CN104837581B - 压粉磁芯用铁粉 - Google Patents

压粉磁芯用铁粉 Download PDF

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CN104837581B
CN104837581B CN201380064805.6A CN201380064805A CN104837581B CN 104837581 B CN104837581 B CN 104837581B CN 201380064805 A CN201380064805 A CN 201380064805A CN 104837581 B CN104837581 B CN 104837581B
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iron powder
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高下拓也
中村尚道
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Abstract

根据本发明,通过使压粉磁芯用铁粉的Si的含量为0.01质量%以下、表观密度为3.8g/cm3以上、粒径为45μm以下的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下、粒径大于180μm且在250μm以下的铁粉的比例低于30质量%、粒径大于250μm的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下、粉末断面的维氏硬度(试验力:0.245N)为80Hv以下,能够得到压缩性优良并且成形后的铁损低的压粉磁芯用铁粉。

Description

压粉磁芯用铁粉
技术领域
本发明涉及可得到铁损低且密度高的压粉磁芯的压粉磁芯用铁粉。
背景技术
对于电动机、变压器等中使用的磁芯,要求磁通密度高、铁损低这样的特性。以往,对于这样的磁芯,一直使用将电磁钢板层叠而成的磁芯,但近年来,作为电动机用磁芯材料,压粉磁芯受到关注。
压粉磁芯的最大特征是能够形成三维的磁路这一点。电磁钢板通过层叠而形成磁芯,因此形状的自由度有限。但是,如果是压粉磁芯,则通过对绝缘包覆后的软磁性粒子进行加压而成形,因此,只要有模具,就能够得到超过电磁钢板的形状的自由度。
另外,与钢板的层叠相比,加压成形的工序短且成本低廉,因此,再加上作为基质的粉末的低廉,可发挥优良的性价比。此外,电磁钢板是将钢板表面被绝缘后的钢板层叠,因此,磁特性在钢板表面方向和表面垂直方向上不同,具有表面垂直方向的磁特性差这样的缺点,但对于压粉磁芯而言,粒子一个一个被绝缘包覆层包覆,因此,磁特性在所有方向上是均匀的,适合用于三维的磁路。
可见,压粉磁芯在设计三维磁路方面是不可欠缺的原材料,并且性价比优良,因此,近年来,从电动机的小型化、无稀土化、低成本化等观点出发,正积极地利用压粉磁芯来进行具有三维磁路的电动机的研究开发。
另外,在通过这种粉末冶金技术来制造高性能的磁性部件的情况下,要求高密度和成形后的优良铁损特性。这是因为,通过进行高密度化,铁芯的磁通密度和导磁率提高,能够以少的电流产生高扭矩。另外,通过进行低铁损化,可以实现电动机效率的改善。
基于上述背景,开发了各种各样的高压缩性铁粉,例如,在专利文献1及专利文献2中,公开了一种涉及高压缩性铁粉的技术,所述高压缩性铁粉是以质量%计含有C:0.005%以下、Si:超过0.01%且0.03%以下、Mn:0.03%以上且0.07%以下、P:0.01%以下、S:0.01%以下、O:0.10%以下及N:0.001%以下作为杂质的铁粉,该铁粉的粒子具有平均为4个以下的晶粒数和以显微维氏硬度HV计平均为80以下的硬度。
另外,在专利文献3中公开了一种压缩性和磁特性优良的粉末冶金用纯铁粉,其中,杂质含量为C≤0.005%、Si≤0.010%、Mn≤0.050%、P≤0.010%、S≤0.010%、O≤0.10%及N≤0.0020%,且余量实质上由Fe和不可避免的杂质构成,其粒度构成为以使用JIS Z 8801中规定的筛的筛分重量比(%)计-60/+83目为5%以下、-83/+100目为4%以上且10%以下、-100/+140目为10%以上且25%以下、330目通过量为10%以上且30%以下、-60/+200目的平均结晶粒径在JIS G 0052中规定的铁素体结晶粒径测定法中为6.0以下的粗大晶粒,在配合0.75%的硬脂酸锌作为粉末冶金用润滑剂在5t/cm2的成形压力下进行模具成形时,可以得到7.05g/cm3以上的压粉体密度。
