CN105103696B - Method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in high-altitude gobi wind-blown sand region - Google Patents
Method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in high-altitude gobi wind-blown sand region Download PDFInfo
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- CN105103696B CN105103696B CN201510515320.5A CN201510515320A CN105103696B CN 105103696 B CN105103696 B CN 105103696B CN 201510515320 A CN201510515320 A CN 201510515320A CN 105103696 B CN105103696 B CN 105103696B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/40—Afforestation or reforestation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in a high-altitude gobi wind-blown sand region. The method includes the step that the groove cuttage salix bangongensis deep cuttage technology and the sand control and afforestation technology through salix bangongensis cuttage in the secondary desertification wind-blown sand region with the combination of protection of a surrounding gravel high-bank sandy barrier and recovery and protection of a platform biological living sandy barrier are formed by easily preparing sand in the secondary desertification wind-blown sand region. Measures are adjusted according to local conditions, local materials are used, engineering measures and biological measures are combined, and the method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in the high-altitude, high-coldness and high-drought gobi wind-blown sand region is easy to implement, economical, high in operability and beneficial to protection, expansion, utilization and popularization of endangered species.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of desertification control method and in particular to a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage sand control side
Method.
Background technology
Ali area is located in Northern Tibet Plateau, is described as the ridge of the roof of the world, High aititude (mean sea level be up to 4500m with
On), high and cold (0 DEG C of average temperature of the whole year), high drought (Multi-year average precipitation 50-100mm), rarefaction of air be local area main from
So feature, ecological environment is severe, and plant resourceses are very deficient.Wherein, Ban Gongliu (salix bangongensis c.wang et
C.f.fang) it is that local area is primary and one of only two kinds of seeds, have a very wide distribution, the long-term Desert of Gobi adapting to extreme drought
Environment, is the peculiar endangered species in Ali area.The public willow of class is dungarunga (big shrub), and branch is many, Salicaceae sallow, high general
2-5 rice, is born in the Gobi desert dust storm beach of 4600 meters about of height above sea level, can stand hazards of sand storms, light, cold-resistant, drought-enduring, barren-resistant,
Strong adaptability, requires not tight to soil, is excellent checking winds and fixing drifting sand and water and soil conservation seeds.But with artificial destruction in recent years,
Primary class public affairs willow vegetation resources almost exhausts, and becomes protected trees in imminent danger.The especially large-area soil in Ali area moves back
Change, cause serious Desertification, most of shrub opening gradually forms secondary salinization grit Gobi desert dust storm beach within the border
Ground.According to incompletely statistics, Desertification Soil area in Ali area's reaches more than 10,000,000 mu, wherein in Shiquanhe River two sides due to dredging
About 2,000,000 mu of the secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach that woods degenerates and formed, difficulty of governance is very big.
The secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach being formed due to land deterioration in High aititude, high and cold, high drought-hit area is a kind of life
State recovers extremely difficult salination site type, and not only cost is huge for conventional desertification control method, and is subject to height above sea level, weather, anoxia
Etc. the restriction of natural conditions, it is difficult to successfully.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method, on overcoming
State prior art presence defect, the present invention from endangered species protection, expanding propagation, using and popularization purpose, construct one kind
The public willow cuttage desertification control method of class is the secondary sand conglomerate re servoir dust storm beach sand control of Ali area and similar high altitude localitiess and is on the point of
The protection of danger kind provides technical support with recovery.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method, comprises the following steps:
Step one: pass through site preparation in High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area, equably open bar along along the direction vertical with main harmful wind
Banding pattern groove, backfill table soil, leveling, form groove cuttage bed surface；
Step 2: train into the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields using the grit stone that open channels are dug out in groove both sides, at adjacent two
Groove intermediate vertical, in the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields setting isosceles triangle sand ridge, forms gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier；
Step 3: smooth gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier endogenous wind sandy beach ground, trench digging mixed seeding hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin, timely earthing is covered, shape
Become biological living sand barrier；
Step 4: pluck class's public affairs willow cutting, soak along branch in water after taking root, dig pit in groove cuttage bed surface deep along branch
Cuttage, earthing is compacted；
Step 5: lay conduit pipe on strip-type groove top perpendicular to groove, install aqueduct above each groove
Road valve, is irrigated on demand.
