CN105431317B - 机动车的混合驱动装置和用于控制该混合动力装置的方法 - Google Patents
机动车的混合驱动装置和用于控制该混合动力装置的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105431317B CN105431317B CN201480043487.XA CN201480043487A CN105431317B CN 105431317 B CN105431317 B CN 105431317B CN 201480043487 A CN201480043487 A CN 201480043487A CN 105431317 B CN105431317 B CN 105431317B
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Classifications
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- B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种机动车的混合驱动装置(1.1~1.10),其具有带驱动轴(2)的内燃机(VM)、能作为发动机以及作为发电机运行的带有转子(3)的电机(EM)、以中间轴结构形式实施的带有输入轴(GE)和至少一个输出轴(GA;GA1、GA2)的自动化换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)以及以行星结构形式构造的带有两个输入元件(6、7)和一个输出元件(8)的叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)。在该混合驱动装置中设置的是,叠加变速器同轴地布置在输出轴(GA;GA2)的自由的端部(9、9’)上,并且叠加变速器的第一输入元件(6)抗相对转动地与同轴地布置在输出轴上的空心轴(10)连接,空心轴为了联接内燃机(VM)而能经由联接切换元件(K)抗相对转动地与换挡变速器的直接轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级(Z2、Z3)的空套齿轮(11、12)连接,并且为了跨接叠加变速器而能经由跨接切换元件(L、L’)抗相对转动地与叠加变速器的第二输入元件(7)或输出元件(8)连接,并且叠加变速器的第二输入元件(7)持久地与电机(EM)的转子(3)处于驱动连接中,并且叠加变速器的输出元件(8)抗相对转动地与输出轴连接。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机动车的混合驱动装置,该混合驱动装置具有带驱动轴的内燃机、能作为发动机并且作为发电机运行的带有转子的电机、以中间轴结构形式实施的带有输入轴和至少一个输出轴的自动化换挡变速器以及以行星结构形式实施的带有两个输入元件和一个输出元件的叠加变速器,其中,换挡变速器的输入轴经由分离离合器与内燃机的驱动轴连接并且经由多个能有选择地进行切换的圆柱齿轮级能与输出轴处于驱动连接中,并且其中,内燃机的驱动轴和电机的转子能够经由叠加变速器在驱动技术上与换挡变速器的输出轴连接。
背景技术
普遍公知的是,在用于机动车的混合驱动装置中,以行星结构形式构造的叠加变速器可以用于叠加内燃机的和电机的转矩及转速。相对于其他结构形式的叠加变速器,行星变速器具有尺寸紧凑和变速器部件的均衡的轴承力的优点。
在DE 199 34 696 A1中描述了一种内燃机的、电机的和叠加变速器的被称为电动力的驱动系统(EDA)的组合,该组合在驱动技术上布置在以中间轴结构形式实施的换挡变速器之前并且能够实现无损耗的起动。在根据该文献的图1的该混合驱动装置的第一实施形式中,叠加变速器构造为具有太阳轮、承载多个行星轮的行星架和齿圈的单级行星变速器。行星变速器的齿圈抗相对转动地(drehfest)与内燃机的驱动轴连接并且形成了叠加变速器的第一输入元件。行星变速器的太阳轮抗相对转动地与电机的转子连接并且形成了叠加变速器的第二输入元件。行星变速器的行星架抗相对转动地与变速器的输入轴连接并且形成了叠加变速器的输出元件。
在该混合驱动装置中通过如下方式来实现无损耗的起动,即,在内燃机的转速很大程度上恒定不变时首先在发电机运行中利用上升的牵引力矩来控制电机直到实现转子静止并且然后在发动机运行中以相反的转动方向进行加速直到行星变速器的变速器部件实现同步。随着在行星变速器内实现同步,闭合布置在太阳轮与行星架之间的跨接离合器,从而使行星变速器在由内燃机驱动的行驶运行的进一步的进程中作为整体绕转。电机可以在该运行状态下为了增压运行而作为发动机运行,为了给蓄电器充电则作为发电机运行,或无动力地进行切换。如果内燃机的驱动轴经由能脱出和能接入的分离离合器与行星变速器的齿圈连接,那么内燃机也可以被脱开并且切断,以便能够实现纯粹的电动行驶运行。该混合驱动装置的换挡变速器也可以未加变化地用于传统的驱动装置,在传统的驱动装置中,利用内燃机的起动伴随着损耗地经由构造为摩擦离合器的分离离合器的打滑运行来实现。
内燃机的、电机的和叠加变速器的在结构和功能上类似的、同样配属于换挡变速器的布置方案也由US 5 839 533 A和DE 10 2004 005 349 A1中所公知。
与前述混合驱动装置不同,在DE 10 2007 042 949 A1中描述了一种混合驱动装置,在该混合驱动装置中,内燃机的、电机的以及叠加变速器的布置在驱动技术上连接在以中间轴结构形式实施的具有两个输入轴和一个共同的输出轴的变速器的前面。叠加变速器又被构造为单级行星变速器。行星变速器的齿圈抗相对转动地与换挡变速器的第一输入轴连接,第一输入轴在输入侧经由构造为摩擦离合器的分离离合器与内燃机的驱动轴连接并且在变速器内部能够有选择地经由第一组能进行切换的圆柱齿轮级与变速器的输出轴处于驱动连接中。因此,行星变速器的齿圈形成了叠加变速器的第一输入元件。行星变速器的太阳轮抗相对转动地与电机的转子连接并且因此形成了叠加变速器的第二输入元件。行星变速器的行星架抗相对转动地与变速器的第二输入轴连接,第二输入轴构造为空心轴,同轴地布置在第一输入轴上,并且在变速器内部能够有选择地经由第二组能进行切换的圆柱齿轮级与变速器的输出轴处于驱动连接中。因此,行星变速器的行星架形成了叠加变速器的输出元件。
在该混合驱动装置中,利用经切换的第二组的圆柱齿轮级的起动如在之前所述的混合驱动装置中那样无损耗地进行。在正常的行驶运行中,两个输入轴经由联接切换元件抗相对转动地彼此连接,由此,行星变速器也自闭锁,亦即作为整体绕转。附加地,在该混合驱动装置中存在如下可能性,即,在两组的两个圆柱齿轮级之间进行切换时在断开联接切换元件时借助电机来对目标挡的圆柱齿轮级的挡切换离合器进行同步化。这种换挡变速器可以由双离合变速器衍生得出,在该换挡变速器中,取代电机和叠加变速器地设置有构造为摩擦离合器的第二分离离合器,第二输入轴经由该第二分离离合器能够与内燃机的驱动轴连接。
内燃机的、电机的和叠加变速器的在结构和功能上类似的、在驱动技术上连接在具有两个输入轴和一个输出轴的变速器前面的布置方案也由US 6 645 105 B2和DE 102006 059 591 A1公知。
与前述混合驱动装置不同的是,在DE 10 2010 030 567 A1和DE 10 2010 043354 A1中描述了一种混合驱动装置,在该混合驱动装置中,以中间轴结构形式构造的换挡变速器分别专门针对在混合驱动装置中应用地来设计,该换挡变速器与以行星齿轮结构形式构造的叠加变速器组合用以在驱动技术上连接电机。
在DE 10 2010 030 567 A1的根据其图1的混合驱动装置的第一实施形式中,两个输入轴同轴地以及轴向彼此相邻地布置并且能够经由联接切换元件抗相对转动地彼此连接。第一输入轴能够经由构造为摩擦离合器的分离离合器与内燃机的驱动轴连接以及能够经由能进行切换的圆柱齿轮级与输出轴处于驱动连接中。构造为单级行星变速器的叠加变速器与第二输入轴同轴地并且轴向相邻地布置。该行星变速器的齿圈抗相对转动地与换挡变速器的第二输入轴连接,第二输入轴能够经由联接切换元件抗相对转动地与第一输入轴连接并且能够经由能进行换挡的圆柱齿轮级与输出轴处于驱动连接中。因此,行星变速器的齿圈形成了叠加变速器的第一输入元件。行星变速器的太阳轮抗相对转动地与电机的转子连接并且因此形成了叠加变速器的第二输入元件。行星变速器的行星架能够经由跨接切换元件抗相对转动地与变速器的第二输入轴连接并且能够经由另外的能进行切换的圆柱齿轮级与输出轴处于驱动连接中。因此,行星变速器的行星架形成了叠加变速器的输出元件。
