CN105248384A - Method of improving Lipaphis erysimi breeding efficiency by using salicylic acid - Google Patents

Method of improving Lipaphis erysimi breeding efficiency by using salicylic acid Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN105248384A
CN105248384A CN201510755572.5A CN201510755572A CN105248384A CN 105248384 A CN105248384 A CN 105248384A CN 201510755572 A CN201510755572 A CN 201510755572A CN 105248384 A CN105248384 A CN 105248384A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
aphid
radish aphid
radish
salicylic acid
lipaphis erysimi
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201510755572.5A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN105248384B (en
Inventor
杨海林
张立猛
计思贵
谷星慧
赵进龙
田泽华
余砚碧
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
YUNAN TOBACCO Co YUXI BRANCH
Original Assignee
YUNAN TOBACCO Co YUXI BRANCH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by YUNAN TOBACCO Co YUXI BRANCH filed Critical YUNAN TOBACCO Co YUXI BRANCH
Priority to CN201510755572.5A priority Critical patent/CN105248384B/en
Publication of CN105248384A publication Critical patent/CN105248384A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN105248384B publication Critical patent/CN105248384B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/033Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a method of improving Lipaphis erysimi breeding efficiency by using salicylic acid. Through discovery, breeding Lipaphis erysimi by adopting specific temperature and humidity and spraying salicylic acid solution has the following advantages: 1, individuals of Lipaphis erysimi three-year-old nymphs and adults are respectively bigger than those of nymphs and adults in the same age in the prior art; 2, the survival rate of Lipaphis erysimi adults is increased, and the time that the Lipaphis erysimi develops from an egg to the adult is shortened; 3, the life of Lipaphis erysimi female adults produced by breeding is longer than that of Lipaphis erysimi female adults bred in a conventional way, and after a next generation of Lipaphis erysimi is bred by Lipaphis erysimi adults obtained by breeding, the egg laying amount of females is higher than that of the Lipaphis erysimi female adults bred in the conventional way.