Further, the width l of described strip-type groove is 60cm～80cm, and depth h of groove is 40cm～60cm, ditch
The length of groove be 20m～30m, the adjacent parallel groove spacing of each two be 4m～6m, in the trench backfill table soil 10cm～
15cm, leveling, form groove cuttage bed surface.
Further, form gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier between the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields and the isosceles triangle sand ridge.
Further, gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier specification is 4m × 4m～4m × 6m.
Further, in step 3, ditching depth is 2cm～3cm, mixed seeding four row hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin, hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin mixed seeding
Ratio for 3:1, the amount of broadcasting 1.5～2.0kg/ mu, line-spacing is 1m.
Further, the time plucking class's public affairs willow cutting is the first tenday period of a month in May to the middle ten days, and plucking the above old branch of life in 2 years is class
Public willow cutting, its a length of 50cm～60cm, every class's public affairs willow cutting eye is no less than 4, and class's public affairs willow cutting is soaked along branch in water
Bubble 8 days～10 days, soaking depth is 40cm～50cm, digs pit along the deep cuttage of branch, earthing is compacted in groove cuttage bed surface.
Further, after the willow cutting of class's public affairs is soaked, the suitable branch cuttage 40cm that digs pit in groove cuttage bed surface in late May～
50cm, ground toothing 10cm, 2 plants of every cave, hill spacing 2m～2.5m.
Further, the cuttage same day, open conduit pipe valve and irrigate, irrigate again once, hereafter often within 2～3 days after cuttage
Year irrigates 2～3 times.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has a following beneficial technique effect:
The inventive method has treatment in accordance with local conditions, gathers materials on the spot, easy construction and natural limiting factor less, adapt to strong, no
The advantages of destructible.Especially in the secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach area of High aititude, high and cold, high drought, conventional desertification control method is not
Only cost is huge, and is limited by natural conditions such as height above sea level, weather, anoxias, is difficult to successfully.As, high vertical, half hidden sand-protecting barrier,
The engineerings such as biological sand prevention are in high wind evil, grit stone hits and sunshine is drunk under the harm such as burning, and sand- prevention system has destructible, cycle
Short, cost is big and the features such as sand prevention vegetation selection face is little.Therefore, build the public affairs willow cuttage of class of secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach area to control
Husky afforestation technology, is to solve the endangered species protection of current Ali area, expanding propagation, utilization and the best selection promoting sand control.This
Class's public affairs willow cuttage sand control method of forestation of invention be directed to Ali, Tibet secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach area be dried, cold,
Strong wind, extreme drought, using groove cuttage bed surface, reach spring, autumn, protection in winter only strong hazards of sand storms, reduce evaporation, heat moisturizing
Effect；Taken root using high bar set, immersion and deep cuttage method it is ensured that class's public affairs willow cutting keeps effective moisture content, promotes life
Root, shortening rootage duration, reach the effect of storing water and preserving fertility；Using on groove, rationally conduit pipe and conduit pipe valve are set,
Change flood irrigation, saving and intensive use moisture, strengthen water retention in soil, reach water-saving efficient utilizing status；Using gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier,
Gather materials on the spot, economically feasible, adapt to strong, reach wind prevention and sand resistance effect；Using biological living sand barrier, simple to operate, prevent, only, multiple junction
Close, improve whole system protection and recovery effects.
