CN108060957A - 排气后处理装置转换效率优化 - Google Patents

排气后处理装置转换效率优化 Download PDF

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CN108060957A
CN108060957A CN201711078860.7A CN201711078860A CN108060957A CN 108060957 A CN108060957 A CN 108060957A CN 201711078860 A CN201711078860 A CN 201711078860A CN 108060957 A CN108060957 A CN 108060957A
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gas stream
waste gas
devices
heat exchanger
exhaust passage
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CN108060957B (zh
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A·康堤
A·德菲利波
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
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    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
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Abstract

一种用于来自内燃机的废气流的后处理(AT)系统，其包括AT装置和排气通道，该排气通道配置为将废气流从发动机运载至AT装置。该系统还包括热交换器，该热交换器设置成在AT装置上游与排气通道流体连通，并且配置成从废气流中去除热能量。该系统附加地包括废气流旁通部，该废气流旁通部与排气通道流体连通，并且配置成使得废气流围绕、即绕过热交换器从排气通道行进至AT装置。此外，该系统包括旁通阀，该旁通阀配置成将废气流选择性地引导至热交换器和废气流旁通部的一个。还公开一种采用该AT系统的车辆和操作此种AT系统的方法。

Description

排气后处理装置转换效率优化
引言
本发明涉及一种用于增强和优化排气后处理(AT)装置的转换效率的系统和方法，该排气后处理(AT)装置用于限制内燃机的排气排放物。
已开发诸如颗粒过滤器和其它装置之类的各种排气后处理(AT)装置，以有效地限制来自内燃机的排气排放物。现代的压缩点火或柴油内燃机采用特定的AT装置，例如柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)、贫燃NOX补集器(LNT)、柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)以及选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂。
此种AT装置通常采用具有活性贵金属的特定基底结构，将这些活性贵金属选择为从废气流中去除特定排放物。AT装置的转换效率、或者由此类AT装置去除主体排放物的效率通常取决于相应基底结构的操作温度，并且通常在废气流的特定温度范围内发生。
发明内容
用于来自内燃机的废气流的后处理(AT)系统包括AT装置和排气通道，该排气通道配置为将废气流从发动机运载至AT装置。AT系统还包括热交换器，该热交换器设置成在AT装置上游与排气通道流体连通，并且配置成从废气流中去除热能量。AT系统附加地包括废气流旁通部，该废气流旁通部与排气通道流体连通并且配置成使得废气流围绕、即绕过热交换器从排气通道行进至AT装置。此外，AT系统包括旁通阀，该旁通阀将废气流选择性地引导至热交换器和废气流旁通部的一个，以由此增强和优化AT装置限制发动机的排气排放物的转换效率。
AT系统还可包括第一温度传感器，该第一温度传感器配置成在热交换器上游检测排气通道中的废气流的温度。第一传感器可产生指示所检测温度的第一传感器信号。附加地，AT系统可包括第二温度传感器，该第二温度传感器配置成在热交换器下游和AT装置上游检测排气通道中的废气流的温度。第二传感器可产生致使所检测温度的第二传感器信号。附加地，AT系统可包括电子控制器，该电子控制器配置成响应于由相应的第一和第二温度传感器所产生的第一和第二传感器信号来调节旁通阀。
电子控制器可配置成调节旁通阀，以在由第一传感器信号指示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围以外时、将废气流引导至热交换器，并且在由第二传感器信号指示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围内时、将废气流引导至废气流旁通部。
内燃机可以是压缩点火发动机，且AT装置可以是贫燃氮氧化物(NOX)补集器(LNT)。
发动机可以包括涡轮增压器，并且热交换器可设置在涡轮增压器下游。
热交换器可以是废气与液体热交换器，且由热交换器使用的液体可以是内燃机的冷却剂。
内燃机可包括冷却回路，且热交换器可以与冷却回路流体连通。
还公开一种采用上述AT系统的车辆和操作此种AT系统的方法。