该公知的混合驱动装置除了无损耗的起动的可能性外还具有用于由内燃机驱动的行驶运行的三个挡和用于由电动机驱动的行驶运行的两个挡。同样也存在借助内燃机对电蓄能器进行停车充电并借助电机对内燃机进行发动机启动的可能性。在内燃机行驶运行中可供使用的挡级的数量少以及在电动行驶运行中基于圆柱齿轮级的拖曳损失而传递效率低可以被视作该混合驱动装置的缺点。
在根据DE 10 2010 043 354 A1的混合驱动装置中,被构造为单级行星变速器的叠加变速器布置在以中间轴结构形式实施的具有两个输入轴和一个输出轴的变速器内部。换挡变速器的第一输入轴与输出轴轴线平行地布置,其经由构造为摩擦离合器的分离离合器与内燃机的驱动轴连接,并且能够经由两个分别仅由空套齿轮构成的圆柱齿轮级与换挡变速器的输出轴处于驱动连接中。换挡变速器的第二输入轴与第一输入轴和输出轴轴线平行地布置,其抗相对转动地与电机的转子连接,并且能够经由两个分别同样仅由空套齿轮构成的圆柱齿轮级与变速器的输出轴处于驱动连接中。第一输入轴的和第二输入轴的圆柱齿轮级布置在一致的或几乎一致的齿轮平面中并且在一种情况下利用共同的、布置在输出轴上的空套齿轮。在其他情况下,两个圆柱齿轮级的布置在输入轴上的空套齿轮抗相对转动地彼此连接。构造为单级行星变速器的叠加变速器在两个齿轮平面之间同轴地布置在输出轴上。行星变速器的齿圈抗相对转动地与第一齿轮平面的两个抗相对转动地彼此连接的空套齿轮连接,这两个空套齿轮能够分别经由切换元件与第一输入轴或第二输入轴处于驱动连接中并且能够经由另外的切换元件直接抗相对转动地与输出轴连接。因此,行星变速器的齿圈可以形成叠加变速器的第一输入元件或第二输入元件。行星变速器的太阳轮能够经由切换元件抗相对转动地与第二齿轮平面的共同的空套齿轮连接,该空套齿轮能够分别经由切换元件与第一输入轴或第二输入轴处于驱动连接中并且能够经由另外的切换元件直接抗相对转动地与输出轴连接。因此,行星变速器的太阳轮可以同样形成叠加变速器的第一输入元件或第二输入元件。行星架抗相对转动地与输出轴连接并且因此形成了叠加变速器的输出元件。
该公知的混合驱动装置除了无损耗的起动的可能性外还具有七个用于由内燃机驱动的行驶运行的挡,其中四个是迂回挡(Windungsgang),并且具有七个用于由电动机驱动的行驶运行的挡,其中四个也是迂回挡。在该混合驱动装置中还存在有经由内燃机对蓄电器进行停车充电并且经由电机对内燃机进行发动机启动的可能性。但在该混合驱动装置中不足的是,所需的切换元件的总数量高、针对大多数挡而分别要脱出和接入的切换元件的数量大、并且在迂回挡中的传递效率差。
发明内容
基于前述混合驱动装置的缺点,本发明的任务在于,提出一种本文开头所述结构类型的混合驱动装置,其具有用于由内燃机驱动的行驶运行的足够高数量的挡和至少两个具有高传递效率的用于由电动机驱动的行驶运行的挡,并且该混合驱动装置的换挡变速器可以通过较少的变化而由传统的换挡变速器得出。
该任务结合权利要求1的前序部分的特征通过如下方式来解决,即,叠加变速器同轴地布置在输出轴的自由端部上,并且叠加变速器的第一输入元件抗相对转动地与同轴地布置在输出轴上的空心轴连接,为了联接内燃机,空心轴能够经由联接切换元件抗相对转动地与换挡变速器的直接轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级的空套齿轮连接,以及为了跨接叠加变速器而能够经由跨接切换元件抗相对转动地与叠加变速器的第二输入元件或输出元件连接,叠加变速器的第二输入元件持久地与电机的转子处于驱动连接中,并且叠加变速器的输出元件抗相对转动地与输出轴连接。
根据本发明的混合驱动装置的有利的实施方案和改进方案在从属权利要求中得到。在独立的方法权利要求中对用于在电动行驶运行中平稳地接通内燃机的方法作了限定。
因此,本发明基于机动车的本身公知的混合驱动装置,该混合驱动装置具有带驱动轴的内燃机、能作为发动机并且作为发电机运行的带转子的电机、以中间轴结构形式实施的带有输入轴和至少一个输出轴的自动化换挡变速器以及以行星结构形式实施的带有两个输入元件和一个输出元件的叠加变速器。换挡变速器的输入轴在输入侧经由可控的分离离合器与内燃机的驱动轴连接并且在变速器侧能够经由多个能有选择地进行切换的圆柱齿轮级与换挡变速器的输出轴处于驱动连接中,由此提供了多个用于由内燃机驱动的行驶运行的挡级。此外,内燃机的驱动轴和电机的转子能够经由叠加变速器在驱动技术上与换挡变速器的输出轴连接,由此能够如利用由DE 199 34 696 A1公知的电动力的驱动系统那样实现无损耗的起动。
与迄今所公知的混合驱动装置不同的是,以行星结构形式实施的叠加变速器在根据本发明的混合驱动装置中在换挡变速器的边缘处或靠外地布置在换挡变速器的输出轴上并且在驱动技术上与该输出轴连接。因此,为了提供在本发明中所提出的混合驱动装置可以动用由内燃机和换挡变速器构成的传统的驱动装置,在该驱动装置中,通过较少的变化提供了如下可能性,即,在输出轴的相应延长的自由的端部上布置有叠加变速器和与该叠加变速器处于驱动连接中的电机。为了无损耗的起动,内燃机的驱动轴通过联接切换元件的接入经由轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级和空心轴连接到叠加变速器的第一输入元件上。在接入跨接切换元件的情况下,叠加变速器自闭锁,从而使换挡变速器的输出轴于是可以单独地通过电机来驱动。
因为至少一个另外的挡级对于电动行驶运行来说是有利的,所以叠加变速器的第一输入元件或空心轴为了对在电机的转子与变速器的输出轴之间作用的第二挡级进行切换而能够经由锁定切换元件相对壳体固定地被锁定。因此,通过锁定切换元件,使叠加变速器成为了用于电动行驶运行的两级换挡变速器。与叠加变速器的具体的设计方案无关地,第二挡级具有如下传动比,该传动比绝对值大于一,并且因此被设置成用于电动行驶运行的较低的挡。
电机可以节省空间地与换挡变速器的输出轴同轴地在轴向靠外地布置在叠加变速器旁边,其中,电机的转子可以直接抗相对转动地与叠加变速器的第二输入元件连接。
但作为对此的替选也可行的是,电机与换挡变速器的输出轴同轴地在轴向靠外地布置在叠加变速器旁边,但电机的转子经由沿轴向布置在叠加变速器与电机之间的、构造为行星传动级的减速级与叠加变速器的第二输入元件处于驱动连接中。通过减速级,减小了电机的转速并且相应提高了电机的转矩,从而电机可以构造得比在直接连接到叠加变速器的第二输入元件上时更为高速转动且转矩更弱并且因此可以构造得更小以及更轻。然而由于布置有减速级,所以必须考虑到混合驱动装置的轴向的结构长度变大。
在电机的和减速级的在轴向的结构长度方面更为有利的布置中设置的是,电机与换挡变速器的输出轴轴线平行地在径向与叠加变速器相邻地布置,并且电机的转子经由构造为圆柱齿轮传动级的减速级与叠加变速器的第二输入元件处于驱动连接中。
为了在电动行驶运行中达到很高的传递效率并且因此在车辆的配属的蓄电器的有限的存储容量的情况下达到更大的作用范围,换挡变速器的所有圆柱齿轮级的固定齿轮都抗相对转动地布置在输入轴上。由此,换挡变速器的圆柱齿轮级的空套齿轮都强制性地布置在一个输出轴上或多个输出轴上,因此,圆柱齿轮级在电动行驶运行中不被驱动并且避免了相应的滚动损失和拖曳损失。
原则上,换挡变速器的其圆柱齿轮级与叠加变速器直接轴向相邻布置的挡能够经由配属的挡切换元件抗相对转动地与输出轴连接以及能够经由联接切换元件抗相对转动地与空心轴连接。但有利的是,该挡能够仅经由联接切换元件并且经由跨接切换元件进行切换,因为在该情况下,取消了配属的挡切换元件并且可以相应地节省结构空间以及制造成本。
此外,换挡变速器的其圆柱齿轮级作为下一与叠加变速器轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级的挡能够经由配属的挡切换元件并且经由跨接切换元件进行切换,其中,相关的挡切换元件和联接切换元件一起整合在双切换元件中。
联接切换元件和/或跨接切换元件和/或锁定切换元件优选分别被构造为非同步化的牙嵌式离合器,这是因为这些切换元件可以借助电机进行同步化。与同步离合器或摩擦离合器相比,牙嵌式离合器能够成本更为低廉地被制造、很大程度上是无损耗的、更为紧凑且能更为简单地被控制。
但至少跨接切换元件也可以构造为摩擦离合器,这是因为于是在电动行驶运行中,可以执行牵引换挡作为动力换挡。在牵引升挡时,跨接切换元件被闭合直至锁定切换元件很大程度上无负载。在脱出锁定切换元件后,完全闭合跨接切换元件。在牵引降挡时,断开跨接切换元件直至过渡到打滑运行中,因此电机由于其减载而更快地转动。在锁定切换元件上达到同步转速时,该锁定切换元件被接入,并且之后完全断开跨接切换元件。