Description

A kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological control of agriculture and forestry insect, be specifically related to the propagation method of the host-radish aphid of the dish aphid parasite used in the process of biological control agriculture and forestry injurious insect.
Background technology
Yunnan crop is enriched, and shortening kind is many, and aphid distribution is wide, popular by force, harm is general, and pesticide dosage is large, and prevention and controls is single, anti-heterodyne, and the problem such as residue of pesticide and pollution becomes the difficult problem troubling Yunnan Province's plant protection work for a long time.For realizing plant protection work new breakthrough, since 2006, according to the Ministry of Agriculture about " carry forward vigorously the work of diseases and pests of agronomic crop green prevention and control, promote agricultural product quality and safety and Agriculture Ecological Environment Security " requirement, Yunnan Province researches and develops integrated green prevention and control technology energetically, accelerates propelling dynamics.
Aphid parasite is the important parasite of one of aphid, aphid parasite is applied in rape, vegetables, seeding corn and other crops, aphid parasite is utilized to prevent eliminating aphis, one is the population quantity that effectively can control aphid, reduce the harm of aphid, reduce the aphid that migrates to spread disease viral disease probability, ensure the Yield and qualities of agricultural product; Two is avoid aphid to develop immunity to drugs; Three is significantly reduce the usage amount of chemical insecticide crops, reduces residue of pesticide, improves the safety of Yunnan agricultural products; Four is reduce chemical insecticide pollution on the environment.Aphid parasite is utilized to prevent eliminating aphis, that need to solve pesticide dosage large, prevention and controls is single, anti-heterodyne, the key technology of the problem such as residue of pesticide and pollution supports, for improving in Yunnan agricultural products participating country, the competition of international market creates conditions, and matches simultaneously, bring huge economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefits with sustainable agriculture development and the trend that develops modern plant protection.
The aphid overwhelming majority is subordinate to Homoptera (Homoptera) Aphidiadae (Aphididae), blazon to endanger serious polyphagy insect to crop all over the world, it not only draws crop alimentary, excretion honeydew, directly affect the seed output and quality of crop, but also propagate multiple virus, cause multiple virus disease and other worm to pass the generation of disease and popular.In the preventing and treating of aphid, people have carried out many-sided research, various control measure have application in control of aphids, particularly a large amount of Long-Time Service of insecticide in chemical control, the pesticide resistance of aphid is caused to increase, natural enemy is difficult to survival under conventional field control dosage, add the residue of pesticide probability on crop simultaneously, the pollution of agricultural environment is increased the weight of increasingly, be unfavorable for the sustainable development of agricultural.Therefore, in the control of aphid, adopt the biological prevention of environmental protection very urgent.
Aphid parasite can comprise black peach aphid Myzuspersicae (Sulzer), vegetable aphid Brevicorynebrassicae (Linnaeus), radish aphid Lipaphiserysimi (Kaltenbach), little English grain aphid Macrosiphumavenae (Fabricius), cotten aphid Aphisgossypii_Glover etc. by parasitic multiple aphid, the highest reaches 89.16%, in the biological control of aphid significant and application on Be very effective.Dish aphid parasite is as the important parasitic wasp of one of aphid, and its host range is narrow, often shows obvious specialization, and its host mainly contains: cabbage aphid, radish aphid, black peach aphid, meadow sweet aphid, greenbug.All there is distribution in the whole world, in China, be mainly distributed in field of vegetables, wheatland, vega.
Radish aphid Lipaphiserysimi (Kaltenbach) belongs to Homoptera Aphidiadae, whole nation distribution, have another name called vegetable aphid, turnip aphid, can cause harm the rare vegetables of Cruciferae famous-particular-excellent such as Chinese cabbage, cabbage heart, cherry radish, cabbage mustard, broccoli, purple tsai-tai, brussels sprouts, kale, a kind of sedge dish, normal mixing with black peach aphid occurs.
According to our investigation, the occurrence and harm of the vernal crop diversity aphid of flue-cured tobacco previous crops is comparatively serious, but still belongs to blank for the biological control of late autumn, crop sown in spring aphid at present.Over nearly 3 years; our seminar conducts a preliminary study and field plot trial and demonstration; by the numerous honeybee of conservation booth; release aphid cocoon honeybee control vernal crop diversity aphid; thus control aphis population radix, reduce costs, protect and surely grow cocoon honeybee, obtain the firsthand information of science and interim effect.Lifting biological control and field adaptability technical merit are the keys of Biological control of aphid.The biological control technology of aphid parasite mainly comprises the seed selection of aphid host plant and plantation, the amount reproduction of host aphid and aphid cocoon honeybee amount reproduction 3 production links, and 3 links complement each other, associated with each other.The obstacle in three is there is at present: the host plant 1, lacking proper scaleization breeding radish aphid in the process of carrying out dish aphid parasite control radish aphid; 2, the technological process of radish aphid biological control is lacked, 3, lack perfect dish aphid parasite merchandized handling technology.The present invention, by lot of experiments, finds a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency, can meet the needs of indoor scale, efficient breeding radish aphid.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to propose a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency, indoor are carried out to radish aphid and breeds, the needs of indoor scale, efficient breeding radish aphid can be met.
Technical scheme taked to achieve the object of the present invention is as follows:
Utilize salicylic acid to improve a method for radish aphid reproductive efficiency, it is characterized in that: the method includes the steps of: host plant is selected, radish aphid inoculates, and radish aphid breeds;
Preferably, described host plant is selected to comprise the following steps: select leaf age to be that the rape of 5-6 leaf is as radish aphid host;
Preferably, described radish aphid inoculation comprises the following steps: be that the rape of 5-6 leaf moves to and connects zooecium, inoculation radish aphid aptery one-tenth aphid by leaf age, every strain rape inoculation 25-65 aptery one-tenth aphid, connect worm indoor temperature and remain on 22 DEG C, relative moisture 72%, illumination is sufficient;