在结合附图和所附权利要求时，从对用于执行所公开的本发明的实施例和最佳模式的以下详细描述中，本发明的上述特征和优点以及其它特征和优点会显而易见。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的车辆的示意平面图，该车辆具有连接于排气后处理(AT)系统的内燃机，该排气后处理(AT)系统具有AT装置、热交换器、排气旁通部以及旁通阀。
图2是图1中示出的内燃机和AT系统的操作连接部的示意图。
图3是操作图1和2中示出的AT系统的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
参照附图，其中，类似的附图标记旨在若干视图中的类似部件，图1示意地示出机动车辆10。车辆10包括内燃机12，该内燃机配置成经由驱动轮14来推进车辆。虽然内燃机12可以是火花点火的类型，但在随后的本公开中会特定地参照压缩点火或柴油类型的发动机。如本领域技术人员所理解地，当特定量的环境空气流16与从燃料储罐20供给的计量量的燃料18混合时，在柴油发动机12中发生内部燃烧，并且在发动机的气缸(未示出)内部压缩所产生的空气燃料混合物。
如图所示，发动机12包括排气岐管22和涡轮增压器24。涡轮增压器24由废气流供应能量，确切地说，在每次燃烧事件之后，废气流26由发动机12的各个气缸释放通过排气岐管22。涡轮增压器24连接于排气系统28，该排气系统通常在车辆10的侧部后后部、接收废气流26且最终将气体流释放至环境。虽然发动机12示作具有附连于发动机结构的排气岐管22，但发动机可包括诸如通常形成在排气岐管中的排气通道(未示出)。在此种情形中，上述通道可结合到发动机结构中，例如发动机的气缸盖中。此外，虽然示出涡轮增压器24，但并不排除在不具有此种功率增强装置的情形下配置和操作发动机12。
车辆10还包括发动机排气后处理(AT)系统30。AT系统30包括各种排气后处理装置，这些排气后处理装置配置成从废气流26中系统地去除大部分发动机燃烧的碳质颗粒副产物和排放物组分。如图1和2中所示，AT系统30作为排气系统28的一部分操作。AT系统30包括第一AT装置32和第二AT装置34，该第一AT装置可紧密联接于涡轮增压器24，且该第二AT装置定位在废气流下游并且可紧密联接于第一AT装置。如这里所采用地，关于第一和第二AT装置32、34的布置的术语“紧密联接”指代每个主体装置紧靠于彼此并且设置在车辆10的发动机隔室11内部用以紧靠于发动机12。
第一和第二AT装置32、34的紧密联接布置缩短用于将废气流26从第一AT装置32运载至第二AT装置34的排气通道28A的长度。因此，第一和第二AT装置32、34与发动机12的此种紧密联接提供紧凑封装布置，该紧凑封装布置使得在发动机12的冷启动之后、在废气流26后处理时激活AT系统30的时间最短。如图所示，第一AT装置32可以是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)或贫燃氮氧化物(NOX)补集器(LNT)，而第二AT装置34可以是包括选择性催化剂还原(SCR)催化剂和柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)的双功能基底。
DOC的主要功能是使得一氧化碳(CO)和非甲烷烃(NMHC)还原。当存在时，DOC附加地配置成产生二氧化氮(NO2)，二氧化氮可由远程地设置在DOC下游的SCRF使用并且下文会更详细地描述。DOC通常包含催化剂基底，该催化剂基底由诸如铂和/或钯之类的贵金属制成，且在这里用于实现上述目的。通常，关于NO2的产生，DOC变得激活并且达到升高温度下的操作效率。因此，如图1和2所示，DOC可紧密联接于涡轮增压器24，以减小在气体到达DOC之前来自废气流26的热能量的损失。
LNT的主要功能是将在燃烧事件之后作为氮气和氧气的反应副产物的、废气流26中由发动机12发出的氮氧化物或NOX还原。LNT在发动机12的操作期间通过吸附、即将来自废气流26的NOX分子补集并存储在内部来去除这些NOX分子，由此类似于分子海绵起作用。通常，LNT包括陶瓷蜂窝基底结构，该陶瓷蜂窝基底结构具有经催化洗涤涂层、即与活性贵金属混合，且该经催化洗涤涂层施加于基底的通道。
SCR的主要功能是例如借助由配置成DOC的第一AT装置32产生的NO2、将氮氧化物(NOX)转换为双原子氮(N2)和水(H2O)。SCR可配置成1通过滤器或2通过滤器，该1通过滤器过滤颗粒物质或烟尘，该2通过滤器包括经催化洗涤涂层并且承载两种功能，即过滤颗粒物质和还原NOX。为了有效地去除NOX，SCR转换过程附加地需要预定量的氨(NH3)存在于富燃料废气流26中。DPF的主要功能是收集和处理由反12发出的颗粒物质。DPF用作补集器，用以从排气流中去除颗粒物质、确切地说烟尘。类似于上文描述的DOC，DPF通常包含诸如铂和/或钯之类的贵金属，这些贵金属用作催化剂来实现所指出的目的。
如图所示，DOC或LNT第一AT装置32定位在包括SCR和DPF的第二AT装置34的上游。AT系统30还包括排气通道36，该排气通道配置成将废气流26从第一AT装置32运载至第二AT装置34。排气通道36可以是传输管38的一部分，该传输管流体地连接第一和第二AT装置32、34。如图所示，热交换器40设置成在涡轮增压器24下游和第一AT装置32上游与排气通道36流体连通。热交换器40配置成接收第一AT装置32上游的废气流26并且从废气流中去除热能量。废气流旁通部42设置成与排气通道36流体连通，并且配置成使得废气流26围绕、即绕过热交换器40从排气通道行进至第一AT装置32。虽然随后的描述主要针对通过第一AT装置32来控制废气流26的温度，但并不排除通过诸如上文讨论的第二AT装置34的其它AT装置来类似地控制废气流26的温度。