但也可行的是,跨接切换元件和锁定切换元件构造为摩擦离合器,这是因为于是在电动行驶运行中可以执行牵引换挡和滑行换挡作为动力换挡。在该情况下,在牵引升挡和牵引降挡时也如在推进式升挡和推进式降挡时那样在时间上交叠地断开在换挡前作用的负载挡级的切换元件并且闭合在换挡后作用的目标挡级的切换元件。
针对叠加变速器实际上的实施方案,考虑行星变速器的不同的结构形式。但基被简单构建并且紧凑的结构方式,叠加变速器优选构造为单级行星变速器,其具有太阳轮、承载多个行星轮的行星架和齿圈。在该行星变速器中,太阳轮是抗相对转动地与空心轴连接的第一输入元件,行星架是抗相对转动地与换挡变速器的输出轴连接的输出元件,并且齿圈是与电机的转子处于驱动连接中的第二输入元件。
在叠加变速器的该构造方案和布置方案中,用作换挡变速器的行星变速器的在锁定切换元件闭合时在电动行驶运行的较低的挡级中作用的传动比在1.25与1.67之间,而行星变速器的在跨接切换元件闭合时在电动行驶运行的较高挡级中作用的传动比等于一。为了获知电动行驶运行的挡级的总传动比,必要时这些传动比必须还与减速级的传动比相乘,电机的转子经由减速级与叠加变速器的第二输入元件处于驱动连接中。
跨接切换元件和锁定切换元件在叠加变速器的该实施形式中节省空间地并且在换挡技术上有利地沿轴向前后相继地布置在联接切换元件与叠加变速器之间。在相关的切换元件的作为同步离合器或作为牙嵌式离合器的实施方案中,这些切换元件也可以整合在双切换元件中。
为了在内燃机的驱动轴与电机的转子之间建立起无输出的,亦即无推进的驱动连接,叠加变速器的行星架经由能脱出且能接入的分离切换元件与变速器的输出轴连接,其中,电机在电机的发电机运行中可以用于通过内燃机对蓄电器进行停车充电并且在电机的发动机运行中可以用于通过电机启动内燃机。为了建立起该驱动连接,接入或闭合联接切换元件和跨接切换元件并且使分离切换元件脱出。
在根据本发明的混合驱动装置的第二实施变型方案中,叠加变速器构造为单级行星变速器,其具有太阳轮、承载多个行星轮的行星架和齿圈,其太阳轮形成了与电机的转子处于驱动连接中的第二输入元件,其行星架形成了抗相对转动地与变速器的输出轴连接的输出元件,并且其齿圈形成了叠加变速器的抗相对转动地与空心轴连接的第一输入元件。在叠加变速器的该构造方案和布置方案中,行星变速器的在锁定切换元件闭合时在电动行驶运行的更低的挡级中作用的传动比在2.5与5.0之间,反之,行星变速器的在跨接切换元件闭合时在电动行驶运行的更高的挡级中作用的传动比等于一。
跨接切换元件和锁定切换元件在叠加变速器的该实施变型方案中优选节省空间地在径向被分等级布置在叠加变速器旁边和/或布置在其上。
为了在叠加变速器的该实施变型方案中在内燃机的驱动轴与电机的转子之间建立起无输出的,亦即无推进的驱动连接而设置的是,电机的转子或减速级的输出齿轮能够经由双切换元件交替地与叠加变速器的齿圈或太阳轮连接。电机的转子或减速级的输出齿轮与行星变速器的用作叠加变速器的第二输入元件的太阳轮的切换连接相当于正常运行,反之,在与行星变速器的用作叠加变速器的第一输入元件的齿圈的切换的连接并且联接切换元件接入时,在内燃机的驱动轴与电机的转子之间建立起了无输出或无推进的驱动连接。
在电动行驶运行中,力流在锁定切换元件闭合时经由行星变速器的第一挡级实现,或者在跨接切换元件闭合时经由行星变速器的第二挡级实现,行星变速器在混合驱动装置的该运行模式中用作两级换挡变速器。当要求接通内燃机时,例如可以在由于很大程度上放完电的蓄电器的情况下,那么首先启动内燃机,这可以借助配属的起动器来实现或可以在通过闭合分离离合器挂入换挡变速器的圆柱齿轮级的挡切换元件时,必要时在同时提高由电机输出的转矩的情况下通过脉冲启动来实现。
为了很大程度上平稳地联接运行中的内燃机,设置有如下方法步骤:
a)接入换挡变速器的最低的挡的圆柱齿轮级的挡切换离合器;
b)由内燃机通过部分地闭合分离离合器承接负载并且同时对电机进行负载消除;
c)无负载地断开在叠加变速器中挂入的挡级的切换元件;
d)通过对电机的相应的转速改变使联接切换元件同步化以及无负载地闭合联接切换元件;
e)对电机进行负载构建并且同时对内燃机进行负载消除;
f)无负载地脱出变速器的最低的挡的圆柱齿轮级的挡切换离合器;
g)通过对电机和/或内燃机的相应的转速改变使分离离合器同步化;
h)完全闭合分离离合器并且过渡到本文开头所阐释的EDA行驶运行中。
附图说明
为了进一步对本发明进行阐述,说明书附有带多个实施例的附图。在这些附图中:
图1以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第一实施形式;
图1a以表格的形式示出根据图1的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图2以示意图的形式示出混合动力器的第二实施形式;
图2a以表格的形式示出根据图2的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图3以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第三实施形式;
图4以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第四实施形式;
图5以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第五实施形式;
图5a以表格的形式示出了根据图5的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图6以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第六实施形式;
图6a以表格的形式示出根据图6的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图7以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第七实施形式;
图7a以表格的形式示出根据图7的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图8以示意图示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第八实施形式;
图8a以表格的形式示出根据图8的混合动力装置的运行和换挡图表;
图9以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第九实施形式;以及
图10以示意图的形式示出根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置的第十实施形式。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的特征构造的混合动力器1.1的在图1中示意性示出的第一实施形式具有带驱动轴2的内燃机VM、带有转子3的能作为发动机以及能作为发电机运行的电机EM、带有输入轴GE和输出轴GA的以中间轴结构形式实施的自动化换挡变速器4.1、带有两个输入元件6、7以及一个输出元件8的以行星结构形式实施的叠加变速器5.1。
换挡变速器4.1的输入轴GE在输入侧经由构造为摩擦离合器的分离离合器K1与内燃机VM的驱动轴2连接。在变速器内部,换挡变速器4.1的输入轴GE能够经由四个分别由固定齿轮14、15、16、17和空套齿轮构成的能有选择地进行切换的圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4与输出轴GA处于驱动连接中。四个圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4的固定齿轮14至17抗相对转动地与输入轴GE连接。圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4的空套齿轮能转动地支承在输出轴GA上并且经由配属的挡切换元件A、B、C、D抗相对转动地与该输出轴连接。挡切换元件A至D成对地整合在两个双切换元件S1、S2中。通过四个圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4,使换挡变速器4.1具有四个能切换的挡G1、G2、G3、G4。换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA经由包括两个齿轮的输出常量KA与车轴差速器21处于驱动连接中,两个驱动轴22、23从该车轴差速器起引导至图1中未示出的相关的车辆车轴的驱动轮。