此外,在专利文献4中公开了一种高压缩性铁粉1,其中,关于铁粉的粒度分布,以使用JIS Z 8801中规定的筛进行筛分后的质量%计,通过标称尺寸为1mm的筛且不通过标称尺寸为250μm的筛的粒度的铁粉超过0%且为45%以下、通过标称尺寸为250μm的筛且不通过标称尺寸为180μm的筛的粒度的铁粉为30%以上且65%以下、通过标称尺寸为180μm的筛且不通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉为4%以上且20%以下、通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉为0%以上且10%以下,并且不通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉的显微维氏硬度的上限值为110以下,并且,上述铁粉的杂质含量以质量%计为C≤0.005%、Si≤0.01%、Mn≤0.05%、P≤0.01%、S≤0.01%、O≤0.10%及N≤0.003%。另外,在专利文献4中还一并公开了涉及高压缩性铁粉2的技术,所述高压缩性铁粉2中,关于铁粉的粒度构成,以使用JIS Z 8801中规定的筛进行筛分后的质量%计,通过标称尺寸为1mm的筛且不通过标称尺寸为180μm的筛的粒度的铁粉超过0%且为2%以下、通过标称尺寸为180μm的筛且不通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉为30%以上且70%以下、通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉为20%以上且60%以下,并且不通过标称尺寸为150μm的筛的粒度的铁粉的显微维氏硬度的上限值为110以下,并且,上述铁粉的杂质含量以质量%计为C≤0.005%、Si≤0.01%、Mn≤0.05%、P≤0.01%、S≤0.01%、O≤0.10%及N≤0.003%。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2007-92162号公报
专利文献2:WO 2008-093430号
专利文献3:日本特开平6-2007号公报
专利文献4:日本专利第4078512号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
但是,专利文献1及专利文献2中记载的技术中,虽然可以得到高密度的成形体,但并没有提及铁损,关于低铁损化的研究并不充分。
另外,在专利文献3中,与专利文献1及2同样,主要记载了关于高密度化等的研究,关于低铁损化的记载仍不充分。
此外,如专利文献1~专利文献3中记载的技术那样,专利文献4的高压缩性铁粉1和2均专攻于高磁通密度化,并没有考虑低铁损化。
本发明是鉴于上述现状而开发的,其目的在于提供压缩性优良并且成形后的铁损低的压粉磁芯用铁粉。
用于解决问题的方法
发明人对于成形后达到高密度且低铁损的压粉磁芯用铁粉反复进行了深入研究,结果发现,对于通过水雾化法得到的纯铁粉而言,
(1)在钢水中含有某种程度以上的Si时,铁粉的压缩性劣化,铁损增加;
(2)表观密度低时,铁损增加;
(3)铁粉的粒度分布存在适当的范围,无论粗粉过多还是微粉过多,铁损都增加;以及
(4)铁粉断面的硬度高时,压缩性降低。
本发明是基于上述见解而得到的。
即,本发明的主旨构成如下所述。
1.一种压粉磁芯用铁粉,其包含通过水雾化法得到的纯铁粉,其中,
上述纯铁粉中,Si的含量为0.01质量%以下,表观密度为3.8g/cm3以上,粒径为45μm以下的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下,粒径大于180μm且在250μm以下的铁粉的比例低于30质量%,粒径大于250μm的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下,粉末断面的维氏硬度(试验力:0.245N)为80Hv以下。
发明效果
根据本发明,能够得到可得到铁损低且密度高的压粉磁芯的压粉磁芯用铁粉。
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明具体地进行说明。
首先,对本发明的数值的限定理由进行说明。
[Si量]
在钢水中含有Si时,通过水雾化法得到的纯铁粉(以下,也简称为粉末或铁粉)在水雾化时发生氧化,在其粒子内生成氧化物系夹杂物,因此磁滞损耗增加。另外,水雾化时生成的微细的Si氧化物以及雾化时没有发生氧化而固溶的Si会使粉末硬化,因此压缩性降低。出于以上理由,必须尽可能地降低Si,在本发明中,使Si为0.01质量%以下。也可以为0质量%。
[表观密度]
铁粉通过加压成形发生塑性变形而形成高密度的成形体。该成形时的塑性变形量越小,去应力退火后的晶粒变得越粗大,但如后所述,粒径为45μm以下的微细的铁粉使磁滞损耗大幅增加,因此需要尽可能地降低。
