CN104995418A - 用于轴承和其他应用中的高强度的低摩擦的工程材料 - Google Patents
用于轴承和其他应用中的高强度的低摩擦的工程材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104995418A CN104995418A CN201380070608.5A CN201380070608A CN104995418A CN 104995418 A CN104995418 A CN 104995418A CN 201380070608 A CN201380070608 A CN 201380070608A CN 104995418 A CN104995418 A CN 104995418A
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Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供一种高强度的低摩擦的工程材料,包括填充金属微格的间隙的低摩擦材料。基于金属微格和间隙的总体积,该金属微格通常占5体积%-25体积%,间隙通常占75体积%-95体积%。该低摩擦材料优选填充间隙的100体积%。该金属微格可形成为单层,或多层,例如镍,铜和锡的多层。该低摩擦材料通常为聚合物,诸如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),聚酰胺(PAI),聚醚醚酮(PEEK),聚乙烯(PE),或聚甲醛(POM)。该低摩擦材料可包括额外的微粒以修饰材料的性能。该工程材料可被用在各种汽车应用中,例如作为轴承,或非-汽车的应用中。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2012年11月20日提交的序列号为No.61/728,315的美国临时专利申请和2013年4月24日提交的序列号为No.61/815,480的美国临时专利申请的权益,其通过引用整体合并入此处。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及工程材料,更具体地涉及高强度的低摩擦的材料及其形成方法。
背景技术
聚合物材料在两个表面相会并需要配合的很多应用中是非常有用的,诸如轴承,垫片,密封件,雨刮器及其类似应用。在任何磨损、缺陷或意外的条件下,聚合物材料提供良好的一致性,还提供低摩擦以允许这两个表面在小外力和极低热量的情况下相对滑动。通过聚合物材料提供的另一个优点是耐腐蚀性。然而,聚合物材料的强度相对于金属来说比较低,因此,在外加负载变得极端的应用中,诸如汽车轴承中,塑料材料的使用受到限制。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面提供一种工程材料,包括由金属形成的微格和设置在金属微格的间隙中的低摩擦材料。该低摩擦材料的摩擦系数小于金属微格的摩擦系数。
本发明的另一个方面提供一种形成工程材料的方法。该方法包括形成金属微格,并且在该金属微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料。
该工程材料同时提供金属和塑料两者的优点。相对于相同应用中所使用的传统的产品,该金属微格提供足够的强度以承受外加负载而仅需要相对少量的金属。因此,与传统的产品相比,该工程材料的制造更为经济。同时,该低摩擦材料提供一致性和低摩擦。当该低摩擦材料包括聚合物时,其还提供耐腐蚀性并允许在小外力和低热量的情况下相对另一表面滑动。
本发明的另一个方面提供一种由工程材料形成的轴承,以及形成包括该工程材料的轴承的方法。该工程材料可连接或结合至另一固体结构,例如轴承的青铜或钢衬垫。然而,该工程材料还具有足够的强度以独立存在。因此,由工程材料形成的轴承可以利用少量金属支撑外加负载,因此相对于传统轴承来说成本低廉。另外,大量的低摩擦材料在高速和启停应用中运行良好,不需要100%聚合物涂层,并且还允许轴承在不损失性能的情况下被加工。
附图说明
结合附图,参考以下详细描述将更为容易理解本发明的其他优点,其中:
图1是根据本发明的一个典型的实施例的工程材料的放大图,该工程材料包括金属微格和低摩擦材料;
图1A是图1的工程材料的局部的放大的剖视图;
图2是根据本发明的一个典型的实施例的包括工程材料的轴承的示意图;
图3示出了根据本发明的一个典型的实施例的形成工程材料的方法;
图4给出了形成模板聚合物微格的步骤;
图5示出了由图4的步骤形成的三个典型的模板聚合物微格;