Preferably, described radish aphid breeds and comprises the following steps: postvaccinal rape is moved into greenhouse, the temperature controlled in greenhouse is 23.5 DEG C, humidity in greenhouse remains on 65-70%, illumination condition is 13 h light, 11 h dark, sprayed the salicylic acid solution of 5-10 μ g/ml once every 12 hours, every strain rape sprays 3-5ml; Constant temperature breeds 2-3 days, the egg development of radish aphid be 3 age nymph;
Preferably, described constant temperature breeds lasting 4-5 days, and the egg development of radish aphid is adult;
Preferably, the kind of described rape is No. 3, caul-fat or No. 6, caul-fat;
The radish aphid of the present invention's breeding 3 age nymph as the purposes of dish aphid parasite host;
The adult of the radish aphid of the present invention's breeding is for breeding the purposes of radish aphid of future generation.
Tool of the present invention has the following advantages:
1, the present invention adopts specific temperature, humidity to combine and sprays salicylic acid solution to breed radish aphid, and the individuality of radish aphid 3 nymph in age, adult is greater than in prior art respectively with the nymph in the length of time, adult.
2, the present invention adopts specific temperature, humidity to combine and sprays salicylic acid solution to breed radish aphid, and the survival rate of radish aphid adult improves, and radish aphid is from egg development to the time shorten of adult.
3, the present invention adopts specific temperature, humidity to combine and sprays salicylic acid solution to breed radish aphid, the radish aphid female adult pest life-span of breeding generation is longer than the radish aphid female adult pest that usual manner is bred, radish aphid of future generation is bred, the radish aphid female adult pest that the egg laying amount of female worm is bred higher than usual manner by breeding the radish aphid adult obtained.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment to further instruction of the present invention, the percentage in embodiment is weight ratio, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Embodiment 1
1, material:
1.1 for examination worm source: testing radish aphid used is the radish aphid adult that Yuxi Ma Qiao scientific base, Yunnan Province collects;
1.2 for examination host plant: No. 3, caul-fat;
2, test method: (test in triplicate)
(1) leaf age is selected to be that caul-fat No. 3 rapes of 6 leaves are as radish aphid host;
(2) be that caul-fat No. 3 rapes of 6 leaves move to and connect zooecium, inoculation radish aphid aptery one-tenths aphid by 300 basin leaf ages, every strain rape inoculates 50 aptery one-tenth aphids, connects worm indoor temperature and remains on 22 DEG C, relative moisture 72%, illumination abundance;
(3) radish aphid breeds and comprises the following steps: the 100 basin rapes completing inoculation in selecting step (2) move into greenhouse, the temperature controlled in greenhouse is 23.5 DEG C, humidity in greenhouse remains on 68%, illumination condition is 13 h light, 11 h dark, sprayed the salicylic acid solution of 5 μ g/ml every 12 hours once, every strain rape sprays 3ml; Constant temperature breeds 2.7 days, the egg development of radish aphid be 3 age nymph; Constant temperature breeds 4.7 days, and the egg development of radish aphid is adult;
(4) radish aphid nymph, adult contrast is bred:
CK1: the 100 basin rapes completing inoculation in selecting step (2) move into greenhouse, and warm indoor temperature remains on 23.5 DEG C, and humidity remains on 68%, and illumination condition is 13 h light, 11 h dark; Constant temperature breeds lasting 4.2 days, the egg development of radish aphid be 3 age nymph; Constant temperature breeds lasting 7.1 days, and the egg development of radish aphid is adult.
(5) comparison of radish aphid nymph, the adult bodily form
Each 200 of random selecting 3 nymph in the length of time, adult from the radish aphid step (3) rape, each 200 of random selecting 3 nymph in the length of time, adult from the radish aphid step (4) CK1 rape, measure with the micrometer in stereomicroscope is long to its body, body is wide, on acquisition rape, the average body of radish aphid 3 nymph in age, adult is long, average body is wide.
Note: in table 1, long, the body of the body of radish aphid 3 nymph in age, adult is wide is all the mean value of three repeated tests
Data in table 1 show: combine by specific temperature, humidity the mode spraying salicylic acid solution and breed radish aphid, the individuality of radish aphid 3 nymph in age, adult is greater than nymph, the adult in the same length of time of constant temperature culture in contrast respectively, and the Individual Size of radish aphid 3 nymph in age affects fecundity, Individual Size after its host's vegetable aphid cocoon bee eclosion, individual large radish aphid 3 nymph in age is conducive to cultivating vitality, dish aphid parasite that fertility is stronger.
(6) survival rate of radish aphid adult and development duration
From step (3), each 200 of difference random selecting radish aphid adult in the CK1 in step (4).
Note: in table 2, the survival rate of radish aphid adult is all the mean value of three repeated tests
Data in table 2 show: combine by specific temperature, humidity the mode spraying salicylic acid solution and breed radish aphid, and the survival rate of radish aphid adult improves, and improves the quantity that can be used for breeding radish aphid of future generation.
Note: in table 3, egg development to 3 nymph in age of radish aphid, the time of adult are the mean value of three repeated tests
Data in table 3 show: combine by specific temperature, humidity the mode spraying salicylic acid solution and breed radish aphid, radish aphid is shorter than the radish aphid of constant temperature cultivation from the time of egg development to 3 nymph in age, adult, and this will be conducive to the reproduction speed and the efficiency that improve radish aphid.
(7) difference breeds life-span and the egg laying amount of radish aphid adult under condition
From step (3), each 50 of difference random selecting radish aphid female adult pest in CK1 in step (4), access rape vacuum side of blade, every day observed and recorded radish aphid female adult pest under stereomicroscope egg laying amount and survival condition, until female adult pest is dead.
Note: the life-span of the female adult pest of radish aphid in table 4, female adult pest egg laying amount is all the mean value of three repeated tests
Data in table 4 show: combine by specific temperature, humidity the mode spraying salicylic acid solution and breed radish aphid, the radish aphid female adult pest life-span of breeding generation is longer than the radish aphid female adult pest that constant temperature is bred, radish aphid of future generation is bred by breeding the radish aphid adult obtained, the radish aphid female adult pest that the egg laying amount of female worm is bred higher than constant temperature, this will be conducive to the reproduction speed and the efficiency that improve radish aphid.