在此,为了降低成形时的粉末的塑性变形量,需要提高粉末在模具中的填充率,在本发明中,以粉末的表观密度计必须为3.8g/cm3以上,优选设定为4.0g/cm3以上。这是因为,表观密度低于3.8g/cm3时,成形时在粉末中引入大量应力,去应力退火后的晶粒发生微细化。需要说明的是,上述表观密度是表示粉末的填充率的程度的指标,可以通过JIS Z 2504中规定的试验方法进行测定。
[微粉及粗粉的量]
基于本发明的铁粉中,粒径大于45μm且粒径在180μm以下的铁粉成为主体(为50质量%以上,也可以为100质量%),但粒径为45μm以下的微细的铁粉会使磁滞损耗大幅增加,因此需要尽可能地降低,必须为10质量%以下,优选为5质量%以下。也可以为0质量%。需要说明的是,关于45μm以下的铁粉的比例,可以通过使用JIS Z 8801-1中规定的筛进行筛分来求出。
另外,粒径大于180μm的粗大铁粉的压缩性高,因此需要以一定比例含有,但过量含有时,会导致涡流损耗的增加。因此,需要将粒径大于180μm且在250μm以下的铁粉设定为低于30质量%、将大于250μm的铁粉设定为10质量%以下。
需要说明的是,优选将粒径大于180μm且在250μm以下的铁粉设定为25质量%以下、将大于250μm的铁粉设定为5质量%以下。另外,也可以各自为0质量%。
[维氏硬度]
如果粉末硬,则需要更大的成形压力来提高成形体的密度。因此,需要使粉末尽可能地软化,必须使维氏硬度试验中在0.245N的试验力下的硬度(Hv)为80以下。优选以Hv计为75以下。需要说明的是,对于维氏硬度,可以利用以下记载的方法进行测定。
首先,将作为被测定物的铁粉混合到热塑性树脂粉中而制成混合粉后,将该混合粉装入到适当的模具中,进行加热而使树脂熔融,然后,使其冷却固化,制成含铁粉的树脂固态物。接着,对将该含铁粉的树脂固态物以适当的断面切断后的表面进行研磨,进一步通过腐蚀除去该研磨的加工层后,使用显微维氏硬度计(试验力:0.245N(25gf))测定铁粉的硬度。该测定中,优选对各粒子设定1个点,测定至少10个粉末的硬度,使用其平均值。另外,进行测定的粉末需要为容纳压痕的大小,因此优选粉末粒径为100μm以上的粉末。需要说明的是,除上述要点以外,依照JIS Z 2244进行测定。
接着,对本发明品的代表性制造方法进行记载。当然,也可以通过后述的方法以外的方法来得到本发明品。
本发明中的压粉磁芯用铁粉通过水雾化法得到,钢水除Si、C、O、S及N以外设定为通常的纯铁粉组成,对于Si,设定为Si≤0.01质量%。另外,对于C,为了脱氧,添加至纯铁粉的组成以上也没关系,但优选在后续工序中进行脱碳而最终降低至0.01质量%以下。此外,对于O、S及N,可以通过在后续工序中实施氢气气氛中的退火来除去,因此,与纯铁粉的组成相比,稍微多些混入也没关系,但过多时,还原退火的负荷增加,因此,优选尽可能地接近纯铁粉的组成。
在此,上述纯铁粉的组成是指与作为杰富意钢铁株式会社市售的粉末冶金用纯铁粉的300A同等的组成。
接着,对该粉末实施还原退火。还原退火优选在含有氢气的还原性气氛中实施,优选在800℃以上且低于1100℃的温度下实施1小时以上且5小时以下。在雾化后的铁粉含有大量C的情况下,在氢气中包含水蒸气来实施。水蒸气量无需特别限定,可以根据铁粉的C量适当变更,但通常以使露点达到约30℃~约60℃的方式添加水蒸气。
还原退火后的铁粉的一部分发生凝聚,因此,通过经由破碎工序来解除凝聚,以使45μm以下的粒子为10质量%以下的方式进行筛分。另外,对于粗粉,也可以通过适当筛分而除去。需要说明的是,关于筛分,有使用JIS Z 8801-1中规定的筛进行筛分的方法。
在此,在筛分后的铁粉的表观密度小于3.8g/cm3的情况下,另行通过粒度调整、球化处理(日本特公昭64-21001号公报等)使表观密度为3.8g/cm3以上即可。需要说明的是,在实施了球化处理的情况下,为了除去加工时的应力,优选在700℃~850℃的温度下实施约1小时~约5小时的氢气气氛中的去应力退火。
为了将以上述方式得到的铁粉制成压粉磁芯,优选对铁粉表面施加绝缘包覆层。该绝缘包覆层只要是保持粒子间的绝缘性的材料则均可,作为这样的绝缘包覆层,可以列举有机硅树脂、以磷酸金属盐、硼酸金属盐为基质的玻璃质的绝缘性非晶层、MgO、镁橄榄石、滑石及Al2O3等金属氧化物、或者以SiO2为基质的结晶质的绝缘层等。
将上述施加有绝缘包覆层的铁粉装入模具中,加压成形为所期望的尺寸形状(压粉磁芯形状),形成压粉磁芯。在此,关于加压成形方法,常温成形法、模具润滑成形法等通常的成形方法均可以应用。需要说明的是,成形压力、模具温度可以根据用途适当确定。另外,增加成形压力时,压粉密度升高,因此,优选的成形压力为981MPa(10t/cm2)以上、更优选为1471MPa(15t/cm2)以上。另一方面,成形压力的上限没有特别限制,但由于设备上的制约,为约1960MPa(20t/cm2)。