叠加变速器5.1同轴地布置在输出轴GA的远离内燃机VM的自由的端部9上并且构造为单级行星变速器PG,其带有太阳轮S、承载多个行星轮P的行星架T和齿圈R。
行星变速器PG的或者说叠加变速器5.1的太阳轮S抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接,空心轴同轴地布置在换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA上并且能够经由联接切换元件K抗相对转动地与直接轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级Z2的空套齿轮11连接。联接切换元件K在当前形成了单切换元件S3。因为内燃机VM的驱动轴2在分离离合器K1闭合并且联接切换元件K接入时经由输入轴GE以及第二挡G2的圆柱齿轮级Z2与空心轴10处于驱动连接中,所以行星变速器PG的太阳轮S形成了叠加变速器5.1的第一输入元件6。行星变速器PG的行星架T抗相对转动地与换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA连接,并且因此形成了叠加变速器5.1的输出元件8。
电机EM与换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA和行星变速器PG轴线平行地布置。电机EM的转子3经由包括两个齿轮的减速级KEM与行星变速器PG的齿圈R处于驱动连接中。因此,行星变速器PG的齿圈R形成了叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7。通过减速级KEM,减小了电机EM的转速并且相应提高了电机的转矩,从而与在直接驱动中作用连接到叠加变速器5.1的输入元件7上相比,电机EM可以构造得更为高速转动且转矩更弱且因此可以构造得更小以及更轻。
附加地,行星变速器PG的齿圈R能够经由跨接切换元件M抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接。在接入跨接切换元件M时,行星变速器PG自闭锁并且作为整体绕转。经由与跨接切换元件M一起整合在双切换元件S4中的锁定切换元件L,使空心轴10和行星变速器PG的与该空心轴抗相对转动地连接的太阳轮S可以相对壳体固定地被锁定。因此,除了叠加变速器的用于将内燃机VM和电机EM在驱动技术上与换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA联接起来的功能之外,行星变速器PG也具有针对电动行驶运行的两级换挡变速器的功能,在电动行驶运行时,对机动车的驱动仅经由电机EM来实现。在当前,在接入锁定切换元件L时挂入了具有大于一的传动比的电动行驶运行的第一挡级E1,而在接入跨接切换元件M时具有传动比为一的电动行驶运行的第二挡级E2起作用。
换挡变速器4.1的四个挡切换元件A至D以及联接切换元件K、跨接切换元件M和锁定切换元件L在当前构造为非同步化的牙嵌式离合器,这是因为这些牙嵌式离合器可以分别借助电机EM和/或内燃机VM进行同步化。
叠加变速器5.1和电机EM一起在端侧通过法兰连接到换挡变速器4.1上。因此为了从由内燃机VM和很大程度上结构相同的换挡变速器构成的传统的驱动装置实现当前的混合驱动装置1.1,仅要求在换挡变速器上有较小的变化,如例如相应延长输出轴GA并且给切换设备添加联接切换元件K。
混合驱动装置1.1的可能的运行模式在图1a的表格中做了概括,在该表格中,换挡变速器4.1的分别作用的挡G1、G2、G3、G4针对内燃机VM来说明,行星变速器PG的分别作用的挡级E1、E2针对电机EM来说明,而分别接入的切换元件A、B、C、D;K、L、M针对双切换元件S1、S2、S4以及单切换元件S3来说明。
在主要被用来无损耗地起动的运行模式EDA运行中,行星变速器PG用作叠加变速器5.1,也就是说,内燃机VM的和电机EM的转矩和转速在叠加变速器5.1内叠加并且传递到输出轴GA上。为此,内燃机VM的驱动轴2通过闭合分离离合器K1并且接入联接切换元件K而在驱动技术上经由输入轴GE、换挡变速器4.1的圆柱齿轮级Z2和空心轴10连接到行星变速器PG的用作叠加变速器5.1的第一输入元件6的太阳轮S上。电机EM的转子3经由减速级KEM始终持久地与行星变速器PG的用作叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7的齿圈R处于驱动连接中。同样,行星变速器PG的用作叠加变速器5.1的输出元件8的行星架T持久抗相对转动地与换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA连接。
与在DE 199 34 696 A1中所描述的电动力的驱动系统(EDA)的运行类似地,通过如下方式实现无损耗的起动,即,在内燃机VM的转速很大程度上恒定不变的情况下,首先在发电机运行中以上升的牵引力矩控制电机EM直至达到转子静止,并且然后在发动机运行中以相反的转动方向进行加速。这可以直至行星变速器PG的变速器部件R、S、T同步运转地进行,接着闭合跨接切换元件M并且因此使EDA运行结束。
但因为内燃机VM的驱动轴2经由第二挡G2的圆柱齿轮级Z2在驱动技术上连接在叠加变速器5.1上,所以也可以提前结束EDA运行,亦即在第一挡G1的圆周齿轮级Z1的挡切换元件A上达到了同步运转时。然后,通过接入第一挡G1的圆柱齿轮级Z1的挡切换元件A、无动力切换电机EM、并且脱出联接切换元件K实现过渡到内燃机行驶运行中。由于提前结束EDA运行而可以根据具体的传动比来缩短、甚至完全阻止电机EM的发动机运行,这特别是在蓄电器很大程度上被放完电的情况下是有利的。
在电动行驶运行(E-行驶)中,行星变速器PG用作两级换挡变速器,并且挡级E1、E2能够经由锁定切换元件L和跨接切换元件M进行切换。在叠加变速器5.1的当前的构造方案和布置方案中,用作换挡变速器的行星变速器PG的在电动行驶运行的较低的挡级E1中作用的传动比在闭合锁定切换元件L时处在1.25与1.67之间,反之,行星变速器PG的在电动行驶运行的较高的挡级E2中作用的传动比在闭合跨接切换元件M时等于一。为了获知电动行驶运行的挡级E1、E2的总传动比,这些传动比必须还与减速级KEM的传动比相乘,电机EM的转子3经由该减速级与叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7处于驱动连接中。
在内燃机行驶运行(V-行驶)中,相应的挡G1至G4经由换挡变速器4.1的圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4的挡切换元件A至D进行切换。
在混合动力运行(V+E-行驶)中,电机EM在驱动技术上经由行星变速器PG的适当的挡级E1、E2,亦即以固定的传动比,连接到换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA上。在此,电机EM可以有选择地在增压运行中用于支持内燃机VM而作为发动机来运行或用于给蓄电器充电而作为发电机来运行。
虽然在当前的混合驱动装置1.1中在闭合分离离合器K1且接入联接切换元件K时可以对蓄电器进行停车充电,在停车充电时,作为发电机运行的电机EM在车辆停车时被内燃机VM驱动。但为此必须对换挡变速器4.1的输出轴GA进行闭锁用以锁定行星变速器PG的行星架T,这例如可以通过挂入驻车止动器来实现。
