CN105275641B - 具有调节装置的内燃机 - Google Patents

具有调节装置的内燃机 Download PDF

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CN105275641B
CN105275641B CN201510433951.2A CN201510433951A CN105275641B CN 105275641 B CN105275641 B CN 105275641B CN 201510433951 A CN201510433951 A CN 201510433951A CN 105275641 B CN105275641 B CN 105275641B
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internal combustion
combustion engine
value
power
adjuster
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CN105275641A (zh
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J·胡贝尔
H·科佩切克
N·施皮拉
M·瓦尔德哈特
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Innio Jenbacher GmbH and Co OG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有调节装置(C)的内燃机(1)，其中，在该内燃机(1)中空气‑燃料混合物以能够通过所述调节装置设定的空燃比(λ)燃烧，其中，所述调节装置(C)具有：‑功率调节回路，所述功率调节回路构成为用于通过设定λ值(λ)来使该内燃机(1)的实际功率(Pg)与该内燃机(1)的额定功率(Pd g)相等；‑NOx排放调节回路，所述NOx排放调节回路构成为用于经由函数相关性(2)通过影响进气压力的执行器来操控作为NOx排放的替代变量的进气压力，使得能够为该内燃机的每个额定功率(Pd g)设定进气压力额定值(pd im)。

Description

具有调节装置的内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有调节装置的内燃机。
背景技术
在从EP 0 259 382 B1中已知的调节策略中，根据所测量到的内燃机实际功率产生进气压力额定值并且经由额定值-实际值的比较通过第一调节回路(进气压力调节器)而将λ值(空气与燃料之比)设定为，使得实际进气压力等于进气压力额定值并且在该进气压力额定值的情况下存在特定的NOx排放目标值。因为NOx排放不是直接已知的，所以将进气压力用作为辅助调节变量。函数相关性以曲线族的形式存在，其中对于特定NOx值的每个曲线表明在实际功率和进气压力额定值之间的相关性。因此就其而言，进气压力调节器实际上是关于NOx排放的排放调节回路(NOx排放调节回路)。
λ值的设定经由对气体计量装置的影响来进行。λ值的变化本身引起内燃机的功率的变化，这必须通过第二调节回路(功率调节回路)来补偿。这种在功率调节回路中的补偿经由直接影响进气压力的执行器(节流阀和压缩机回流装置)来进行。因此进气压力间接地经由λ值调节。所述调节策略作为方法是已知的。
因此，由此利用在马达的进气阀上游占主导的、能够相对容易地测量的进气压力和功率之间的函数相关性。
为此，进气压力测量的输出端与第一调节回路的实际值输入端连接。在EP 0 259382 B1的第一调节回路(进气压力调节器)中设置有可编程装置，以用于通过由功率测量装置输入的功率测量信号来确定用于进气压力的与功率相关的额定值。