热交换器40可配置成废气与液体热交换器。由热交换器40使用的液体可以是内燃机12的冷却剂44。如图所示，在此种实施例中，发动机12包括冷却回路，该冷却回路采用散热器45，且热交换器40与该冷却回路流体连通。热交换器从中接收冷却剂44的冷却回路可以是发动机12的主要冷却回路46A(图1中示出)或辅助冷却回路46B(图2中示出)。在主要冷却回路46A或辅助冷却回路46B中，冷却剂44可经由流体泵48循环。流体泵48可例如直接地由发动机12或者由电动机(未示出)机械地驱动。
AT系统30还包括旁通阀50，该旁通阀配置成将废气流26选择性地引导至热交换器40或旁通部42。在此种情形中，旁通阀50可以是简单的分流阀，该分流阀将整个废气流26引导至热交换器40或者通过旁通部42。旁通阀50也能可操作以选择性地分配或划分废气流26，并且将废气流的一个部分、例如部分26A引导至热交换器40，而将废气流的剩余部分引导至旁通部42。在此种情形中，旁通阀50可以是比例阀，该比例阀允许单独地、可变地控制废气流的所要引导至热交换器40和旁通部42的各部分。此种经选择性地引导或分配的废气流26旨在增强和优化第一AT装置32限制发动机12的排气排放物的转换效率。
AT系统30还可包括第一温度传感器52，该第一温度传感器配置成在热交换器40上游检测排气通道36中的废气流26的温度。第一温度传感器52还配置成产生指示所检测温度的第一传感器信号54。AT系统30可附加地包括第二温度传感器56，该第二温度传感器配置成在热交换器40下游且在第一AT装置32上游检测排气通道36中的废气流26的温度。第二温度传感器56还配置成产生指示所检测温度的第二传感器信号58。如图1中所示，AT系统30可进一步指示电子控制器60。控制器60配置成响应于由相应的第一和第二温度传感器52、56所产生的第一和第二信号54、58来调节旁通阀50。
控制器60可以是独立的单元，或者是调节发动机12的操作的电子控制单元(ECU)的一部分。如图所示，控制器60设置在车辆10上，并且包括处理器和能易于访问的非瞬态存储器。用于控制AT系统30的操作的指令可经编程或记录在控制器60的存储器中，并且处理器可配置成在车辆10的操作期间执行来自存储器的指令。控制器60还可经编程为在由第一传感器信号54指示或表示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围62以外时、调节旁通阀50以将废气流引导至热交换器40。
预定温度范围62旨在指示废气流26的温度，该温度使得能够通过特定的AT装置32或34的基底结构最有效地去除排气排放物。预定温度范围62可例如是大约150-350摄氏度。附加地，控制器60可经编程为在由第二传感器信号58指示或表示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围62以内时、调节旁通阀50以将废气流26引导至废气流旁通部42。
图3示出操作后处理(AT)系统30的方法70，该后处理(AT)系统具有后处理(AT)装置，例如上文参照图1和2所描述的第一AT装置32。虽然这里参照第一AT装置来描述方法70，但同一方法可适用于其它AT装置，例如上文讨论的第二AT装置34。方法70在方框72中启始，其中，控制器60调节发动机12和排气AT系统30的操作。在方框72之后，该方法行进至方框74，在此，该方法包括经由第一AT装置32处理由排气通道36运载的废气流26。
在方框74之后，该方法前进至方框76。在方框76中，该方法包括经由第一温度传感器52检测废气流26的温度，并且产生指示所检测温度的第一传感器信号54。在方框76之后，该方法行进至方框78，在此，该方法包括经由第二温度传感器56检测废气流26的温度，并且产生指示所检测温度的第二传感器信号58。在方框78之后，该方法前进至方框80。在方框80中，该方法包括由控制器60来识别由第一传感器信号54所指示的所检测温度是否落在预定温度范围62以外。
在方框80之后，如果由第一传感器信号54指示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围62以外，则该方法继续移至方框82。在方框82中，该方法包括经由通过控制器60调节的旁通阀50来将废气流26引导至热交换器40，以从废气流26中去除热能量。另一方面，如果由第二传感器信号58指示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围62以内，则该方法继续移至方框84。在方框84中，该方法包括经由通过控制器60调节的旁通阀50将废气流26引导至废气流旁通部42。
在方框82或84之后，该方法可循环回至方框76，用以经由第一温度传感器52来检测废气流26的温度。因此，控制器60可经编程为持续地监控发动机12和AT系统30的操作，以根据由第一和第二传感器52、56所检测的废气流26的温度来操作旁通阀50。此外，该方法70旨在通过增强和优化特定AT装置32或34的基底结构的转换效率、来便于有效地限制废气流26中的排气排放物。此外，通过将进入主体AT装置的废气流26的温度维持在预定温度范围62内，实现对相应AT装置32或34的转换效率的此种优化。
详细描述和视图或附图是对本发明的支持和描述，但本发明的范围仅仅由权利要求所限定。虽然已详细地描述了用于执行所要求的本发明的其中一些最佳模式和其它实施例，但存在用于实践限定在所附权利要求中的本发明的各种替代设计和实施例。此外，视图中示出的实施例或者本说明书中提及的各个实施例的特征并非必须被理解为彼此独立的实施例。而是，可使得在其中一个示例中描述的每个特征与来自其它示例的一个或多个其它期望的特征相组合，从而产生并未用文字描述或者通过参照视图的其它实施例。因此，此种其它实施例落在所附权利要求的范围框架内。

Claims (10)

1.一种后处理(AT)系统，所述后处理(AT)系统用于由内燃机所产生的废气流，所述AT系统包括：
AT装置；
排气通道，所述排气通道配置成将所述废气流从所述发动机运载至所述AT装置；
热交换器，所述热交换器设置成在所述AT装置上游与所述排气通道流体连通，并且配置成从所述废气流中去除热能量；
废气流旁通部，所述废气流旁通部与所述排气通道流体连通，并且配置成使得所述废气流围绕所述热交换器从所述排气通道行进至所述AT装置；以及
旁通阀，所述旁通阀配置成将所述废气流选择性地引导至所述热交换器和所述废气流旁通部的一个，以由此增强所述AT装置限制所述发动机的排气排放物的转换效率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，进一步包括：
第一温度传感器，所述第一温度传感器配置成在所述热交换器上游检测所述排气通道中的所述废气流的温度，并且产生指示所检测温度的第一传感器信号；
第二温度传感器，所述第二温度传感器配置成在所述热交换器下游和在所述AT装置上游检测所述排气通道中的所述废气流的温度，并且产生指示所检测温度的第二传感器信号；以及
电子控制器，所述电子控制器配置成响应于所述第一和第二传感器信号来调节所述旁通阀。
3.根据权利要求2所述的AT系统，其中，所述电子控制器配置成调节所述旁通阀，以在由所述第一传感器信号指示的所检测温度落在预定温度范围以外时、将所述废气流引导至所述热交换器，并且在由所述第二传感器信号指示的所检测温度落在所述预定温度范围内时、将所述废气流引导至所述废气流旁通部。
4.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述AT装置是贫燃氮氧化物(NOX)补集器(LNT)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述热交换器是废气与液体热交换器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的AT系统，其中，由所述热交换器使用的液体是所述内燃机的冷却剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的AT系统，其中，所述内燃机包括冷却回路，且所述热交换器与所述冷却回路流体连通。
8.一种操作后处理(AT)系统的方法，所述后处理(AT)系统具有AT装置，所述AT装置配置成处理由内燃机所产生的并且由排气通道运载的废气流，且所述方法包括：
经由所述AT装置来处理由所述排气通道运载的所述废气流；
经由设置在所述排气通道中的第一温度传感器来检测所述废气流的温度，并且产生指示所述所检测温度的第一传感器信号；
经由在所述AT装置上游设置在所述排气通道中的第二温度传感器来检测所述废气流的温度，并且产生指示所述所检测温度的第二传感器信号；
当由所述第一传感器信号指示的所述所检测温度落在预定温度范围以外时，经由在所述第二温度传感器上游定位在所述排气通道中的旁通阀、将所述废气流引导至热交换器，所述热交换器设置成在所述第一温度传感器的下游和在所述AT装置的上游与所述排气通道流体连通并且配置成从所述废气流中去除热能量；以及
当由所述第二传感器信号指示的所述所检测温度落在所述预定温度范围内时，经由所述旁通阀将所述废气流引导至废气流旁通部，所述废气流旁通部与所述排气通道流体连通并且配置成使得所述废气流围绕所述热交换器从所述排气通道行进至所述AT装置。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，进一步包括电子控制器，所述电子控制器配置成调节所述旁通阀的操作，其中，在所述预定温度范围内的情形下，通过经编程的所述电子控制器来实现经由所述旁通阀引导所述废气流。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，所述AT装置是贫燃氮氧化物(NOX)补集器(LNT)。
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