CN104968415B - 具有重整器催化剂的排气系统 - Google Patents

具有重整器催化剂的排气系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104968415B
CN104968415B CN201480007142.9A CN201480007142A CN104968415B CN 104968415 B CN104968415 B CN 104968415B CN 201480007142 A CN201480007142 A CN 201480007142A CN 104968415 B CN104968415 B CN 104968415B
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twc
gas
fuel
catalyst
reformer catalyst
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CN201480007142.9A
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CN104968415A (zh
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K·E·考克尔
P·J·麦灵顿
E·J·莫斯
J·F·皮尼翁
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy
    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/16—Selection of particular materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/101—Three-way catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2053—By-passing catalytic reactors, e.g. to prevent overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
    • F02B37/18—Control of the pumps by bypassing exhaust from the inlet to the outlet of turbine or to the atmosphere
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0668—Treating or cleaning means; Fuel filters
    • F02D19/0671—Means to generate or modify a fuel, e.g. reformers, electrolytic cells or membranes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
    • F02M26/15—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system in relation to engine exhaust purifying apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/36—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with means for adding fluids other than exhaust gas to the recirculation passage; with reformers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/06—Ceramic, e.g. monoliths
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2370/00—Selection of materials for exhaust purification
    • F01N2370/02—Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2370/00—Selection of materials for exhaust purification