Using the sand control afforestation technology of the present invention, after enforcement survival rate then between 80%～90%, Second Year
Storage rate reaches more than 80%, enters animated period within 2～3 years, average height reaches 80～100cm, and even crown diameter about 1.5m ×
2m；, up to 90%, vegetation coverage reaches 30% for hedysarum scoparium, poplar bavin mixed seeding survival rate；10cm, 30cm below earth's surface in groove and
Average external volume moisture content in 50cm up to 8.50%～10.21%, and compare (exposed grit Gobi desert) and be only 2.41%.Spring
Surface temperature in two season of autumn groove exceeds 0.3～0.5 DEG C than exposed grit Gobi desert.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is class of the secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage sand control plane graph of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is class of the secondary grit Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage sand control section face of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is groove cuttage bed surface structural representation；
Fig. 4 is isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields structural representation；
Fig. 5 is isosceles triangle sand ridge structural representation；
Fig. 6 is gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier and biological living sand barrier structural representation；
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of conduit pipe.
Wherein, 1, groove；2nd, groove cuttage bed surface；3rd, the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields；4th, the isosceles triangle sand ridge；5th, the high ridge of gravel
Sand-protecting barrier；6th, hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin；7th, biological living sand barrier；8th, class's public affairs willow cutting；9th, conduit pipe；10th, conduit pipe valve；α be etc.
Waist trapezoidal low bank of earth between fields inclination angle；A is isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields top width；B is isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields bottom width；H is that the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields ridge is high；δ
For isosceles triangle Sha Geng inclination angle；G is that the isosceles triangle Sha Geng ridge is high；C is isosceles triangle sand ridge bottom width；E is the high ridge of gravel
Sand-protecting barrier length；D is caliber；L is groove width, and h is gash depth.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail:
Referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 7, a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method, comprise the following steps:
Step one: pass through site preparation in High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area, equably open bar along along the direction vertical with main harmful wind
Banding pattern groove 1, backfill table soil, leveling, form groove cuttage bed surface 2.
Step 2: train into the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3 using the grit stone that open channels are dug out in groove 1 both sides, adjacent two
Bar groove 1 intermediate vertical, in the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3 setting isosceles triangle sand ridge 4, forms gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5；
Step 3: smooth gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5 endogenous wind sandy beach ground, open shallow ridges mixed seeding hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin 6, timely earthing is covered
Lid, forms biological living sand barrier 7.
Step 4: pluck class's public affairs willow cutting 8, soak along branch in water after taking root, dig pit in groove cuttage bed surface 2 along branch
Deep cuttage, earthing is compacted；
Step 5: lay conduit pipe 9 on strip-type groove 1 top perpendicular to groove, diversion is installed in each groove 1 top
Pipeline valve 10, irrigates on demand in time；
1st, step one: equably open strip-type groove 1, the width of groove 1 along along the direction vertical with main harmful wind using machinery
60cm～80cm, deep 40cm～60cm, the length of groove 1 is 20m～30m, the adjacent parallel groove of each two 1 spacing be 4m～
6m.Backfill table soil 10cm-15cm, leveling, form groove cuttage bed surface 2 in the trench, and spring, autumn, winter prevent strong hazards of sand storms,
Reduce evaporation, reach the effect heating moisturizing, promote class public affairs Liu Shengchang.
2nd, step 2: train into the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3 using the grit stone that open channels are dug out in groove both sides, then at two
Groove intermediate vertical in the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3 interval 4m～6m setting isosceles triangle sand ridge 4, in the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3 with wait
Between the lumbar triangle shape sand ridge 4, form the gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5 that specification is 4m × 4m～4m × 6m, the length of gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5
Including the bottom width of the both sides isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields 3, length e of gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5 is 4～6m, prevents stream from directly endangering class
The growth of public willow, stops stream from flooding groove, reaches the purpose of wind prevention and sand resistance.
3rd, step 3: smooth gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier 5 endogenous wind sandy beach ground, drive shallow ridges, ditch depth 2cm～3cm, mixed seeding 4 row hedysarum scoparium
With poplar bavin, timely earthing covers, and for 3:1, the amount of broadcasting 1.5～2.0kg/ mu, line-spacing is 1m to hedysarum scoparium poplar bavin mixed seeding ratio.Using hedysarum scoparium,
Poplar bavin strong stress resistance, the feature of fast growth, build biological living sand barrier protection system, improve the Radix Saposhnikoviae entirely planted in system
Fix the sand and revegetation effect.
4th, step 4: in the first tenday period of a month in May to the middle ten days, pluck the above class public affairs Liu Laozhi of life in 2 years as class's public affairs willow cutting, cutting is long
50cm～60cm, every cutting eye is no less than 4, soaks 8 days～10 days along branch in water, soaking depth be 40cm～
50cm；Dig pit in groove cuttage bed surface in late May along branch cuttage 40cm～50cm, adopt reality with foot, ground toothing 10cm, often
2 plants of cave, spacing in the rows 2m～2.5m.Using high bar set, immersion take root and depth cuttage method it is ensured that class public affairs willow cutting keep
Effectively moisture content, hestening rooting, shortening rootage duration, reach the effect of storing water and preserving fertility, improve the surrival rate of afforestation.
5th, step 5: lay, perpendicular to groove, the pvc conduit pipe that caliber is 10cm on strip-type groove top, along groove
Direction is pressed 4-6m (ditch is flatly) distance and is installed conduit pipe valve.On the cuttage same day, valve opening is irrigated, and fills within 2-3 days after cuttage again
Irrigate once, irrigate 2-3 time every year thereafter according to local rainfall and soil moisture content situation.This method, changes locality and controls
The method of husky afforestation broad irrigation, and catchmented effect using groove, make vegetation fully absorb moisture, reduce evaporation, soil water retention
Ability strengthens, and is conducive to saving water resource.
Class of the High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage sand control afforestation technology that the present invention is formed, one-tenth then after enforcement
Motility rate reaches between 80%～90%, and Second Year storage rate reaches more than 80%, enters animated period within 2～3 years, average height reaches
80～100cm, even crown diameter is about 1.5m × 2m；Hedysarum scoparium, poplar bavin mix hands over survival rate up to 90%, and vegetation coverage reaches
30%；Average external volume moisture content in 10cm, 30cm and 50cm below earth's surface in groove up to 8.50%～10.21%, and right
It is only 2.41% according to (exposed grit Gobi desert).Surface temperature in spring and autumn groove exceeds 0.3 than exposed grit Gobi desert
～0.5 DEG C.The present invention is tested in the Engineering of sand control of Ali, Tibet, achieves good sand control effect
Really.
The above, the only present invention preferably specific embodiment, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Any those familiar with the art the invention discloses technical scope in, the change or replacement that can readily occur in,
All should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method is it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step one: pass through site preparation in High aititude Gobi desert dust storm beach area, equably open strip-type along along the direction vertical with main harmful wind
Groove (1), backfill table soil, leveling, form groove cuttage bed surface (2)；
Step 2: train into the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields (3) using the grit stone that open channels are dug out in groove (1) both sides, adjacent two
Bar groove (1) intermediate vertical, in the isosceles trapezoid low bank of earth between fields (3) the setting isosceles triangle sand ridge (4), forms gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier (5)；
Step 3: smooth gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier (5) endogenous wind sandy beach ground, trench digging mixed seeding hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin (6), timely earthing is covered,
Form biological living sand barrier (7)；
Step 4: pluck class's public affairs willow cutting (8), soak along branch in water after taking root, dig pit in groove cuttage bed surface (2) along branch
Deep cuttage, earthing is compacted；
Step 5: on strip-type groove (1) top perpendicular to groove laying conduit pipe (9), install above each groove (1) and draw
Waterpipe valve (10), is irrigated on demand.
2. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 1 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
The width l of described strip-type groove (1) is 60cm～80cm, and depth h of groove (1) is 40cm～60cm, the length of groove (1)
For 20m～30m, the adjacent parallel groove spacing of each two is 4m～6m, in the trench backfill table soil 10cm～15cm, leveling,
Form groove cuttage bed surface (2).
3. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 1 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
Gravel high ridge sand-protecting barrier (5) specification is 4m × 4m～4m × 6m.
4. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 1 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
In step 3, ditching depth is 2cm～3cm, mixed seeding four row hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin (6), and hedysarum scoparium and poplar bavin mixed seeding ratio is for 3:1, the amount of broadcasting
1.5～2.0kg/ mu, line-spacing is 1m.
5. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 1 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
The time plucking class's public affairs willow cutting (8) is the first tenday period of a month in May to the middle ten days, and plucking the above old branch of life in 2 years is class's public affairs willow cutting (8), its
A length of 50cm～60cm, every class's public affairs willow cutting (8) eye is no less than 4, and class's public affairs willow cutting (8) soaks 8 days along branch in water
～10 days, soaking depth was 40cm～50cm, digged pit along the deep cuttage of branch, earthing is compacted in groove cuttage bed surface (2).
6. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 5 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
After the public willow cutting (8) of class is soaked, dig pit in groove cuttage bed surface (2) in late May along branch cuttage 40cm～50cm, ground is stayed
Stubble 10cm, 2 plants of every cave, hill spacing 2m～2.5m.
7. a kind of class of High aititude Gobi desert according to claim 1 dust storm beach area public affairs willow cuttage desertification control method it is characterised in that
On the cuttage same day, open conduit pipe valve (10) and irrigate, irrigate again once within 2～3 days after cuttage, hereafter irrigate 2～3 times every year.
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| CN201510515320.5A CN105103696B (en) | 2015-08-20 | 2015-08-20 | Method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in high-altitude gobi wind-blown sand region |
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| CN201510515320.5A CN105103696B (en) | 2015-08-20 | 2015-08-20 | Method for desertification control through salix bangongensis cuttage in high-altitude gobi wind-blown sand region |
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| CN108949183B (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2021-10-08 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 | Desert greening method |
| CN108360493B (en) * | 2018-02-28 | 2020-06-02 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Gravel laying device |
| CN110089227A (en) * | 2019-03-19 | 2019-08-06 | 广东筑奥生态环境股份有限公司 | A kind of High aititude arid area method for recovering vegetation |
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| RU2471579C1 (en) * | 2011-07-07 | 2013-01-10 | Государственное Научное Учреждение Сибирский Научно-Исследовательский Институт Сельского Хозяйства И Торфа Россельхозакадемии (Гну Сибниисхит Россельхозакадемии) | Reclamation of soil damaged in coal production |
| CN102900028A (en) * | 2012-05-08 | 2013-01-30 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Triangular and trapezoidal sand control dams and sand trap ditch protection system for Gobi sandstorm prevention and treatment |
| CN102948279A (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-06 | 深圳文科园林股份有限公司 | Desert planting method for deeply planting cotton willows in wheat straw sand barriers |
| CN204212141U (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2015-03-18 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Sandstone matter building waste gravel sand stabilization structure |
| CN104521681A (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2015-04-22 | 新疆林业科学院 | Arid area Gobi land bamboo willow cutting forestation method |
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- 2015-08-20 CN CN201510515320.5A patent/CN105103696B/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2471579C1 (en) * | 2011-07-07 | 2013-01-10 | Государственное Научное Учреждение Сибирский Научно-Исследовательский Институт Сельского Хозяйства И Торфа Россельхозакадемии (Гну Сибниисхит Россельхозакадемии) | Reclamation of soil damaged in coal production |
| CN102948279A (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-06 | 深圳文科园林股份有限公司 | Desert planting method for deeply planting cotton willows in wheat straw sand barriers |
| CN102900028A (en) * | 2012-05-08 | 2013-01-30 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Triangular and trapezoidal sand control dams and sand trap ditch protection system for Gobi sandstorm prevention and treatment |
| CN204212141U (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2015-03-18 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Sandstone matter building waste gravel sand stabilization structure |
| CN104521681A (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2015-04-22 | 新疆林业科学院 | Arid area Gobi land bamboo willow cutting forestation method |
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