在此，进气压力的调节间接地经由调节在空气-气体混合器中的燃烧-空气比(λ)来进行，其中例如混合物的稀释(λ的提高)引起在进气阀上游的进气压力的提高(在要求恒定的马达功率时)。然而，通过在维持NOx排放目标值的情况下将功率调节与(代替直接的NOx排放调节的)进气压力调节相耦合而产生各种缺点、例如稳定性问题，并且产生不利的瞬态行为(需要慢启动)。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种具有调节装置的内燃机，该内燃机在保持维持NOx排放目标值的情况下避免上述缺点并且尤其是具有有利的瞬态行为。
该目的通过一种具有调节装置的内燃机得以实现。有利的实施形式在从属权利要求中限定。
在本发明中，NOx排放调节也借助于辅助变量、即进气压力来进行，然而功率调节经由λ值进行。
为此，根据本发明提出，功率调节回路构成为用于通过设定λ值来使内燃机的实际功率与内燃机的额定功率相等，并且NOx排放调节回路构成为用于经由在额定功率和进气压力之间的(本身已知的)函数相关性使影响进气压力的执行器这样操控作为NOx排放的替代变量的进气压力，使得可为内燃机的每个额定功率设定目标进气压力。
与现有技术不同，在本发明中进气压力经由进气压力调节器来设定，所述进气压力调节器直接地(亦即不包含功率调节地)作用到相应的执行器上，以用于影响进气压力。NOx排放调节回路操控影响进气压力的执行器，使得为内燃机的每个额定功率设定目标进气压力。用于这样的影响进气压力的执行器的示例例如是压缩机回流阀、节流阀、可变的压缩机几何结构、排气泄压阀和可变的涡轮机几何结构。因此，对影响进气压力的执行器的操控不在功率调节回路中实现，而是直接在NOx排放调节回路中实现，并且仅根据额定功率、而不是根据实际功率实现。因此在调节回路方面不进行NOx排放调节和功率调节的耦合，而是仅经由在内燃机内的不可避免的物理相关性而存在耦合。
优选如下设置：NOx排放调节回路具有进气压力调节器，通过进气压力调节器可使实际进气压力与进气压力额定值相等，其中进气压力调节器以第一比较器和第一PID调节器的形式构成或者构成为基于模型的调节器。
能够如下设置：功率调节回路具有第一调节器，通过该第一调节器能够操控影响燃气质量流ugas的执行器(优选气道喷射阀或气体混合器的气体计量装置)，其中调节器具有第二比较器和第二PID调节器或者构成为基于模型的调节器。
优选能够如下设置：在功率调节回路中附加地设有跳转点火调节模块，所述跳转点火调节模块可输送额定功率作为输入，并且所述跳转点火调节模块构成为用于操控用于燃气质量流的第一调节器，使得在内燃机的选定的汽缸中由于缺少燃气而不发生燃烧。
在另一优选的实施形式中如下设置：在功率调节回路内部的第一调节器构成为，使得另外的实际变量作为该调节器的输入能够输送给该调节器。其中调节器在考虑另外的实际变量的情况下如下限制λ值的调整变量，即在达到实际变量的极限值时不发生λ值的调整变量向进一步不利地影响实际变量的方向的进一步变化。不利的影响例如是在内燃机的排出侧上已经较高的排气温度的情况下的进一步浓缩(较低的λ值)或者在存在内燃机的汽缸的断火信号的情况下的稀释(较高的λ值)。
能够如下设置：轨迹生成器被置于功率调节回路和NOx排放调节回路的上游，所述轨迹生成器构成为用于将额定功率的不连续的、跳跃状的预设值由用户转换成用于额定功率的连续轨迹。
优选地能够如下设置：轨迹生成器构成为用于附加地获得实际功率作为输入并且如下监控在根据连续函数的额定功率的瞬时值和实际功率之间的偏差，即在偏差过大时将额定功率的连续函数限制于关于实际功率的特定的值。
能够设有停机时间补偿装置，所述停机时间补偿装置构成为用于获得在某个时间的额定功率、实际功率和实际进气压力并且以在经过停机时间D的未来预测的形式作为输出而再次输出。在工作期间借助于适宜的模型不断地估算或者根据实验预先确定停机时间D。
优选能够如下设置：设有另一调节器，所述另一调节器构成为用于获得停机时间补偿装置的输出作为输入并且根据该输入来输出用于λ值的额定值。
附图说明
对于不同的实施例借助于图2至7讨论本发明的其它优点和细节。图1示出根据EP0 259 382 B1的现有技术。所提及的逻辑组件不是必须作为物理构件存在，而是能够实现为在内燃机的调节装置中的开关回路。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据EP 0 259 382 B1的现有技术。示意性示出有内燃机1，燃气质量流ugas被输送给该内燃机。燃气质量流ugas能够由调节器5影响，该调节器操控适宜的执行器(例如气道喷射阀或气体混合器的气体计量装置)。