    • F01N2370/02—Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
    • F01N2370/04—Zeolitic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/025—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting O2, e.g. lambda sensors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • F01N3/2825—Ceramics
    • F01N3/2828—Ceramic multi-channel monoliths, e.g. honeycombs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/45—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems
    • F02M26/46—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems for determining the characteristics of gases, e.g. composition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/10—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of nitrous oxide (N2O)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)

Abstract

公开了用于处理内燃机废气的排气系统。该系统包括三效催化剂(TWC)、位于TWC下游的燃料重整器催化剂，和位于燃料重整器催化剂上游的燃料供给装置。废气分为两部分。废气的第一部分绕过TWC，并在从燃料供给装置添加的燃料存在下接触燃料重整器催化剂，然后再循环回到发动机入口。废气的第二部分与TWC接触，然后用来加热燃料重整器催化剂，然后排出到大气中。该排气系统允许从废气的最大热交换。

Description

具有重整器催化剂的排气系统
发明领域
本发明涉及用于处理来自内燃机的废气的排气系统。
发明背景
内燃机产生含有多种污染物的废气，污染物包括烃、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、硫氧化物和微粒物质。日益严格的国家和地区法规已经降低了这种内燃机可以排放的污染物的量。已经将许多不同的技术应用到排气系统以清洁废气，然后再将它排放到大气中。
一种提出的用于清洁废气的方法采用催化重整过程。参见例如SAE-07NAPLES-175，其教导了使用联合的重整器和三效催化剂在车辆上对汽油进行废气重整。美国专利申请公布2012/0117943也教导了车辆上气体重整系统。
据信，通过在内燃机的燃料中包含来自催化重整器的氢，可以实现较少量的排放污染物。例如，已经建议可以重整柴油或汽油燃料以产生氢，以及可以将该氢添加回到供给发动机的燃料，以直接减少发动机的NOx和微粒排放。此外，对于重整还有现实利益，因为通过将废气组分转化为较高热值的燃料组分(H2和CO)，具有回收废气中的能量(即燃烧热)的潜力。这能够使汽油发动机的增提效率提高，和燃料消耗的关联降低，以及CO2排放的降低。
对于任何机动车系统和过程，需要取得废气处理系统中的更进一步的改进，特别是那些采用催化重整的系统。已经发现采用燃料重整器催化剂的新的排气系统。
发明概述
本发明是用于处理内燃机废气的排气系统。该系统包括三效催化剂(TWC)，位于TWC下游的燃料重整器催化剂，和位于燃料重整器催化剂上游的燃料供给装置。废气分成两部分。第一部分绕过TWC，并在从燃料供给装置添加的燃料的存在下与燃料重整器催化剂接触，然后再循环回到发动机入口。第二部分与TWC接触，然后利用它来加热燃料重整器催化剂，之后排出到大气。本发明获得改进的热交换(更少的热损失)，用于更好的催化重整。
附图说明
图1是本发明一个实施方案的示意图。
图2是本发明第二实施方案的示意图。
发明详述
本发明是用于处理内燃机废气的排气系统。该系统包括三效催化剂(TWC)。
三效催化剂系统是本领域中公知的。TWC通常执行三个主要功能：(1)将CO氧化为CO2；(2)将未燃烧的燃料氧化为CO2和H2O；和(3)将NOx还原为N2。三效催化剂优选包含一种或多种铂族金属和一种或多种无机氧化物载体。铂族金属(PGM)优选为铂、钯、铑或者其混合物。
无机氧化物载体大多数情况下包含第2、3、4、5、6、13和14族以及镧系元素的氧化物。有用的无机氧化物载体优选具有10至700m2/g的表面积，0.1至4mL/g的孔体积，和约10至1000埃的孔径。无机氧化物载体优选为氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、氧化铌、钽氧化物、钼氧化物、钨氧化物，或者其任意两种或更多种的混合氧化物或复合氧化物，例如二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化铈-氧化锆或氧化铝-二氧化铈-氧化锆。特别优选氧化铝和二氧化铈。除了起到载体作用之外，含二氧化铈的载体，例如二氧化铈(CeO2)或二氧化铈-氧化锆混合氧化物还可以起到TWC内的储氧组分(OSC)的作用。无机氧化物载体也可以是沸石，例如β沸石、ZSM沸石、镁碱沸石或菱沸石。
三效催化剂优选涂覆在基底上。基底优选为陶瓷基底或金属基底；更优选地，基底为金属基底，以更好地热交换和易于构造。陶瓷基底可以由任何适合的难溶材料制成，例如氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、二氧化铈、氧化锆、氧化镁、沸石、氮化硅、碳化硅、硅酸锆、硅酸镁、铝硅酸盐和金属铝硅酸盐(例如堇青石和锂辉石)，或者其任意两种或更多种的混合物或混合氧化物。特别优选堇青石、铝硅酸镁和碳化硅。
金属基底可以由任何适合的金属制成，特别是耐热金属和金属合金，例如钛和不锈钢以及含有铁、镍、铬和/或铝还有其他痕量金属的铁素体合金。
基底可以为过滤器基底或流通式基底，最优选为流通式基底，尤其是蜂窝体整料。基底通常经涉及以提供多个通道，车辆废气经过该通道。通道表面载有三效催化剂。
三效催化剂可以通过任何已知手段添加到基底。例如无机氧化物载体或含PGM载体材料可以作为活化涂层(washcoat)施加和结合到基底，其中多孔、高表面积层结合到基底表面。活化涂层通常从水基浆料施加到基底，然后在高温干燥和煅烧。只要无机氧化物载体活化涂覆到基底上，PGM金属就可以负载到干燥的活化涂层载体层上(通过浸渍、离子交换等)，然后干燥和煅烧。负载到基底上的PGM的优选负载量为0.02至1.7g/升(1至300g/ft3)催化剂体积。
本发明的系统还包括位于TWC下游的燃料重整器催化剂。燃料重整器催化剂如此定位，因而它能够利用由放热的TWC反应产生的热。适合的燃料重整器催化剂包括能够重整燃料以形成合成气(H2和CO)的那些。
优选的燃料重整器催化剂包括基于铂、钯、铑、镍及其混合物的催化剂。优选地，用于本发明的系统中的燃料重整器催化剂包含分散在难熔氧化物载体材料上的高至5wt％、更优选0.5至4wt％的铂、钯、铑和/或镍，参见例如美国专利6,887,455，其教导在此引入作为参考。优选的催化剂包括包含高至3wt％Rh的Rh催化剂，包含高至5wt％Pt的Pt催化剂，和包含高至3wt％Rh和高至5wt％Pt的Rh-Pt催化剂。用于PGM和含Ni重整器催化剂的载体包括无机氧化物载体，最通常包括第2、3、4、5、13和14以及镧系元素的氧化物，特别是氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化铈、氧化锆、二氧化硅、二氧化硅-氧化铝，以及含有其任意两种或更多种的混合物和混合氧化物。燃料重整器催化剂优选为常规蜂窝体基底(适宜地为金属蜂窝体)上的沉积物的形式。
本发明的系统还包括位于燃料重整器催化剂上游的燃料供给装置。燃料供给装置将燃料添加到绕过TWC的废气的第一部分中。优选地，燃料供给装置与用来将燃料注入发动机的那些相同。燃料供给装置优选包括燃料注射器，用于将燃料注入紧邻燃料重整器催化剂上游的废气中。燃料供给装置优选由适当编程的控制装置控制，该控制装置任选地为发动机控制单元(ECU)的一部分，其输入值包括催化剂温度和/或进入和离开燃料重整器单元的气体的温度。
燃料供给装置通常为燃料注射器，优选具有泵，或者其他适合的计量装置，其入口侧与燃料泵相连。该泵又与注射器连通，该注射器可以具有位于燃料重整器催化剂上游的一个或多个喷嘴。
由燃料供给装置添加到废气的第一部分的燃料优选与用在发动机中的燃料相同。燃料优选为烃(例如柴油或汽油)，但是也可以采用其他燃料例如醇和醚。
排气系统将内燃机废气分成两部分。废气的第一部分绕过TWC，由此废气的第一部分不接触TWC催化材料。绕过TWC之后，第一部分同从燃料供给装置添加的燃料一起与燃料重整器催化剂接触，以形成重整产物气流。重整产物气流然后再循环回到发动机入口。
优选地，重整产物冷却器位于燃料重整器催化剂下游，由此它位于燃料重整器催化剂和发动机入口之间。重整产物冷却器降低重整产物气流的温度，然后添加到发动机入口。重整产物冷却器优选通过使发动机冷却剂经冷却剂管线循环来冷却。
废气的第一部分可以在接触燃料重整器催化剂之前绕过TWC和/或途经TWC。“途经TWC”意思是废气的第一部分穿过TWC内的空间而不接触TWC催化材料。“绕过TWC”优选的意思是第一部分与TWC基底的外部接触而不接触TWC催化材料。
通过使废气的第一部分途经或绕过TWC，第一部分将被TWC反应放热加热，然后接触燃料重整器催化剂。接触燃料重整器催化剂的气体温度越高，将使得重整反应更有效率。优选地，废气的第一部分少于废气总量的一半(优选1至30vol％，更优选10至30vol％)。
废气的第二部分与TWC接触。优选地，废气的第二部分为废气总量的大部分(优选70至99vol％，更优选70至90vol％)。通过接触TWC，由在废气中CO氧化为CO2，未燃烧的燃料氧化物CO2和H2O，和NOx还原为N2生成热。经加热的废气的第二部分然后用来加热燃料重整器催化剂，然后排出到大气中。排气系统允许从废气的最大热交换，得到估计温度高出70-100℃的重整器催化剂。
优选地，重整器催化剂安装在排气系统中TWC的下游，从而增大与废气的第二部分的热交换。优选地，重整器催化剂可以位于排气系统中TWC下游的环隙中，由此重整器催化剂被内部气体通道和外部气体通道围绕。废气的第二部分流过内部和外部气体通道，从而向重整器提供外部热。
另外，由于绕过TWC的废气的第一部分将含有未反应的O2、CO和NOx，这些气体可以在燃料重整器催化剂上反应，在重整器中产生放热。放热可以用来辅助重整器点火，并提高温度用于预热性能。本发明人还展示了，绕过TWC的废气的第一部分中的NOx还可以有助于活化燃料，用于催化重整步骤。
与燃料重整器催化剂接触之后，废气的重整产物气流再循环回到发动机入口。优选地，重整产物气流冷却，然后依靠重整产物冷却器添加到发动机。
图1显示了本发明的一个实施方案，显示了该装置的截面。该装置包括发动机10和排气系统12。排气系统包括将发动机连接到TWC16的导管14。在导管中，发动机废气的第一部分经过TWC内的旁通导管18到达燃料重整器催化剂20。废气的第一部分通过热交换被TWC16加热，并重整器催化剂20上在从燃料注射器22添加的燃料存在下反应，以生成重整产物流，其通过重整产物再循环导管24除去，并再循环回到发动机10的入口。图1还显示了优选的重整产物冷却器部分26，以在重整产物气流添加回到发动机入口之前冷却重整产物。废气的第二部分与TWC 16接触，然后排出到大气中。在TWC 16上经过之后，使被TWC系统的放热氧化反应加热的废气在燃料重整器催化剂20上经过，以通过热交换加热重整器催化剂，然后排放到大气中。
优选地，排气系统还将包括第一和第二通用废气氧气(UEGO)传感器。UEGO传感器是本领域中公知的。UEGO传感器产生信号，其量值与废气中的氧气水平(和空燃比)成正比。在氢气存在下，由于氢气在传感器中扩散更快(相比于CO)，UEGO传感器读数更浓。这种“浓偏移”可以用来相对于发动机废气中的氢气量，确定重整产物气体中产生的氢气量。因此，UEGO传感器允许在重整条件下测量氢气，这通常是困难的，因为许多氢气传感器在CO、蒸汽存在下或者在高温下将不工作。UEGO传感器在这些条件下仍然工作。
第一UEGO传感器位于TWC的上游，由此它与内燃机废气接触。第二UEGO传感器位于燃料重整器催化剂的下游，由此它与再循环回到发动机入口的重整产物气流接触。入口和出口UEGO传感器之间的差别用来诊断贫NOx阱在富再生吹扫期间生成氢气的活性。参见例如美国专利7,628,063。
本发明的排气系统优选将还包括涡轮增压器。涡轮增压器是公知的装置，用于以高于大气压的压力(增压)向内燃机入口供应空气。常规的涡轮增压器基本上包括废气驱动的涡轮机叶轮，其安装在涡轮机壳体内的可旋转轴上。涡轮机叶轮的旋转使安装在压缩机壳体内的轴另一端上的压缩机叶轮转动。压缩机叶轮将压缩空气传送到发动机入口集管。涡轮机可以是固定形状式或可变形状式。可变形状无论机与固定形状涡轮机的区别在于入口通道的尺寸可以变化以在质量流率范围内优化气体流速，从而使涡轮机的功率输出可以变化以适应变化的发动机需求。
当用于本发明的排气系统中时，涡轮增压器将位于发动机的下游和TWC的上游。当采用涡轮增压器时，废气的第二部分将经过涡轮增压器，然后接触TWC。废气的第一部分优选将绕过涡轮增压器，并将绕过TWC，然后接触燃料重整器催化剂。因为涡轮增压器之前的废气(前涡轮气)具有较高温度和较低压力，和后涡轮其具有较高压力和较低温度，所以优选废气的第一部分绕过涡轮增压器，然后接触重整器催化剂，以使第一部分的压力不因涡轮增压器而增加，并且压力保持尽可能高，用于重整反应。
图2显示了本发明的第二实施方案，示出了增加涡轮增压器和UEGO传感器。图2显示了该装置的截面。该装置包括发动机100和排气系统110。排气系统包括将发动机通过涡轮增压器130连接到TWC 140和废气的导管120。在导管中，发动机废气的第一部分经过绕过涡轮增压器130的旁通导管150，到达燃料重整器催化剂160。重整器催化剂160位于围绕导管120的环隙中，导管在TWC和向大气排放废气之间的部分。导管120是废气的第二部分的内部气体通道，这有助于向重整器催化剂160提供额外的热。尽管未示出，但是重整器催化剂160还可以被废气的第二部分的外部气体通道围绕，这也有助于向重整器催化剂160提供额外的热。废气的第一部分绕过TWC140流动，通过与TWC 140热交换被加热，然后在重整器催化剂160上在来自燃料注射器170的添加的燃料存在下反应，以生成重整产物流。重整产物流然后通过重整产物再循环导管180移出，并再循环回到发动机100的入口。重整产物冷却器部分190可以用来冷却重整产物，然后将重整产物气流添加回到发动机入口。废气的第二部分经过涡轮增压器130，并与TWC 140接触，然后排出到大气中。TWC系统的放热氧化反应使废气的第二部分温度上升，然后经热加的废气的第二部分用来通过热交换加热燃料重整器催化剂160，然后排放到大气中。UEGO传感器200位于TWC 140上游的导管120中和重整产物再循环导管180中，以指示由重整器催化剂生成的氢气的量，如上所述。
以下实施例仅例示本发明。本领域技术人员将理解，许多变化不脱离本发明的煮制和权利要求书的范围。
实施例1：使用Pt-Rh重整器催化剂的催化活性测试
将涂覆在600孔/in2(93孔/cm2)整料上的负载的铂-铑重整催化剂用于一系列炉加热的催化活性测试中。测试了两种废气组成以模拟后TWC气体混合物和前TWC气体混合物的气体组成。后TWC混合物和前TWC混合物的组成总结于表1中。后TWC气体组成和前TWC气体组成与不同量的异辛烷(0.3、0.5和0.8vol％异辛烷)混合，使气体混合物在重整催化剂上在250℃至550℃的温度反应。
结果总结于表2。
实施例2：NO对氢气生成的影响
使用实施例1的程序来研究NO对氢气生成的影响，区别是异辛烷的量保持为5000ppm和两种气体组成均添加NO。后TWC合成混合物和前TWC合成混合物的组成总结于表3中。
测试结果总结于4。
结果表明，使用发动机废气在重整器催化剂中生成大量氢气，当废气不首先与三效催化剂接触时(参见表2)。废气中存在NO表示氢气生成的进一步增加(参见表4)。这些结果在低于550℃的温度尤其明显。
表1：测试的废气组成的比较
表2：通过重整器催化剂生成氢气的前TWC气体进料和后TWC气体进料的比较
*比较例
表3：测试的废气组成的比较
表4：NO对通过重整器催化剂生成氢气的影响
*比较例

Claims (8)

1.用于处理内燃机废气的排气系统，其包括：
(a)三效催化剂(TWC)；
(b)位于TWC下游的燃料重整器催化剂；和
(c)位于燃料重整器催化剂上游的燃料供给装置，
其中废气的第一部分绕过TWC，并在从燃料供给装置添加的燃料存在下接触燃料重整器催化剂，以生成重整产物气流，废气的第二部分与TWC接触，并用来加热燃料重整器催化剂，然后排出到大气中；和其中重整产物气流再循环回到发动机入口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其中废气的第一部分在接触燃料重整器催化剂之前绕过TWC。
3.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其中废气的第一部分在接触燃料重整器催化剂之前途经TWC。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的排气系统，其中燃料重整器催化剂包含金属，该金属选自铂、钯、铑、镍及其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的排气系统，其中三效催化剂包含一种或多种铂族金属和一种或多种无机氧化物载体。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的排气系统，还包括位于燃料重整器催化剂下游的重整产物冷却器，其中重整产物冷却器在重整产物气流添加到发动机入口之前降低该重整产物气流的温度。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的排气系统，还包括：(1)位于TWC上游的第一UEGO传感器，其中第一UEGO传感器与内燃机废气接触；和(2)位于燃料重整器催化剂下游的第二UEGO传感器，其中第二UEGO传感器与再循环回到发动机入口的重整产物气流接触。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的排气系统，还包括位于发动机下游和TWC上游的涡轮增压器，其中废气的第二部分在接触TWC之前经过涡轮增压器，废气的第一部分在接触燃料重整器催化剂之前绕过涡轮增压器和TWC。
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