fruit and other foreign material carefully, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base (blade and branch not being loaded in sack) of bag after putting fruit, then sack is folded in incision by " folding fan " mode successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, to prevent bag friction fruit face, will not tie up silk to be entangled on carpopodium.During bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, in order to avoid pull off young fruit, light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack also will be tightened as far as possible, endangers fruit in order to avoid insect climbs in bag and prevent paper bag to be blown off.In addition, tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back should overlap less, to avoid the generation of sun burn.
F, Packing season and method
Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind difference, and peach plucks the time of bag, and double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopts front 7-10 days all except bag.Be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, about during 3-5 in afternoon, except the paper bag in southern side, must avoid daylight the strongest time at noon, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day in the morning.Pluck bag time too early or cross the Expected Results that evening does not all reach bagging, pluck bag too early, fruit face darker in color, fineness is poor; Spend evening except bag, fruit face is light, storage fugitive color.First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.But because this region cover film time is comparatively early longer, in canopy, illumination is weaker than outdoor, so ventilate at the bottom of can opening in advance bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
(3) enter and be incubated after autumn
This region due to winter approached comparatively early, pole late variety can not be ripe when peach is fallen leaves in the open, the environment maximum air temperature lower than when 25 DEG C on canopy film cover, make to keep daytime about 25 DEG C in canopy, night about 13 DEG C, can not be too high or too low, to ensure that branches and leaves are fresh and alive, be beneficial to the formation of nutrient and the normal growth of fruit.
(4) preserving active
After maturation, its preservation technique can refer to a region, and to utilize shitosan to carry out biological living fresh-keeping, and the advantage of specific weather due to this region, can install ethylene removal device, carry out preserving active.Concrete operation step: install ethylene removal device in advance in canopy.When after fruit maturation colouring, reduce temperature of shed gradually, until fallen leaves.Then put down cotton-wadded quilt and cover tightly booth, (ethene can generate water and CO2 to application ethylene removal device under the high temperature of 250 DEG C with under the effect of catalyzer, sent into removing the gas after ethene again in canopy by closed circuit circulatory system, and so forth, the process removing ethene is completed) remove ethene in canopy.Can ensure that fruit hangs that tree is not soft not to fall for a long time, really reach and pluck fruit listing the Spring Festival.
This region is as shown in table 2 for the temperature control of Qinghai Area management contrast table:
The temperature control management contrast table of table 2 Qinghai Area
Wherein, the New Year's Day in this technology during December is the picking fruit phase.
Preservation method after harvesting: fruit maturation is all carry out in the presence of enzyme.Research finds that fruit just has the formation of ethene in physical maturity process, and more ripe close to fruit, and ethylene contents is also larger.The ethene that fruit itself generates has the effect promoting fruit maturation.Ethene is a Plant Hormone, has multiple physiological action to fresh fruit, and it can accelerate the respiration of plant, promotes ripe and old and feeble; Accelerate the softening of much fruit and after-ripening, even if there is the ethene of one thousandth concentration, be also enough to bring out the imbalance of fresh fruit post-harvest physiology, it has adverse effect to the shelf life of fruit.Therefore, in order to extend the shelf life of fruit, keep its aesthetic quality, after gathering, in 1-5 days, application ethylene removal technology can suppress the respiration of fruit, prevents after-ripening aging.Main the most economical and the most practical with the application of ethylene scavenger in daily production, physisorption type ethylene scavenger, oxidation-adsorption type ethylene scavenger, catalyst type ethylene scavenger can be divided into by its characteristic.With an example, its allotment and using method is described respectively below.
A, physisorption type ethylene scavenger---active carbon is loaded in the pouches such as the cloth of gas permeability, paper, store together with treating that storage fruit fills in main plastic sack or other container, fruit reserves are larger, active carbon is positioned over dispersedly storage fruit middle level and upper strata, usage amount is generally the 0.3-3% of storage fruit weight.As active carbon makes moist, absorption property can reduce, and should give replacing.