在图1上部示出的调节回路是NOx排放调节回路。
该NOx排放调节回路在该情况下包括具有附图标记2、3、4、5的组件或逻辑相关性以及相应的输入变量和输出变量。所述NOx排放调节回路以适宜的形式(例如以查找表或函数的形式)包含呈曲线形式的、用于特定NOx值的、在进气压力额定值pd im(作为函数相关性2的输出)和实际功率Pg(作为函数相关性2的输入)之间的函数相关性2。在比较器3中进行在进气压力额定值pd im和实际进气压力pim之间的额定值-实际值的比较。偏差pd im-pim被输送给PID调节器4。所述PID调节器输出用于λ值的额定值λd，该额定值用作为用于操控影响燃气质量流ugas的执行器的调节器5的输入。调节器5也能够构成为控制装置，即不返回目标变量λd。
在图1下部示出的调节回路是功率调节回路。所述功率调节回路包含另一PID调节器6，在另一比较器7中确定的在额定功率Pd g和实际功率Pg之间的偏差pd g-pg作为输入被输送给该另一PID调节器。该PID调节器6将适宜的、影响实际进气压力pim的控制信号up作为输出而输出给执行器(例如压缩机旁通阀或节流阀)，所述执行器一方面影响实际进气压力pim并且另一方面影响实际功率Pg，由此获得在NOx排放调节回路和功率调节回路之间的上述强耦合。
图2示出本发明的第一实施例，其中相同的附图标记标识与图1相同的构件或逻辑过程。
与图1相比，作为第一区别可识别出，在NOx排放调节回路中代替内燃机1的实际功率Pg的是内燃机1的额定功率Pd g作为函数相关性2的输入。因此，函数相关性2在该情况下说明呈曲线形式的、用于特定NOx值的、在进气压力额定值pd im(作为函数相关性2的输出)和额定功率Pd g(作为函数相关性2的输入)之间的相关性。
在该NOx排放调节回路中，进气压力额定值pd im作为输入被输送给进气压力调节器8。该进气压力调节器8能够完全如在图1中示出的那样以比较器3和PID调节器4的形式构成。然而优选构成为基于模型的调节器，所述基于模型的调节器除了当前的实际进气压力pim也需要进气压力额定值pd im作为输入。与图1不同的是，进气压力调节器8的输出以控制信号up的形式输出给影响实际进气压力pim的执行器(例如压缩机旁通阀或节流阀)。所述控制信号up在图1中是PID调节器6的输出，进而是功率调节回路的输出。因为在图2中所述控制信号up是NOx排放调节回路的一部分，所以不发生图1的在NOx排放调节回路和功率调节回路之间的强耦合。
图2的功率调节回路与图1的功率调节回路的区别仅在于，调节器5设置在功率调节回路中，调节器5操控影响燃气质量流ugas的执行器(例如气道喷射阀或气体混合器的气体计量装置)。代替设置比较器7和PID调节器6，也能够设有基于模型的调节器。
在最简单的情况下，函数相关性2以上述形式作为简单曲线获得。如已经从文献EP0 259 382 B1中已知的那样，函数相关性2能够通过记录关于点火时间点、进气温度等的校正来校正。
总体而言，本发明结合有不同的优点：
-可以更快地校正负载变换(将内燃机1的实际功率Pg更快地匹配于额定功率Pd g的变化)；
-能够在负载变换的情况下明显更早地实现用于NOx的目标排放值；
-用于NOx的排放值在负载变换期间就已经接近所期望的值，因为能够容易地跟随函数相关性2。
图3示出本发明的第二实施例。与图2相比，在功率调节回路中附加地设有跳转点火调节模块9，额定功率Pd g作为输入被输送给所述跳转点火调节模块。跳转点火调节模块9向调节器5输出，调节器5操控燃气质量流ugas，使得在内燃机1的选定的汽缸中由于缺少燃气而不发生燃烧。这允许对负载变换的迅速匹配。这对于气道喷射式内燃机是有利的。
图4示出本发明的第三实施例。与图2相比，附加地返回另外的实际变量y(在此即：内燃机1的排出侧的或可能没有示出的排气再处理单元的进入侧的排气温度、和/或内燃机1的汽缸的爆震信号或断火信号、和/或油温度、和/或冷却水温度、和/或在汽缸上游的进气温度)作为在功率调节回路内的PID调节器6的输入。这如下限制调整变量λd，即在达到极限值时，实际变量不发生λd向进一步不利地影响实际变量的方向的进一步变化。不利的影响例如是在内燃机1的排出侧上已经较高的排气温度的情况下的进一步浓缩(较低的λ值)或者在存在内燃机1的汽缸的断火信号的情况下的稀释(较高的λ值)。因此返回另外的实际变量y代表安全回路，通过该安全回路，对调整变量λd的影响仅在对于内燃机1可接受的极限内发生。
图5示出本发明的第四实施例，其中与图2相比，轨迹生成器10被置于函数相关性2上游。所述轨迹生成器将额定功率的不连续的、跳跃状的预设值Pd,step g由用户转换成用于额定功率的连续的轨迹Pd g。自额定功率Pd g的当前值和额定功率Pd g的所期望的终值出发，选择与这些值相结合的连续函数，例如呈(优选直线形)斜坡的形式或呈多项式的形式等的函数。附加地将实际功率Pg作为输入输送给轨迹生成器10。由此能够如下监控在根据连续函数的额定功率Pd g的瞬时值和实际功率Pg之间的偏差，即在偏差过大时将额定功率Pd g的连续函数限制于关于实际功率Pg的特定的值。该情况能够例如在冷的内燃机1中是重要的。
图6示出本发明的第五实施例，其中与图2相比，设有停机时间补偿装置11。所述停机时间补偿装置尤其对于混合加载的内燃机1是有利的。停机时间补偿装置11的输入是额定功率Pd g、实际功率Pg和实际进气压力pim。在时间t的输入信号Pd g(t)、Pg(t)、pim(t)以在增加停机时间D(在燃气质量流改变与内燃机1在实际功率Pg中相应反应之间的时间)的未来t+D预测的形式Pd g(t+D)、Pg(t+D)、pim(t+D)作为输出而再次输出。该输出用作为用于调节器12的输入，该调节器12根据该输入输出用于λ值的额定值。预测以本身已知的方式基于模型地通过对下述微分方程进行积分而进行，所述微分方程描述这些变量的动态行为。所述微分方程对于本领域技术人员而言是已知的。
图7示出本发明的一个实施例，其中共同设有前面提到的实施例的所有措施。当然在此也能够省去个别的措施。在调节装置C中为所有实施例概括对于控制/调节所需的组件和逻辑相关性。“调节器”在本申请的范围中不一定是指物理构件，而是能够指代例如通过开关回路、存储器等映射的特定函数。
附图标记清单
1 内燃机
2 函数相关性
3 第一比较器
4 第一PID调节器
5 第一调节器
6 第二PID调节器
7 第二比较器
8 进气压力调节器
9 跳转点火调节模块
10 轨迹生成器
11 停机时间补偿装置
12 另外的调节器
λd 额定λ值(用于空燃比的额定值)
λ λ值(空燃比)
Pd g 额定功率
Pg 实际功率
Pd,step g 额定功率的跳跃状的预设值
pim 实际进气压力
pd im 进气压力额定值
t 时间
C 调节装置
D 停机时间
ugas 燃气质量流
up 影响实际进气压力pim的控制信号
y 内燃机1和/或连接在下游的单元的实际变量

Claims (10)

1.一种具有调节装置(C)的内燃机(1)，其中，在该内燃机(1)中空气-燃料混合物以能够通过所述调节装置设定的λ值(λ)燃烧，其中，所述调节装置(C)具有：
功率调节回路，所述功率调节回路构成为用于通过设定λ值(λ)来使该内燃机(1)的实际功率(Pg)与该内燃机(1)的额定功率(Pd g)相等；
NOx排放调节回路，所述NOx排放调节回路构成为基于所述内燃机的每个额定功率(Pd g)经由函数相关性(2)而得到的进气压力额定值(pd im)通过影响进气压力的执行器来操控作为NOx排放的替代变量的进气压力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机(1)，其中，所述NOx排放调节回路具有进气压力调节器(8)，通过所述进气压力调节器能够使实际进气压力(pim)与进气压力额定值(pd im)相等，其中，所述进气压力调节器(8)以第一比较器(3)和第一PID调节器(4)的形式构成或者构成为基于模型的进气压力调节器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的内燃机(1)，其中，所述功率调节回路具有调节器(5)，通过该调节器能够操控影响燃气质量流(ugas)的执行器，其中，该调节器(5)具有第二比较器(7)或第二PID调节器(6)或者构成为基于模型的调节器。