即使在提高模具温度的情况下,压缩粉体密度也升高。因此,优选的模具温度为80℃以上、更优选为100℃以上。另一方面,模具温度的上限没有特别限制,但由于设备上的制约,为约300℃。
当然,也可以根据用途适当改变上述成形条件。另外,在加压成形时,可以根据需要采用将润滑材料涂布到模具壁面上或者添加到粉末中的方法。
由此,在加压成形时,能够降低模具与粉末之间的摩擦,抑制成形体密度的降低,并且还能够降低从模具拔出时的摩擦,能够防止取出时的成形体(压粉磁芯)的破裂。需要说明的是,作为优选的润滑材料,可以列举硬脂酸锂、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸钙等金属皂、脂肪酸酰胺等蜡。
将压粉磁芯在加压成形后进行以通过去除应力而降低磁滞损耗、增加成形体强度为目的的热处理。热处理时间优选设定为5~120分钟的范围。需要说明的是,作为加热气氛,可以考虑大气中、惰性气氛中、还原气氛中或真空中,采用任意一种气氛都没有任何问题。另外,气氛露点可以根据用途适当确定。此外,可以在热处理中的升温或降温时设置在一定温度下进行保持的阶段。
实施例1
在本实施例中,使用具有表1所示特性的通过水雾化法得到的11种纯铁粉。关于Si以外的成分,在所有的试样中,均满足C≤0.01质量%、N≤0.005质量%、O≤0.1质量%、Al≤0.01质量%、P≤0.01质量%、S≤0.01质量%、Mn≤0.1质量%、Cr≤0.1质量%的范围。
对于表1所示的粉末,分别施加利用有机硅树脂的绝缘包覆层。使有机硅树脂溶解在甲苯中,以使树脂成分为0.9质量%的方式制作树脂稀释溶液后,以使树脂相对于粉末的添加率为0.1质量%的方式将粉末和树脂稀释溶液混合,在大气中进行干燥。干燥后,在大气中在200℃下进行120分钟的树脂烧结处理,由此得到有机硅树脂包覆的铁粉。
将这些粉末在1471MPa(15t/cm2)的成形压力下通过模具润滑进行成形,制作外径为38mm、内径为25mm、高度为6mm的环状试验片。将制作的试验片在氮气中在600℃下进行45分钟的热处理后,进行绕制(初级绕组100匝、次级绕组40匝),并进行利用直流磁化装置的磁通密度测定(H=10000A/m,メトロン技研制造,直流磁化测定装置)和利用铁损测定装置的铁损测定(1.0T、1kHz,メトロン技研制造,高频铁损测定装置)。
将成形体的密度和磁特性的测定结果与成形体密度一同示于表2中。在本实施例中,将磁通密度的合格基准设定为B100≥1.70T、将铁损的合格基准设定为W10/1K≤80W/kg。
另外,在表2中一并示出晶粒的测定结果。
表2
根据该表可知,基于本发明的发明例(试样编号1和2),不仅成形体密度高,而且磁通密度(B100)和铁损(W10/1K)均满足合格基准,具有优良的磁特性。
与此相对,Si量比发明例多的试样编号3~6的磁通密度、铁损均未达到合格基准。另外,根据试样编号3~6的结果可知,随着Si量的增加,存在磁通密度降低、铁损增加的倾向。认为这是由于粉末随着Si量的增加而发生硬化、水雾化时生成的微细的氧化物增加而引起的。
另外,对于与发明例相比含有大量的45μm以下的铁粉的试样编号7、粉末的硬度高的试样编号8,磁通密度和铁损均未达到合格基准。
对于试样编号7,推测为微细的粉末的增加导致压缩性的降低和磁滞损耗的增加所引起的总铁损的增加。另一方面,对于试样编号8,认为是由于粉末内的晶粒变得微细或者蓄积了应力而使粉末的硬度增高,并认为由此使压缩性降低,导致磁滞损耗的增加所引起的总铁损的增加。
对于试样编号9、10及11,虽然磁通密度满足合格基准,但铁损未达到合格基准。
关于试样编号9,认为是因表观密度的降低而在成形时蓄积了大量应力,由此,磁滞损耗增加,结果铁损增加。另一方面,关于试样编号10及11,认为是由于含有大量粗粉而使压缩性高,成形体密度和磁通密度显示出超过发明例的值,但粗粉使涡流损耗增加,因此铁损未满足合格基准。

Claims (1)

1.一种压粉磁芯用铁粉,其包含通过水雾化法得到的纯铁粉,其中,
所述纯铁粉中,Si的含量为0.01质量%以下,表观密度为3.8g/cm3以上,粒径为45μm以下的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下,粒径大于180μm且在250μm以下的铁粉的比例低于30质量%,粒径大于250μm的铁粉的比例为10质量%以下,粉末断面的在0.245N的试验力下的维氏硬度为80Hv以下。
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