图6是由图4的步骤形成的模板聚合物微格的放大图;以及
图7给出了根据一个典型的实施例的在应用低摩擦材料之前的金属微格。
具体实施方式
参考附图,这些附图中的相似的附图标记指示相应的部件,提供高强度和低摩擦的工程材料20大体如图1所示。该工程材料20可被用在需要高强度和/或低摩擦的各种各样的应用,包括汽车应用和非汽车应用。该工程材料20包括金属微格(microlattice)22和低摩擦材料24,该金属微格22提供强度以承受外加负载,该低摩擦材料24设置在金属微格22的间隙26中以提供一致性,低摩擦和耐腐蚀性。
该金属微格22由金属形成,该金属可以是任何类型的金属或金属合金,该金属或金属合金提供足够的强度以承受该工程材料20应用中所遭遇的负载。在一个典型的实施例中,该工程材料20被设计为提供汽车轴承30的滑动表面28,如图2所示,而且该金属微格22由镍或镍合金形成。相对于较轻负载位置,金属微格22在高负载位置可被设计为具有高百分比的金属。金属微格22可包括单层32金属,或多层32金属,例如镍,铜和锡的多层32。该多层32可具有彼此相同的组成或不同的组成。在一个实施例中,当该层32具有不同的金属组成时,该金属多层32被铸在一起形成合金,例如通过热处理过程。
如图1所示,该工程材料20的金属微格22包括多个彼此互相连接的支杆34并形成多个间隙26。基于金属微格22和间隙26的总体积,金属微格22通常占约5-25体积%,间隙26占约75-95体积%。在该典型的实施例中,基于金属微格22和间隙26的总体积,该金属微格22占85体积%,该间隙26占15体积%。在应用低摩擦材料24之前,间隙26中充满空气,因此该金属微格22的重量是非常轻的并表现为类似弹性体。例如,当压缩时,该金属微格22几乎完全恢复其初始形状。
金属微格22的每个支杆34通常被设置为相对于水平面呈50°-90°的角度,并具有微米级的直径D。在该典型的实施例中,每个支杆34的直径D为约50微米。如图1A所示,每个支杆34包括围绕中心轴的壁并形成开口38,该开口可能是中空的或可选地填充有模板聚合物。围绕该中空开口38的壁厚t可以是微米级的任意厚度t,例如5-20微米。在该典型的实施例中,该壁厚t为约15微米。该金属微格22可包括二维或三维的结构。在一个实施例中,该金属微格22包括三维结构并形成100μm-5cm的总厚度。
该低摩擦材料24优选填充间隙26的100体积%。该低摩擦材料24的摩擦系数低于金属微格22的摩擦系数,该低摩擦材料24可包括各种各样的不同材料。在该典型的实施例中,该低摩擦材料24是聚合物基材料,该聚合物基材料包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),聚酰胺(PAI),聚醚醚酮(PEEK),聚乙烯(PE)和聚甲醛(POM)中的至少一种。该低摩擦材料24可选地由锡,铅,铋或其合金形成。在一个实施例中,该低摩擦材料24包括选自由陶瓷,诸如氧化物,氮化物,磷化物和碳化物;石墨;氮化硼;二硫化钼;铜和银组成的组中的微粒。例如,出于耐磨性的目的可以添加硬微粒,润滑微粒可被进一步添加以减小摩擦。该微粒还可包括抗菌添加剂,诸如Cu和/或Ag。市场上可买到的低摩擦材料24的例子包括G-92和
基于金属微格22和低摩擦材料24的组合总体积,该工程材料20包括占0.5体积%-90体积%的金属微格22和占10体积%-99.5体积%的低摩擦材料24。然而,低摩擦材料24相对于金属微格22的量可以根据应用和所需性能进行变化。在该典型的实施例中,基于金属微格22和低摩擦材料24的总体积,该工程材料20包括占10体积%-50体积%的金属微格22和占50体积%-90体积%的低摩擦材料24。
该工程材料20同时提供金属和塑料两者的优点。相对于相同应用中所使用的传统的产品,该金属微格22提供足够的强度以承受外加负载而仅需要相对少量的金属。因此,与相当的传统的产品相比,该工程材料20的制造更为经济。同时,该低摩擦材料24提供一致性和低摩擦。当该低摩擦材料24包括聚合物时,其还提供耐腐蚀性并允许在小外力和低热量的情况下相对另一表面滑动。
多种多样的所需性能可以通过调节金属和低摩擦材料24的组成,以及金属微格22的设计来实现。此外,该工程材料20可连接或结合至另一固体结构,例如轴承30的青铜或钢衬垫40。然而,该工程材料20通常具有足够的强度以独立存在。该工程材料20对于轴承应用来说特别有用,因为金属微格22利用少量金属支撑外加负载,因此相对于传统轴承来说具有较低的成本。另外,大量的低摩擦材料24在高速和启停应用中运行良好,不需要100%聚合物涂层,并且还允许轴承30在不损失性能的情况下被加工。
本发明的另一个方面提供一种通过形成金属微格,然后在金属微格22的间隙26中设置低摩擦材料24形成工程材料20的方法。图3给出了根据本发明的典型的实施例的方法步骤。
形成该工程材料20的方法首先包括制备具有预设结构的模板聚合物微格42,该预设结构将会提供最终的金属微格22的结构。该模板聚合物微格42优选由紫外线(UV)光固化树脂形成,也被称为负光阻的光反应单体(photomonomer)。在该典型的实施例中,如图4所示,提供容纳液态的UV光固化树脂的容器44,并且在容器44的上方设置穿孔的罩体46。该方法接下来包括使得紫外光36的多光束穿过该穿孔的罩体46并进入容器44。根据想要形成的模板聚合物微格42的所需的结构,该紫外光36沿着预定的路径行进。该紫外光36然后沿着既定的路径将液态的UV光固化树脂从UV-不透明转变为UV-透明,并使得液态的单体转变为固态的聚合物。该紫外光束36还可以沿着该固态的聚合物更深地进入该容器44内。光束36下方的沿着光束36的剩余的液态的单体随后继续转变为固态的聚合物,导致自动传输的波导的形成。通过在不同的交叉角度调整该紫外光束36,形成多个互相连接的固态的聚合物纤维48,这些纤维一起形成该模板聚合物微格42。该制备模板聚合物微格42的步骤是一个连续的过程,其速率为大于每分钟1mm2。
图5给出了通过该典型的方法形成的模板聚合物微格42的例子设计,图6是根据一个典型的实施例的三维的模板聚合物微格42的放大图。通常,该模板聚合物微格42的每个固态的聚合物纤维48相对于水平面呈50°-90°的角度延伸。该固态的聚合物纤维48彼此间隔开,并因此在其间提供多个间隙26。根据所需应用和需要性能,该模板聚合物微格42可包括二维或三维结构。根据所需应用和性能,该模板聚合物微格42也可形成或弯曲成各种不同的形状。
该方法接下来包括利用金属涂覆该模板聚合物微格42形成金属微格22。如上所述,任何类型的金属或金属合金可被用来形成金属微格22。在该典型的实施例中,该工程材料20被设计为提供汽车轴承30的滑动表面28,如图2所示,因此由镍或镍合金形成。该涂覆模板聚合物微格42的步骤可包括将金属电镀或电沉积至模板聚合物微格42,或者可选地可包括无电过程。该涂覆步骤包括形成围绕该固态的聚合物纤维48的多个金属支杆34。该金属支杆34彼此互相连接并于其间形成多个间隙26。因此,该互相连接的支杆34形成金属微格22,该金属微格的设计与模板聚合物微格42的设计配合。在一个实施例中,相对于模板聚合物微格42的其他区域,该方法包括在模板聚合物微格42的一个区域内形成额外的支杆34或更小间隔(密集)的支杆34,因此,应用在模板聚合物微格42的这个区域上的金属的量大于模板聚合物微格42的其他区域。根据另一个实施例,该方法包括在模板聚合物微格42上应用多层32的金属。例如,图3的方法包括非电镀镍层32,接下来电镀铜层32,然后是锡层32,如图1A所示。
该方法可选地包括通过加热模板聚合物微格42而从金属微格22中移除模板聚合物微格42。各种不同的方法可被用来移除该模板聚合物微格42。例如,在涂覆金属微格22后,该两种微格22,42可被加热处理以熔化模板聚合物微格42。该模板聚合物微格42随后被移除,使得仅剩下金属微格22。当金属微格22包括多层32不同金属时,该加热步骤被用来移除该模板聚合物微格42的同时,还可以将不同金属层32铸在一起形成合金。可选地,该将不同金属层32铸在一起形成合金的步骤可以在移除模板聚合物微格42之后进行。图7给出了根据一个典型的实施例的在模板聚合物微格42已被移除之后的金属微格22。在另一个实施例中,至少一部分模板聚合物微格42保留在金属支杆34的开口中,并因此保留在最终的工程材料20中。
在金属微格22上应用低摩擦材料24之前,该方法可包括将金属微格22连接至其他结构。例如,该方法可包括将该工程材料20连接至衬垫40以形成图2的轴承30。可选地,该金属微格22可独立使用。
该方法接下来包括将低摩擦材料24应用于金属微格22,并将低摩擦材料24设置于金属微格22的间隙26内以形成工程材料20。该金属微格22充当骨架,提供支撑和强度,而低摩擦材料24提供一致的低摩擦表面。该应用低摩擦材料24的方法可包括将低摩擦材料24滚压到金属微格22上,或使低摩擦材料24渗入到金属微格22的间隙26内。所应用的低摩擦材料24优选为使其填充间隙26的总体积的100体积%。
在应用模板聚合物微格42之后,该方法可包括加工该工程材料20到所需的尺寸。该方法还可包括将工程材料20应用至另外的组件,诸如轴承30的衬垫40。如果低摩擦材料24包括聚合物,那么该方法可包括烧结工程材料20以促进聚合物的交联。通常,诸如当该工程材料20被用作轴承30的滑动表面28时,由于低摩擦材料24的量较大,因此不需要额外的聚合物涂层。
该最终的工程材料20可被用在包括轴承的各种汽车的应用中,诸如垫片,密封件和雨刮器。可选地,该工程材料20可被用在需要高强度和低摩擦的非-汽车的应用中。
显然,根据上述教导,在所附权利要求的范围内,本发明的许多修改和变型是可行的,并且可以不同于上述的方式实施。
Claims (20)
1.一种工程材料,其特征在于,包括:
由金属形成的微格,所述金属微格形成多个间隙;
设置在所述金属微格的所述间隙中的低摩擦材料;以及
所述低摩擦材料的摩擦系数小于所述金属微格的摩擦系数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,基于所述金属微格和所述低摩擦材料的总体积,所述金属微格占10-50体积%,所述低摩擦材料占50-90体积%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述低摩擦材料包括聚四氟乙烯,聚酰胺,聚醚醚酮,聚乙烯,聚甲醛,锡和铋中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述低摩擦材料进一步包括添加微粒,该微粒包括陶瓷,石墨,二硫化钼,铜和银中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述金属微格由镍形成,所述低摩擦材料包括交联的聚合物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述金属微格包括被铸在一起形成合金的多个不同金属层。
7.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述金属微格包括三维结构,并具有100μm-5cm的厚度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,所述金属微格包括彼此互相连接的多个支杆并形成所述间隙;每个所述支杆包括中空开口。
9.根据权利要求1所述的工程材料,其特征在于,基于所述金属微格和所述间隙的总体积,所述金属微格占15体积%,所述间隙占85体积%;
所述金属微格由镍形成;
所述金属微格包括多个彼此互相连接的支杆,并形成所述间隙;
每个所述支杆包括中空开口;
每个所述支杆被设置为相对于水平面呈50°-90°的角度,具有50微米的直径和围绕所述中空开口的15微米的壁厚;
所述低摩擦材料填充所述间隙;
所述低摩擦材料包括聚四氟乙烯,聚酰胺,聚醚醚酮,聚乙烯,聚甲醛,锡和铋中的至少一种;以及
所述低摩擦材料包括选自由陶瓷,石墨,二硫化钼,铜和银组成的组中的微粒。
10.一种轴承,包括:
一种工程材料,包括由金属形成的微格,所述金属微格形成多个间隙;
所述工程材料进一步包括设置在所述金属微格的所述间隙中的低摩擦材料;以及
所述低摩擦材料的摩擦系数小于所述金属微格的摩擦系数。
11.根据权利要求10所述的轴承,其特征在于,包括连接至所述工程材料的衬垫,所述工程材料形成滑动表面,不需要将聚合物材料涂层应用于所述工程材料。
12.根据权利要求10所述的轴承,其特征在于,相对于所述金属微格的其他区域,在所述金属微格的一个区域包括较大量的所述金属。
13.一种形成工程材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
形成金属微格,该金属微格形成多个间隙;以及
在该金属微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料,该低摩擦材料的摩擦系数小于该金属微格的摩擦系数。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,在该金属微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料的步骤包括将低摩擦材料通过滚压和/或渗入至该间隙内。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,形成金属微格的步骤包括将金属应用于模板聚合物微格。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,该应用金属的步骤包括应用多层不同金属;然后加热该多层以将不同金属铸在一起形成合金。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,制备该模板聚合物微格包括:向液态的UV光固化树脂的容器内沿着既定的路径传输光线,沿着该既定的路径将该UV光固化树脂转变为多个互相连接的固态的聚合物纤维。
18.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,该形成金属微格的步骤包括:
制备具有既定结构的模板聚合物微格;
该制备模板聚合物微格的步骤包括:在液态的UV光固化树脂的容器的上方设置穿孔的罩体,使多光束沿着既定的路径穿过该穿孔的罩体进入该容器,沿着既定的路径将该液态的UV光固化树脂转变为多个互相连接的固态的聚合物纤维以形成模板聚合物微格;
该模板聚合物微格的每个固态的聚合物纤维相对于水平面呈50°-90°的角度延伸;
该制备模板聚合物微格的步骤是一个连续的过程,其速率为大于每分钟1mm2;
利用金属涂覆该模板聚合物微格以形成金属微格;
该涂覆该模板聚合物微格的步骤包括将金属电镀或电沉积至模板聚合物微格,相对于模板聚合物微格的其他区域,在模板聚合物微格的一个区域应用较大量的金属;
该涂覆模板聚合物微格的步骤包括围绕一个固态的聚合物纤维形成多个支杆,该支杆彼此互相连接并于其间形成多个间隙,以形成金属微格;
金属微格的每个支杆具有50微米的直径和15微米的壁厚,并相对于水平面呈50°-90°的角度延伸;
基于金属微格和该间隙的总体积,金属微格占15体积%,间隙占85体积%;以及
通过加热该模板聚合物微格从金属微格中移除模板聚合物微格;
在该金属微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料的步骤包括:
将该低摩擦材料滚压和/或渗入至该间隙内;
该低摩擦材料包括聚四氟乙烯,聚酰胺,聚醚醚酮,聚乙烯和聚甲醛中的至少一种;
该低摩擦材料包括选自由陶瓷,石墨,二硫化钼,铜和银组成的组中的至少一种微粒;
在该金属微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料的步骤包括填充该间隙;以及
进一步包括烧结设置在金属微格的间隙中的该低摩擦材料的步骤。
19.一种形成轴承的方法,包括以下步骤:
通过提供金属微格形成工程材料,该金属微格形成多个间隙;以及
在该微格的间隙中设置低摩擦材料,该低摩擦材料的摩擦系数小于该金属微格的摩擦系数。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,包括将衬垫连接至工程材料。
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US61/815,480 | 2013-04-24 | ||
PCT/US2013/070870 WO2014081748A1 (en) | 2012-11-20 | 2013-11-20 | High strength low friction engineered material for bearings and other applications |
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US9366290B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 |
EP2923098A1 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
JP2015537173A (ja) | 2015-12-24 |
US10359076B2 (en) | 2019-07-23 |
WO2014081748A1 (en) | 2014-05-30 |
KR20150087385A (ko) | 2015-07-29 |
US20140140647A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
CN104995418B (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
US20160258486A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 |
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