B, oxidation-adsorption type ethylene scavenger---the antistaling agent of oxidized form is not generally used alone; but be coated on the surface of the large Porous adsorbent of surface area; form oxidation-adsorption type ethylene scavenger-as by 5 grams, potassium permanganate; phosphoric acid 5 grams; sodium dihydrogen phosphate 5 grams; 65 grams, zeolite; bentonite 20 grams; to put together mixing (or in proportion mix); add a small amount of water; stir, fully infiltrate, pulverize the granule making particle diameter 2-3 millimeter after drying or make 3 millimeter columns.Loaded by antistaling agent in the pouch of gas permeability, load in container together with storage fruit, the place's storage of sealed packaging device cool place, usage amount is by weight 0.6-2%.
C, catalyst type ethylene scavenger---be the oxidation Decomposition with specific selectively metal, metal oxide or inorganic acid catalyzed ethylene, be applicable to the endogenous ethylene removing low concentration.As by barium hypochlorite 100 grams; chrome green 100 grams; 200 grams, zeolite mixes (or in this ratio mixing) adds a small amount of water and stirs; make particle or the column of particle diameter 3 millimeter; after drying in the shade at 10 DEG C artificial seasoning; be required antistaling agent after cooling, usage amount is 0.2-1.5%.
Claims (10)
1. an extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, is characterized in that, this cultivation method is applicable to, between north latitude 33 degree of-38 degree, comprise the following steps:
1) shade spring late blooming, during temperature recovery in spring, carries out late blooming by lowering the temperature and shortening light application time;
2) incremental intensification: when extraneous maximum temperature reaches 21 DEG C, starts to heat up; Take off straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt will pull open canopy face 1/3 as well by every 8 days, make peach adapt to external environment gradually, flowering stage, temperature was unlikely to more than 24 DEG C, when illumination is strong, temperature may more than 23 DEG C time, in advance close to putting straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt sunshading and temperature reducing when 20 DEG C; After ambient temperature is stable, namely can take off film, equally with open country peach to grow, normal management;
3) temperature and humidity control is carried out to the florescence;
4) dispenser management: to the budding period, bloom before, after Xie Huahou, fruit thinning period carry out dispenser management respectively;
5) bagging process is carried out to wild peach;
6) time of the year when autumn changes into winter postpones result:
Maturing stage, canopy body cover film and cotton-wadded quilt before the Frost's Descent, put ventilating opening to maximum after completing in early or mid December, and put down 1/1 to two/3rd cotton-wadded quilt when noon, temperature was too high to prevent temperature of shed too high, accelerate the ripening fruit; Temperature be down to or lower than 7.2 DEG C time, close ventilating opening tight gradually, ensure temperature of shed between 13 DEG C-24 DEG C until pluck; Pluck in rear canopy and lower the temperature gradually, until balance with ambient temperature.Then remove covering, carry out dormancy;
7) that plucks after bag is fresh-keeping: after plucking bag, spray 3-4 chitosan-i.e. shitosan to fruit.
2. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the measure of the late blooming that shades described spring is:
1.1) to shade stop illumination, be specially: do not cover canopy film and straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt winter, during temperature recovery in spring, cover canopy film and straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt immediately, do not remove straw screen or mat daytime or cotton-wadded quilt is dark state, open straw screen or mat or cotton-wadded quilt before sunset in afternoon, and open ventilating opening, make cold air enter in canopy;
1.2) during the early spring, accumulated snow or ice cube are put into incubator and move into canopy, case covers thin cotton-wadded quilt, take cotton-wadded quilt cooling daytime off, cover cotton-wadded quilt night to extend the service time of accumulated snow or ice cube, when conditions permit, directly refrigerating device refrigeration is installed.
3. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step 3) to the florescence carry out temperature and humidity control be specially: budding period temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, minimum 5 DEG C, humid control is 70% ~ 80%, and flowering stage, temperature controlled at 7 ~ 23 DEG C; Minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is 50% ~ 60%.
4. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described dispenser management is specially:
4.1) before rudiment, 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies are sprayed to fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body, eliminate survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny;
4.2) to bloom front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times;
4.3) thank spend that rear main control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray;
4.4) after fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase mainly prevents and treats that peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza; Spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach.
5. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described step 5) bagging process is carried out to wild peach be specially:
5.1) bagged stage: peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days and carried out fruit thinning process, the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out bagging; When bagging time is fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time;
5.2) fruit bag is selected: fruit bag selects shading good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound;
5.3) preparation before bagging: peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days; Should be thinning out crooked fruit during fruit thinning, malformed fruit, worm gnaw fruit, branch, leaf fray fruit, bursting by freezing fruit, the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch; Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth; Fruit distance is stayed to be 30 centimetres;
5.4) bagging operation: whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal and other foreign material that are attached on young fruit, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base of bag after putting fruit, blade and branch is prevented to load in sack, then sack is folded in incision by plicated manner successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, to prevent bag friction fruit face, will not tie up silk is entangled on carpopodium, during bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, in order to avoid pull off young fruit, light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack is tightened as far as possible, and tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back overlap less,
5.5) bag process is plucked: Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind, kind difference, peach plucks the time of bag, double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopt front 7-10 days all except bag, be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, during 3-5 in afternoon, the morning is except the paper bag in southern side, daylight the strongest time at noon must be avoided, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day; First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
6. an extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method, is characterized in that, it is to the north of north latitude 39 degree that this cultivation method is applicable to latitude, comprises the following steps:
1) temperature and humidity of peach is controlled;
2) dispenser management;
3) bagging management;
4) time of the year when autumn changes into winter postpones result: the environment maximum air temperature lower than when 25 DEG C on canopy film cover, make to keep daytime 25 DEG C, night 13 DEG C in canopy;
5) preserving active carrying out plucks fruit process: after maturation, and utilize shitosan to carry out biological living fresh-keeping, concrete operation step: install ethylene removal device in advance in canopy, when after fruit maturation colouring, reduces temperature of shed gradually, until fallen leaves; Then put down cotton-wadded quilt and cover tightly booth, application ethylene removal device removes ethene in canopy; Ensure that fruit hangs that tree is not soft not to fall for a long time, really reach and pluck fruit listing the Spring Festival.
7. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, described step 1) in control the temperature and humidity of peach and be specially:
1.1) budding period waters water of once turning green, and be beneficial to the normal growth at follow-up florescence, temperature controls at 5 ~ 18 DEG C, and humid control is 70 ~ 80%;
1.2) do not water flowering stage, to prevent from causing fallen flowers because moisture is excessive; Temperature controls at 7 ~ 23 DEG C, and minimum 8 DEG C, humid control is 50 ~ 60%.
8. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, described step 2) in dispenser management be specially:
2.1), before rudiment, 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 20 ~ 30 times of crystal lime polysulfies are sprayed to fruit-bearing shoot cluster and tree body, eliminates survive the winter worm's ovum and pathogeny;
2.2) to bloom front 600 times of carbendazim+Le Siben 1000 times;
2.3) thank spend that rear control peach is little, aphid, coccid; The large raw M-45600 times+d ichlorbenzuron 3000 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of spray;
2.4) after fruit thinning before bagging, thank after spending and carry out fruit thinning in 2 weeks, this phase control peach is little, two spotted spider mite, aphid, Liriomyza, spray 70% first holder, 800 times of+5% polyoxin 500 times+large raw 800 times of+20% little clever 1500 times+amino acid calcium 800 times of peach.