Claims (8)

1. utilize salicylic acid to improve a method for radish aphid reproductive efficiency, it is characterized in that: the method includes the steps of: host plant is selected, radish aphid inoculates, and radish aphid breeds.
2. a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described host plant is selected to comprise the following steps: select leaf age to be that the rape of 5-6 leaf is as radish aphid host.
3. a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described radish aphid inoculation comprises the following steps: be that the rape of 5-6 leaf moves to and connects zooecium by leaf age, inoculation radish aphid aptery one-tenth aphid, every strain rape inoculation 25-65 aptery one-tenth aphid, connect worm indoor temperature and remain on 22 DEG C, relative moisture 72%, illumination is sufficient.
4. a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: described radish aphid breeds and comprises the following steps: postvaccinal rape is moved into greenhouse, the temperature controlled in greenhouse is 23.5 DEG C, humidity in greenhouse remains on 65-70%, illumination condition is 13 h light, 11 h dark, sprayed the salicylic acid solution of 5-10 μ g/ml once every 12 hours, every strain rape sprays 3-5ml; Constant temperature breeds 2-3 days, the egg development of radish aphid be 3 age nymph.
5. a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: described constant temperature breeds lasting 4-5 days, the egg development of radish aphid is adult.
6. a kind of method utilizing salicylic acid to improve radish aphid reproductive efficiency according to claim 4, is characterized in that: the kind of described rape is No. 3, caul-fat or No. 6, caul-fat.
7. radish aphid according to claim 43 age nymph as the purposes of dish aphid parasite host.
8. the adult of radish aphid according to claim 5 is for breeding the purposes of radish aphid of future generation.
CN201510755572.5A 2015-11-09 2015-11-09 A kind of method that radish aphid reproductive efficiency is improved using salicylic acid Active CN105248384B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201510755572.5A CN105248384B (en) 2015-11-09 2015-11-09 A kind of method that radish aphid reproductive efficiency is improved using salicylic acid

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201510755572.5A CN105248384B (en) 2015-11-09 2015-11-09 A kind of method that radish aphid reproductive efficiency is improved using salicylic acid

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN105248384A true CN105248384A (en) 2016-01-20
CN105248384B CN105248384B (en) 2018-02-06

Family

ID=55088600

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201510755572.5A Active CN105248384B (en) 2015-11-09 2015-11-09 A kind of method that radish aphid reproductive efficiency is improved using salicylic acid

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN105248384B (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105900932A (en) * 2016-05-10 2016-08-31 云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司 Method for efficiently breeding Lipaphis erysimi
CN105900931A (en) * 2016-05-10 2016-08-31 云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司 method for breeding Lipaphis erysimi on large scale
CN105994172A (en) * 2016-06-02 2016-10-12 河南省农业科学院烟草研究所 Method for conducting aphid conservation in winter by means of winter turnips
CN106305628A (en) * 2016-08-22 2017-01-11 北京阔野田园生物技术有限公司 Method for scale propagation of amphiareus obscuriceps