根据本发明的特征的混合驱动装置1.2的在图2中示意性绘出的第二实施形式在结构很大程度上相同的情况下与根据图1的混合驱动装置1.1的第一实施形式的区别在于联接切换元件K更为大幅度地被集成到了换挡变速器4.2中。现在,换挡变速器4.2的与叠加变速器5.1直接轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级Z2就仅能够经由联接切换元件K进行切换,亦即省去了迄今为止配属的挡切换元件B。这就意味着,为了挂入换挡变速器4.1的第二挡G2,除了联接切换元件K之外,也必须接入跨接切换元件M,因此圆柱齿轮级Z2的空套齿轮11经由空心轴10和自闭锁的行星变速器PG抗相对转动地与换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA连接。在当前,作为下一个与叠加变速器5.1轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级Z4的空套齿轮13也能够经由配属的挡切换元件D’抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接,由此能够实现将该挡切换元件D’与联接切换元件K整合在双切换元件S2’中。但这也意味着,为了挂入换挡变速器4.2的第四挡G4,除了挡切换元件D’外,同样也必须接入跨接切换元件M,由此,圆柱齿轮级Z4的空套齿轮13经由空心轴10和自闭锁的行星变速器PG抗相对转动地与换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA连接。
与根据图1a的表格类似地,在根据图2a的表格中概括了混合驱动装置1.2的可能的运行模式。因为为了挂入第二挡级G2和第四挡G4而分别要求接入跨接切换元件M,所以电机EM在混合行驶运行中在这些挡中可以仅用第二挡级E2在驱动技术上连接到换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA上。
在图3中示意性地绘出的第三混合驱动装置1.3在工作方式相同的情况下与根据图1的混合驱动装置1.1的第一实施形式的区别仅在于换挡变速器4.3的不同的结构。在此,换挡变速器4.3具有两个轴线平行于输入轴GE地布置的输出轴GA1、GA2,输出轴分别经由两个能切换的圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z3;Z2、Z4与输入轴GE处于驱动连接中,并且输出轴分别经由包括两个齿轮的输出常量KA1、KA2与车轴差速器21处于驱动连接中。换挡变速器4.3的第一和第三挡G1、G3的圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z3布置在输入轴GE与第一输出轴GA1之间。换挡变速器4.3的第二和第四挡G2、G4的圆柱齿轮级Z2、Z4布置在输入轴GE与第二输出轴GA2之间。此外,四个所述的圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4成对地布置在共同的齿轮平面中并且利用了两个共同的、抗相对转动地固定在输入轴GE上的固定齿轮19、20。四个圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z4的空套齿轮能转动地支承在相关的输出轴GA1、GA2上并且能够经由配属的挡切换元件A、B、C、D抗相对转动地与该输出轴连接。挡切换元件A、B、C、D又成对地整合在两个双切换元件S1、S2中。
与根据图1和图2的前述的混合驱动装置1.1、1.2一致地构造的叠加变速器5.1在混合驱动装置1.3中同轴地布置在第二输出轴GA2的远离内燃机VM的自由的端部9’上。为了在驱动技术上连接内燃机VM,行星变速器PG的太阳轮S抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接,空心轴现在同轴地布置在换挡变速器4.3的第二输出轴GA2上并且能够经由联接切换元件K抗相对转动地与直接轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级Z2的空套齿轮11连接。当前的混合驱动装置1.3的工作方式完全与根据图1的混合驱动装置1.1的工作方式一致,从而可以从以图1的表格说明的运行和换挡图表中获悉混合驱动装置1.3的可能的运行模式。
根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.4的在图4中示意性地示出的第四实施形式在结构很大程度上相同的情况下与根据图3的混合驱动装置1.3的第三实施形式的区别在于联接切换元件K更为大幅度地集成到了换挡变速器4.4中。与根据图2的混合驱动装置1.2的第二实施形式类似地,现在,换挡变速器4.4的与叠加变速器5.1直接轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级Z2仅能够经由联接切换元件K进行切换。作为下一个与叠加变速器5.1轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级Z4的空套齿轮13也能够经由配属的挡切换元件D’抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接,以便能够实现将该挡切换元件D’与联接切换元件K整合在双切换元件S2’中。当前的混合驱动装置1.4的工作方式完全与根据图2的混合驱动装置1.2的第二个实施形式的工作方式一致,从而可以从以图2a的表格说明的运行和换挡图表中获悉混合驱动装置1.4的可能的运行模式。
根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.5的在图5中示意性地示出的第五实施形式在类似的工作方式的情况下与根据图2的混合驱动装置1.2的区别在于具有带五挡G1、G2、G3、G4、G5的换挡变速器4.5以及在于具有构造为摩擦离合器的跨接切换元件M’。
该换挡变速器4.5的输入轴GE现在能够经由五个分别由固定齿轮和空套齿轮构成的能有选择地进行切换的圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4、Z5与输出轴GA处于驱动连接中。五个圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z5的五个固定齿轮14、15、16、17、18抗相对转动地布置在输入轴GE上。第一、第二、第四和第五圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z2、Z4、Z5的四个空套齿轮能转动地支承在输出轴GA上并且能够经由配属的被成对地整合在两个双切换元件S1’、S2”中的挡切换元件A、B、D、E抗相对转动地与输出轴GA连接。当前与叠加变速器5.1直接轴向相邻布置的第三圆柱齿轮级Z3的空套齿轮12虽然也能转动地支承在输出轴GA上,但与根据图2的换挡变速器4.2的第二圆柱齿轮级Z2的空套齿轮11类似地,仅能够经由联接切换元件K进行切换。因此为了挂入换挡变速器4.5的第三挡G3,除了联接切换元件K外,还必须闭合跨接切换元件M’,但该跨接切换元件在当前构造为摩擦离合器。因此现在联接切换元件K和锁定切换元件L整合在双切换元件S3’中。跨接切换元件M’将太阳轮S与齿圈R连接起来。替选地,该跨接切换元件也可以连接在太阳轮S与行星架T之间。第三替选方案是在齿圈R与行星架T之间的互连。在每一种情况下,行星变速器PG都通过跨接切换元件M’进行跨接。
混合驱动装置1.5的可能的运行模式在图5a的表格中被概括,在该表格中,换挡变速器4.5的分别作用的挡G1、G2、G3、G4、G5针对内燃机VM进行说明、行星变速器PG的分别作用的挡级E1、E2针对电机EM进行说明,而分别接入的切换元件A、B、C、D;K、L针对双切换元件S1’、S2”、S3’进说明、以及跨接切换元件M’的闭合的状态用字母“X”进行标识。
因为内燃机VM的驱动轴2在无损耗起动时在EDA运行中现在经由第三挡G3的圆柱齿轮级Z3在驱动技术上连接在叠加变速器5.1上,所以可以有选择地在第一挡G1的圆柱齿轮级Z1的挡切换元件A上或在第二挡G2的圆柱齿轮级Z2的挡切换元件B上达到同步运转时使EDA运行提前结束,也就是说在行星变速器PG的变速器部件R、S、T达到同步运转之前结束。
跨接切换元件M’作为摩擦离合器的构造方案能够在电动行驶运行中执行牵引换挡作为动力换挡。在牵引升挡时,跨接切换元件M’以如下程度闭合,即,直至锁定切换元件L很大程度上无负载。在脱出锁定切换元件L之后,跨接切换元件M’被完全闭合。在牵引降挡时,断开跨接切换元件M’直至过渡到打滑运行中,由此电机EM基于其减载而高速转动,亦即转速得到提升。在锁定切换元件L上达到同步转速之后,接入该锁定切换元件L,并且之后完全断开跨接切换元件M’。
根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.6在图6中示意性地示出的第六实施形式以根据图3的混合驱动装置1.3为基础。相对于后者,现在,换挡变速器4.6的第一挡G1的和第二挡G2的圆柱齿轮级Z1、Z2布置在不同的齿轮平面中并且因此分别具有自己的、抗相对转动地固定在输入轴GE上的固定齿轮14、15。由此,在确定四个挡G1至G4的传动比时具有更大的自由度,这例如可以用来实现换挡变速器4.6的更为先进的挡分级。
与根据图3的混合驱动装置1.3的另外的区别在于,当前无论是跨接切换元件M’还是锁定切换元件L’都构造为摩擦离合器。由此,现在在电动行驶运行中既能够执行牵引换挡也能够执行滑行换挡作为动力换挡。在这些动力换挡中,分别在时间上重叠地断开在换挡之前作用的负载挡级(E1或E2)的切换元件(L’或M’)并且闭合在换挡之后作用的目标挡级(E2或E1)的切换元件(M’或L’)。
与图1a的适用于根据图3的混合驱动装置1.3的运行和换挡图表类似地,在图6a的表格中概括了当前的混合驱动装置1.6的可能的运行模式,其中,锁定切换元件L’的和跨接切换元件M’的闭合的状态分别用字母“X”标识。
在根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.7的在图7中示意性地示出的第七实施形式中示例性地对根据图2的混合驱动装置1.2进行如下修改,即,跨接切换元件M’与根据图5的混合驱动装置1.5类似地构造为摩擦离合器,并且行星变速器PG的用作叠加变速器5.1的输出元件8的行星架T经由能脱出且能接入的分离切换元件U与换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA连接。
如已经在对根据图5的第五混合驱动装置1.5的描述中阐释的那样,跨接切换元件M’作为摩擦离合器的构造能够实现在电动行驶运行中执行牵引换挡作为动力换挡。此外,这一点在换挡变速器4.2的当前的实施形式中导致的是,锁定切换元件L构造为单切换元件S4’。
分离切换元件U在叠加变速器5.1的行星架T与换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA之间的布置方案能够实现在内燃机VM的驱动轴2与电机EM的转子3之间建立起无输出的,亦即在结果中无推进的驱动连接。在接入联接切换元件K、闭合跨接切换元件M’并且脱出分离切换元件U时,内燃机VM的驱动轴2和电机EM的转子3与换挡变速器4.2的输出轴GA无关地彼此处于驱动连接。这一点可以在电机的发电机运行中用于通过内燃机VM对蓄电器进行停车充电并且在电机EM的发动机运行中用于通过电机EM启动内燃机VM。
根据图7的当前的混合驱动装置1.7的可能的运行模式在图7a的表格中被概括,其中,针对在充电/启动运行模式下对蓄电器的无输出的停车充电和对内燃机的无推进的启动的切换组合以及类似于切换元件S1、S2’和S4’的形成单切换元件S5的分离切换元件U的接入状态进行说明。
在根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.8的在图8中示出的第八实施形式中示例性地利用了在根据图6的混合驱动装置1.6中示出的换挡变速器4.6以及与叠加变速器5.2的改变的构造进行组合。
叠加变速器5.2虽然也构造为具有太阳轮S、承载多个行星轮P的行星架T和齿圈R的单级行星变速器PG,但现在太阳轮S和齿圈H在驱动技术上的连接相对于叠加变速器5.1的迄今为止的结构方式进行调换。在叠加变速器5.2的当前的实施形式中,行星变速器PG的齿圈R抗相对转动地与空心轴10连接并且因此形成了叠加变速器5.2的第一输入元件6。行星变速器PG的太阳轮S现在经由减速级KEM与电机EM的转子3处于能接通的驱动连接中并且因此形成了叠加变速器5.2的第二输入元件7。行星变速器PG的行星架T反之如之前那样抗相对转动地与换挡变速器4.6的第二输出轴GA2连接并且因此形成了叠加变速器5.2的输出元件8。如在根据图6的混合驱动装置1.6的第六实施形式中那样构造为摩擦离合器的锁定和跨接切换元件L’、M’在当前在径向分等级地、同轴地布置在叠加变速器5.2旁边且部分地在该叠加变速器上。
在图8的叠加变速器5.2的该构造方案和布置方案中,在闭合锁定切换元件L’时,行星变速器PG的在电动行驶运行的较低的挡级E1中作用的传动比处在2.5与5.0之间,反之,行星变速器在闭合跨接切换元件M’时的在电动行驶运行的更高的挡级E2中作用的传动比等于一。
为了能够与之前所描述的根据图7的混合驱动装置1.7的第七实施形式类似地在内燃机VM的驱动轴2与电机EM的转子3之间建立起无输出或无推进的驱动连接,减速级KEM的输出齿轮24能够经由具有切换位置N和O的双切换元件S5’有选择地与行星变速器PG的齿圈R或太阳轮S连接。在双切换元件S5’的切换位置N中减速级KEM的输出齿轮24与用作叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7的太阳轮S的切换连接相当于正常运行。反之,在双切换元件S5’的切换位置O中与行星变速器PG的用作叠加变速器5.2的第一输入元件6的齿圈R的切换的连接并且接入联接切换元件K时,在内燃机VM的驱动轴2与电机EM的转子3之间建立起了无输出的驱动连接。
在图8a的表格中概括了根据图8的混合驱动装置1.8的可能的运行模式,其中,针对在充电/启动运行模式下对蓄电器的无输出或无推进的停车充电和对内燃机的无输出或无推进的启动的换挡组合以及类似于切换元件S1至S3的双切换元件S5’的相应的切换位置进行说明。
在根据本发明的特征构建的混合驱动装置1.9的在图9中示意性地示出的第九实施形式中,示例性地借助根据图4的混合驱动装置1.4说明了替选的布置方案以及在驱动技术上将电机EM连接到叠加变速器5.1上的另外的方案。与之前所描述的混合驱动装置1.1至1.8的实施形式不同地,电机EM现在与换挡变速器4.4的第二输出轴GA2同轴地轴向靠外地布置在叠加变速器5.1旁边,并且电机EM的转子3直接抗相对转动地与行星变速器PG的形成了叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7的齿圈R连接。电机EM的当前的布置方案导致了混合驱动装置1.9的轴向的结构长度变大。此外,直接连接到叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7上要求的是,电机EM必须构造得比在经由减速级KEM连接时转动更低并且转矩更强并且因此构造得更大以及更重。
另外的布置方案和在驱动技术上将电机EM连接到叠加变速器5.1上的另外的方案在根据本发明的特征构造的混合驱动装置1.10的第十实施形式中来实现,该混合驱动装置同样示例性地利用到根据图4的混合驱动装置1.4的换挡变速器4.4和叠加变速器5.1。在该混合驱动装置1.10中,电机EM虽然也与换挡变速器4.4的第二输出轴GA2同轴地轴向靠外地布置在叠加变速器5.1旁边,但电机EM的转子3现在经由轴向布置在叠加变速器5.1与电机EM之间的、被构造为行星传动级的减速级KEM’与行星变速器PG的形成了叠加变速器5.1的第二输入元件7的齿圈R处于驱动连接中。通过电机EM的该在驱动技术上的连接方案,电机EM又可以构造得更为高速转动并且转矩更弱以及更小且更轻,从而相对根据图9的电机EM的直接的连接方案,混合驱动装置1.10的轴向的结构长度不必被显著提高。
在图1至图10中示出的混合驱动装置1.1至1.10仅示例性地示出了换挡变速器4.1至4.6、叠加变速器5.1、5.2、和电机EM到叠加变速器5.1、5.2上的在驱动技术上的连接和经由叠加变速器5.1、5.2到空心轴10上的连接的组合以及换挡变速器4.1至4.6的相关的输出轴GA;GA2。因此在本专利申请的保护范围内,混合驱动装置也能够具有换挡变速器和/或叠加变速器的另外的实施方案,以及具有电机EM的另外的布置方案和驱动技术上的连接方案。
因此,例如可以没有输入侧的分离离合器K1,从而使内燃机的驱动轴固定地与自动化换挡变速器的输入轴连接。此外,叠加变速器5.1、5.2可以构造为正变速器或负变速器,或者具有分级式行星齿轮组。此外可以设置的是,电机EM在径向以及同轴地侧绕叠加变速器5.1、5.2并且电机的转子抗相对转动地与叠加变速器的齿圈连接。同样可行的是,在换挡变速器中设置有用于倒挡的单独的圆柱齿轮级,从而在倒挡级的适当的可切换性的情况下也能够在倒挡中进行EDA行驶运行。此外,在根据本发明构造的混合驱动装置中可以存在具有小功率的第二电机,该第二电机与内燃机VM的驱动轴例如经由皮带驱动装置或圆柱齿轮驱动装置连接,并且能够实现作为发电机或启动发动机的运行。在由发电机驱动的运行中,这种第二电机可以为车辆的整车电网需求,譬如为在行驶速度低的情况下,特别是在倒车行驶的情况下与内燃机并行的由电动机驱动的驱动装置提供电功率。
附图标记列表
1.1至1.10 混合驱动装置
2 内燃机VM的驱动轴
3 电机EM的转子
4.1至4.6 换挡变速器
5.1、5.2 叠加变速器
6 叠加变速器5.1、5.2的第一输入元件
7 叠加变速器5.1、5.2的第二输入元件
8 叠加变速器5.1、5.2的输出元件
9 输出轴GA的自由的端部
9’ 第二输出轴GA2的自由的端部
10 空心轴
11 圆柱齿轮级Z2的空套齿轮
12 圆柱齿轮级Z3的空套齿轮
13 圆柱齿轮级Z4的空套齿轮
14 圆柱齿轮级Z1的固定齿轮
15 圆柱齿轮级Z2的固定齿轮
16 圆柱齿轮级Z3的固定齿轮
17 圆柱齿轮级Z4的固定齿轮
18 圆柱齿轮级Z5的固定齿轮
19 圆柱齿轮级Z1和Z2的固定齿轮
20 圆柱齿轮级Z3和Z4的固定齿轮
21 车轴差速器
22 第一驱动轴
23 第二驱动轴
24 减速级KEM的输出齿轮
A至E 圆柱齿轮级Z1至Z5的挡切换元件
D’ 圆柱齿轮级Z4的挡切换元件
E1、E2 叠加变速器5.1、5.2的挡级
EDA 电动力的驱动系统
EM 电机
G1至G5 换挡变速器4.1至4.6的挡
GA 换挡变速器4.1、4.2、4.5的输出轴
GA1 换挡变速器4.3、4.4、4.6的第一输出轴
GA2 换挡变速器4.3、4.4、4.6的第二输出轴
GE 输入轴
K 联接切换元件
KEM 电机EM的减速级,圆柱齿轮传动级
KEM’ 电机EM的减速级,圆柱齿轮传动级
K1 分离离合器,摩擦离合器
KA 换挡变速器4.1、4.2、4.5的输出常量
KA1 换挡变速器4.3、4.4、4.6的第一输出常量
KA2 换挡变速器4.3、4.4、4.6的第二输出常量
L、L’ 锁定切换元件
M、M’ 跨接切换元件
N、O 双切换元件S5’的切换元件
P 行星变速器PG的行星轮
PG 行星变速器
R 行星变速器PG的齿圈
S 行星变速器PG的太阳轮
S1 换挡变速器4.1至4.6的双切换元件
S1’ 换挡变速器4.5的双切换元件
S2 换挡变速器4.1、4.3、4.6的双切换元件
S2’ 换挡变速器4.2、4.4的双切换元件
S2” 换挡变速器4.5的双切换元件
S3 换挡变速器4.1、4.3、4.6的单切换元件
S3’ 换挡变速器4.5、5.1的双切换元件
S4 叠加变速器5.1的双切换元件
S4’ 叠加变速器5.1的单切换元件
S5 叠加变速器5.1的单切换元件
S5’ 叠加变速器5.1的双切换元件
T 行星变速器PG的行星架
U 单切换元件S5的切换元件
VM 内燃机
Z1 挡G1的圆柱齿轮级
Z2 挡G2的圆柱齿轮级
Z3 挡G3的圆柱齿轮级
Z4 挡G4的圆柱齿轮级
Z5 挡G5的圆柱齿轮级
Claims (18)
1.机动车的混合驱动装置(1.1~1.10),所述混合驱动装置具有带驱动轴(2)的内燃机(VM)、能作为发动机以及作为发电机运行的带有转子(3)的电机(EM),以中间轴结构形式实施的带有输入轴(GE)和至少一个输出轴(GA;GA1、GA2)的自动化换挡变速器(4.1、4.2、4.3、4.4、4.5、4.6)以及以行星结构形式实施的带有输出元件(8)和两个输入元件(6、7)的叠加变速器(5.1、5.2),其中,所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输入轴(GE)经由可控的分离离合器(K1)与所述内燃机(VM)的驱动轴(2)能连接或者与所述内燃机(VM)的驱动轴(2)固定地连接,并且所述输入轴(GE)能经由多个能有选择地进行切换的圆柱齿轮级(Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4、Z5)与所述输出轴(GA;GA1;GA2)处于驱动连接中,并且其中,所述内燃机(VM)的驱动轴(2)和所述电机(EM)的转子(3)能经由所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)在驱动技术上与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)连接,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)同轴地布置在所述输出轴(GA;GA2)的自由的端部(9;9’)上,并且所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第一输入元件(6)抗相对转动地与同轴地布置在所述输出轴(GA;GA2)上的空心轴(10)连接,所述空心轴为了联接所述内燃机(VM)而能经由联接切换元件(K)抗相对转动地与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的直接轴向相邻的圆柱齿轮级(Z2、Z3)的空套齿轮(11、12)连接,以及为了跨接所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)而能经由跨接切换元件(M、M’)抗相对转动地与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)或输出元件(8)连接,或者为了跨接所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)而能经由所述跨接切换元件(M、M’)将所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的输出元件(8)连接,所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)持久地与所述电机(EM)的转子(3)处于驱动连接中,并且所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的输出元件(8)抗相对转动地与所述输出轴(GA;GA2)连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第一输入元件(6)或所述空心轴(10)为了切换在所述电机(EM)的转子(3)与所述输出轴(GA;GA2)之间作用的第一挡级(E1)而能经由锁定切换元件(L、L’)相对壳体固定地被锁定。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述电机(EM)与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)同轴地在轴向靠外地布置在所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)旁边,并且所述电机(EM)的转子(3)直接抗相对转动地与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)连接。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述电机(EM)与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)同轴地在轴向靠外地布置在所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)旁边,并且所述电机(EM)的转子(3)经由轴向布置在所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)与所述电机(EM)之间的、构造为行星传动级的减速级(KEM’)与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)处于驱动连接中。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述电机(EM)与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)轴线平行地与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)径向相邻地布置,并且所述电机(EM)的转子(3)经由构造为圆柱齿轮传动级的减速级(KEM)与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)处于驱动连接中。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的所有圆柱齿轮级(Z1~Z5)的固定齿轮(14~18、19、20)抗相对转动地布置在所述输入轴(GE)上。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述换挡变速器(4.2、4.4)的其圆柱齿轮级(Z2、Z3)与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)直接轴向相邻布置的挡(G2、G3)仅能经由所述联接切换元件(K)和所述跨接切换元件(M、M’)进行切换。