9. extremely late-maturing wild peach kind delayed cultivation method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, described step 3) in bagging management be specially:
3.1) bagged stage: peach blossom is bloomed in latter 30 days will carry out strict fruit thinning, the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out bagging; Bagging time with during fine day 9-11 in the morning and 3-6 in afternoon time be advisable;
3.2) fruit bag is selected: shading should be selected good, outer hydrophobic, anti-aging, inner bag nondiscoloration, black double-deck fruit bag in compound;
3.3) preparation before bagging: peach carries out fruit thinning in 2 weeks after thanking and spending, and completes fruit thinning in 30 days.Unhealthy fruit, the short and thick upright fruit upward of carpopodium should be dredged, conjuncted fruit, the fruit on thick fruit branch during fruit thinning.Only leave ghlory flower, fruit branch both sides fruit, fruit shape just and longer fruit, the intact fruit of robust growth, stay fruit distance to be 30 centimetres;
3.4) bagging operation: bagging time select the 2nd physiological fallen fruit namely thank spend after within 50-55 days, carry out, whole bundle fruit bag is put in moist locating before bagging, makes it to get damp, pliable and tough, after selected young fruit, remove the petal be attached on young fruit and other foreign material carefully, left hand holds paper bag, the right hand struts sack, bag is made to swell, at the bottom of making bag, the ventilation dewatering orifice of two jiaos is opened, hand holds 2-3 centimeters under sack, be inserted in fruit, carpopodium is made to be placed in the open base of bag after putting fruit, then sack is folded in incision by " folding fan " mode successively from sack both sides, silk will be tied up and tighten sack in burst, tear will tie up a wraparound 90 ° from tie point above line mouth, rotate along sack and tighten sack in 1 week, young fruit is made to be in bag central authorities, unsettled in bag, will not tie up silk is entangled on carpopodium, during bagging, power thrusts will all the time upwards, and light with Etech, do not touch young fruit, sack also will be tightened as far as possible, endangers fruit in order to avoid insect climbs in bag and prevent paper bag to be blown off, tree crown top and the exposed fruit of skeleton branch back should overlap less, to avoid the generation of sun burn,
3.5) bag process is plucked: Packing season has bigger difference according to bag kind difference, and peach plucks the time of bag, and double-ply bag adopts front 15-20 days except outer bag, adopts front 7-10 days all except bag; Be suitable in one day except the bag time be 9-11 in the morning time, during 3-5 in afternoon, except the paper bag in southern side, avoid daylight the strongest time at noon, in order to avoid fruit burnt by day in the morning; First tear outer bag along bag tangent line when extracing double-ply bag, after 5-7 days, extract inner layer bag again; During except single ply bag, ventilate at the bottom of opening bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days; Ventilate at the bottom of opening in advance bag or by paper bag ripped to ribbons, namely remove after several days.
10. an extremely late-maturing wild peach kind postpones preservation method, it is characterized in that, the method is applied to the extremely late-maturing wild peach kind after harvesting, comprise the following steps: active carbon is loaded in the cloth of gas permeability, paper pouch, store together with treating that storage fruit fills in main plastic sack or other container, fruit reserves are greater than double centner, active carbon are positioned over dispersedly storage fruit middle level and upper strata, and usage amount is generally the 0.3-3% of storage fruit weight;
Or, by 5 grams, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid 5 grams, sodium dihydrogen phosphate 5 grams, 65 grams, zeolite, bentonite 20 grams, mixing of putting together, adds water, stirs, fully infiltrate, and pulverizes after drying and makes the granule of particle diameter 2-3 millimeter or make the antistaling agent of 3 millimeters of columns; Loaded by antistaling agent in the pouch of gas permeability, load in container together with storage fruit, the place's storage of sealed packaging device cool place, usage amount is by weight 0.6-2%;
Or; by barium hypochlorite 100 grams; chrome green 100 grams, 200 grams, zeolite mixes to add water and stirs, and makes particle or the column antistaling agent of particle diameter 3 millimeter; after drying in the shade at 10 DEG C artificial seasoning; be required antistaling agent after cooling, antistaling agent loaded in the pouch of gas permeability, load in container together with storage fruit; the place's storage of sealed packaging device cool place, usage amount is 0.2-1.5%.
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