4.根据权利要求3所述的内燃机(1)，其中，所述执行器是气道喷射阀或气体混合器的气体计量装置。
5.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机(1)，其中，在所述功率调节回路中附加地设有跳转点火调节模块(9)，所述额定功率(pd g)作为输入能够输送给所述跳转点火调节模块，并且所述跳转点火调节模块构成为用于操控用于燃气质量流(ugas)的调节器(5)，使得在该内燃机(1)的选定的汽缸中由于缺少燃气而不发生燃烧。
6.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机(1)，其中，在所述功率调节回路内部的所述调节器(5)构成为，使得另外的实际变量(y)作为所述调节器(5)的输入能够输送给该调节器(5)，其中，所述调节器(5)在考虑另外的实际变量(y)的情况下如下限制调整变量额定λ值(λd)，即在达到所述实际变量的极限值时不发生所述额定λ值(λd)向进一步不利地影响所述实际变量(y)的方向的进一步变化。
7.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机(1)，其中，轨迹生成器(10)被置于所述功率调节回路和所述NOx排放调节回路的上游，所述轨迹生成器构成为用于将所述额定功率的不连续的、跳跃状的预设值(Pd,step g)由用户转换成用于所述额定功率的连续轨迹(Pd g)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的内燃机(1)，其中，所述轨迹生成器(10)构成为用于附加地获得所述实际功率(pg)作为输入并且如下监控在根据所述连续函数的所述额定功率(Pd g)的瞬时值和所述实际功率(pg)之间的偏差，即在偏差过大时将所述额定功率(Pd g)的连续轨迹限制于关于所述实际功率(pg)的特定的值。
9.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机(1)，其中，设有停机时间补偿装置(11)，可预设的停机时间(D)能够输送给所述停机时间补偿装置，并且所述停机时间补偿装置构成为用于获得在一个时间(t)的额定功率(Pd g(t))、实际功率(Pg(t))和实际进气压力(pim(t))并且以在未来t+D预测的形式(Pd g(t+D))、(Pg(t+D))、(pim(t+D))作为输出而再次输出。
10.根据权利要求9所述的内燃机(1)，其中，设有另一调节器(12)，所述另一调节器构成为用于获得所述停机时间补偿装置(11)的输出作为输入并且根据该输入输出额定λ值(λd)。
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JP6431825B2 (ja) 2018-11-28
EP2977596A1 (de) 2016-01-27
BR102015016886A2 (pt) 2016-06-28
EP2977596B1 (de) 2018-11-21
KR20160011596A (ko) 2016-02-01
BR102015016886B8 (pt) 2022-06-07
US20160025024A1 (en) 2016-01-28
US10077729B2 (en) 2018-09-18
KR101910294B1 (ko) 2018-10-19
AT516134A2 (de) 2016-02-15
JP2016023645A (ja) 2016-02-08
BR102015016886B1 (pt) 2022-05-17
AT516134B1 (de) 2018-12-15
EP2977596B8 (de) 2019-03-06
AT516134A3 (de) 2018-05-15
KR20170123304A (ko) 2017-11-07

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