8.根据权利要求7所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述换挡变速器(4.2、4.4)的其圆柱齿轮级(Z4)作为下一与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)轴向相邻布置的圆柱齿轮级的挡(G4)能经由配属的挡切换元件(D’)和所述跨接切换元件(M、M’)进行切换,并且相关的挡切换元件(D’)和所述联接切换元件(K)一起整合在双切换元件(S2’)中。
9.根据权利要求2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述联接切换元件(K)和/或所述跨接切换元件(M)和/或所述锁定切换元件(L)分别构造为非同步化的牙嵌式离合器。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,至少所述跨接切换元件(M’)构造为摩擦离合器,以便在电动行驶运行中能执行牵引换挡作为动力换挡。
11.根据权利要求2所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述跨接切换元件(M’)和所述锁定切换元件(L’)构造为摩擦离合器,以便能在电动行驶运行中执行牵引换挡和滑行换挡作为动力换挡。
12.根据权利要求1所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1)构造为带有太阳轮(S)、承载多个行星轮(P)的行星架(T)和齿圈(R)的单级行星变速器(PG),所述单级行星变速器的太阳轮(S)形成抗相对转动地与所述空心轴(10)连接的第一输入元件(6),所述单级行星变速器的行星架(T)形成抗相对转动地与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)连接的输出元件(8),并且所述单级行星变速器的齿圈(R)形成所述叠加变速器(5.1)的与所述电机(EM)的转子(3)处于驱动连接中的第二输入元件(7)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第一输入元件(6)或所述空心轴(10)为了切换在所述电机(EM)的转子(3)与所述输出轴(GA;GA2)之间作用的第一挡级(E1)而能经由锁定切换元件(L、L’)相对壳体固定地被锁定,并且所述跨接切换元件(M、M’)和所述锁定切换元件(L、L’)轴向前后相继地布置在所述联接切换元件(K)与所述叠加变速器(5.1)之间。
14.根据权利要求12所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1)的行星架(T)为了在所述内燃机(VM)的驱动轴(2)与所述电机(EM)的转子(3)之间建立起无输出的驱动连接而经由能脱出的以及能接入的分离切换元件(U)与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)连接。
15.根据权利要求1所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.2)构造为带有太阳轮(S)、承载多个行星轮(P)的行星架(T)和齿圈(R)的单级行星变速器(PG),所述单级行星变速器的太阳轮(S)形成与所述电机(EM)的转子(3)处于驱动连接中的第二输入元件(7),所述单级行星变速器的行星架(T)形成抗相对转动地与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)连接的输出元件(8),并且所述单级行星变速器的齿圈(R)形成所述叠加变速器(5.2)的抗相对转动地与所述空心轴(10)连接的第一输入元件(6)。
16.根据权利要求15所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第一输入元件(6)或所述空心轴(10)为了切换在所述电机(EM)的转子(3)与所述输出轴(GA;GA2)之间作用的第一挡级(E1)而能经由锁定切换元件(L、L’)相对壳体固定地被锁定,并且所述跨接切换元件(M’)和所述锁定切换元件(L’)径向分级地同轴布置在所述叠加变速器(5.2)旁边并且/或者布置在所述叠加变速器上。
17.根据权利要求15所述的混合驱动装置,其特征在于,所述电机(EM)与所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的输出轴(GA;GA2)轴线平行地与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)径向相邻地布置,并且所述电机(EM)的转子(3)经由构造为圆柱齿轮传动级的减速级(KEM)与所述叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)的第二输入元件(7)处于驱动连接中,并且所述电机(EM)的转子(3)或所述减速级(KEM)的输出齿轮(24)为了建立起在所述内燃机(VM)的驱动轴(2)与所述电机(EM)的转子(3)之间的无输出的驱动连接而能经由双切换元件(S5)交替地与所述叠加变速器(5.2)的齿圈(R)或太阳轮(S)连接。
18.用于控制根据权利要求1至17中任一项的混合驱动装置(1.1~1.10)的方法,其特征在于,在电动行驶运行中,先前启动的内燃机(VM)通过如下步骤进行联接:
a)接入换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的最低的挡(G1)的圆柱齿轮级(Z1)的挡切换离合器(A);
b)由所述内燃机(VM)通过部分闭合分离离合器(K1)承接负载并且同时对电机(EM)进行负载消除;
c)无负载地断开在叠加变速器(5.1、5.2)中挂入的挡级(E1;E2)的切换元件(L、L’;M、M’);
d)通过对所述电机(EM)的相应的转速改变使所述联接切换元件(K)同步化并且无负载地闭合联接切换元件(K);
e)对所述电机(EM)进行负载构建并且同时对所述内燃机(VM)进行负载消除;
f)无负载地脱出所述换挡变速器(4.1~4.6)的最低的挡(G1)的圆柱齿轮级(Z1)的挡切换离合器(A);
g)通过对所述电机(EM)和/或所述内燃机(VM)的相应的转速改变使所述分离离合器(K1)同步化;
h)完全闭合所述分离离合器(K1)并且过渡到EDA行驶运行中。
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- 2014-06-30 WO PCT/EP2014/063794 patent/WO2015014555A1/de active Application Filing
- 2014-06-30 CN CN201480043487.XA patent/CN105431317B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-06-30 US US14/909,287 patent/US9764630B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2015014555A1 (de) | 2015-02-05 |
US20160176280A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
CN105431317A (zh) | 2016-03-23 |
EP3027450A1 (de) | 2016-06-08 |
DE102013215114A1 (de) | 2015-02-05 |
US9764630B2 (en) | 2017-09-19 |
DE102013215114B4 (de) | 2024-04-25 |
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