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103262827A (en) * 2013-06-01 2013-08-28 福建农林大学 Method for feeding tea green leafhoppers indoors
CN103910574A (en) * 2014-03-26 2014-07-09 王晓旭 Natural plant growth regulator
CN104058859A (en) * 2014-06-25 2014-09-24 合肥路飞农业科技有限公司 Plant leaf fertilizer
CN104957136A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-10-07 潍坊友容实业有限公司 Pieris rapae and aphid attractant and method for applying same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103262827A (en) * 2013-06-01 2013-08-28 福建农林大学 Method for feeding tea green leafhoppers indoors
CN103910574A (en) * 2014-03-26 2014-07-09 王晓旭 Natural plant growth regulator
CN104058859A (en) * 2014-06-25 2014-09-24 合肥路飞农业科技有限公司 Plant leaf fertilizer
CN104957136A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-10-07 潍坊友容实业有限公司 Pieris rapae and aphid attractant and method for applying same

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
柯礼道等: "几种植物性次生物对桃蚜食性的影响", 《昆虫学报》 *
范志强: "低温胁迫下外源水杨酸对油菜叶片生理活性的影响", 《安徽农学通报》 *
赵惠燕等: "温度对萝卜蚜繁殖特征的影响", 《昆虫知识》 *
邹运鼎 等: ""秦油2号"油菜植株内含物与萝卜蚜有翅率的关系", 《应用生态学报》 *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105900932A (en) * 2016-05-10 2016-08-31 云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司 Method for efficiently breeding Lipaphis erysimi
CN105900931A (en) * 2016-05-10 2016-08-31 云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司 method for breeding Lipaphis erysimi on large scale
CN105900932B (en) * 2016-05-10 2019-09-10 云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司 A kind of method of efficient breeding radish aphid
CN105994172A (en) * 2016-06-02 2016-10-12 河南省农业科学院烟草研究所 Method for conducting aphid conservation in winter by means of winter turnips
CN105994172B (en) * 2016-06-02 2019-03-26 河南省农业科学院烟草研究所 A kind of method carrying out aphid winter conservation using radish is stored away in winter
CN106305628A (en) * 2016-08-22 2017-01-11 北京阔野田园生物技术有限公司 Method for scale propagation of amphiareus obscuriceps

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN105248384B (en) 2018-02-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Cooke et al. The sugar beet crop
Kalia et al. Biotechnological interventions in sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): current status and future prospects
CN105211008A (en) A kind of method improving dish aphid parasite reproductive efficiency
CN105230575A (en) Method for increasing lipaphis erysimi breeding efficiency
CN103766289B (en) Method for improving breeding efficiency of encarsia formosa
Udomdee et al. Effect of sucrose concentration and seed maturity on in vitro germination of Dendrobium nobile hybrids
CN105248384A (en) Method of improving Lipaphis erysimi breeding efficiency by using salicylic acid
Javed et al. In vitro regeneration and multiplication for mass propagation of Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne: a potential reclaiment of denude arid lands
Kaur et al. In vitro germination of walnut (Juglans regia L.) embryos
Delcheh et al. A review optimization of tissue culture medium medicinal plant: Thyme
Cock The use of parasitoids for augmentative biological control of pests in the People's Republic of China.
Shah et al. Pitaya nutrition, biology, and biotechnology: a review
Saravia-Castillo et al. Auxins and Cytokinins elicit a differentiated response in the formation of shoots and roots in Cattleya maxima Lindl and Phalaenopsis amabilis (L) Blume
Chatterjee et al. Micropropagation of medicinal plants: A review
CN104996366A (en) Trichogramma japonicum high-efficiency reproduction method
Tjiurutue et al. Gypsy moth herbivory induced volatiles and reduced parasite attachment to cranberry hosts
Ahmad et al. Micropropagation of Vitex spp. through in vitro manipulation: Current status and future prospectives
CN105900932B (en) A kind of method of efficient breeding radish aphid
CN105941338B (en) A kind of method of propagation in scale dish aphid parasite
Bhansali Biology and multiplication of Prosopis species grown in the Thar Desert
Kaur Analeptic Mushrooms
Bourogâa Insecticidal properties of the physic nut tree Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae) and potential use in pest management
Mawela et al. Biological control of Tithonia spp.(Asteraceae) in South Africa: challenges and possibilities
CN105900931A (en) method for breeding Lipaphis erysimi on large scale
Vanlaldiki et al. Effect of staggared planting on the seasonal abundance of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linn) on cabbage under North Eastern hill zone, Imphal

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant