CN104778989B - 太阳电池电极用的组合物和使用其制造的电极 - Google Patents
太阳电池电极用的组合物和使用其制造的电极 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104778989B CN104778989B CN201410837030.8A CN201410837030A CN104778989B CN 104778989 B CN104778989 B CN 104778989B CN 201410837030 A CN201410837030 A CN 201410837030A CN 104778989 B CN104778989 B CN 104778989B
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver carbonate Substances [Ag].[O-]C([O-])=O LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Sr+2] IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-one Chemical compound C1=CN=C2NC(=O)CC2=C1 ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001958 silver carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940098221 silver cyanide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JRIGVWDKYXCHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (5-arsoroso-2-hydroxyphenyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.NC1=CC([As]=O)=CC=C1O JRIGVWDKYXCHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012963 UV stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000413 arsenic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002594 arsenic trioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Inorganic materials [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Ba+2] CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nd+3].[Nd+3] PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxogermanium Chemical compound [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950008475 oxophenarsine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver acetate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC([O-])=O CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
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- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
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- 229910003069 TeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- KTTMEOWBIWLMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diarsenic trioxide Chemical compound O1[As](O2)O[As]3O[As]1O[As]2O3 KTTMEOWBIWLMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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Abstract
本发明提供一种太阳电池电极用的组合物和使用所述组合物而制造的电极。所述组合物包含:银(Ag)粉末;玻璃料,含有元素银(Ag)、碲(Te)和锌(Zn);以及有机载体,其中所述玻璃料的Ag与Te的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶50,且Ag与Zn的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶40。由所述组合物制造的太阳电池电极具有减到最小的接触电阻(Rc)和串联电阻(Rs),进而提供优良的填充因数和转换效率。
Description
相关申请案的交叉参考
本发明主张2014年1月9日在韩国知识产权局申请的第10-2014-0003038号韩国专利申请案的权益,所述申请案的全部揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明的实施例涉及太阳电池电极用的组合物和使用所述组合物而制造的电极。
背景技术
太阳电池使用将阳光的光子转换为电力的p-n结(p-njunction)的光伏效应而产生电力。在太阳电池中,前电极和后电极形成在分别具有p-n结的半导体芯片或衬底的上表面和下表面上。接着,p-n结处的光伏效应由进入半导体芯片的阳光诱发,且由p-n结处的光伏效应产生的电子经由电极而将电流提供到外部。太阳电池的电极通过对电极组合物进行涂覆、图案化和烘烤而形成在芯片上。
持续减小发射极厚度以提高太阳电池效率可导致分流(shunting),这可降低太阳电池性能。此外,太阳电池的面积已逐渐增大以实现较高效率。然而,在此状况下,可存在因太阳电池接触电阻(contact resistance)的提高而引起的效率降低的问题。
因此,需要可提高电极与硅芯片之间的接触效率以将接触电阻(Rc)和串联电阻(Rs)减到最小进而提供优良的转换效率的太阳电池电极用的组合物。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,一种太阳电池电极用的组合物可包含:银(Ag)粉末;玻璃料,含有元素银(Ag)、碲(Te)和锌(Zn);以及有机载体,其中所述玻璃料的Ag与Te的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶50,且Ag与Zn的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶40。
所述玻璃料可还包含选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种元素:铅(Pb)、铋(Bi)、磷(P)、锗(Ge)、镓(Ga)、铈(Ce)、铁(Fe)、硅(Si)、锂(Li)、钨(W)、镁(Mg)、铯(Cs)、锶(Sr)、钼(Mo)、钛(Ti)、锡(Sn)、铟(In)、钒(V)、钌(Ru)、钡(Ba)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、钠(Na)、钾(K)、砷(As)、钴(Co)、锆(Zr)、锰(Mn)、钕(Nd)、铬(Cr)、锑(Sb)和铝(Al)。
以所述玻璃料的总摩尔数计,所述玻璃料可含有0.1摩尔%到50摩尔%的所述元素银(Ag)。
所述元素银可源自选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种银化合物:氰化银、硝酸银、卤化银、碳酸银和乙酸银。
所述玻璃料可由所述银化合物和金属氧化物形成。所述金属氧化物可包含氧化碲和氧化锌。
所述金属氧化物可还包含选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种金属氧化物:氧化铅、氧化铋、氧化磷、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化铈、氧化铁、氧化硅、氧化锂、氧化钨、氧化镁、氧化铯、氧化锶、氧化钼、氧化钛、氧化锡、氧化铟、氧化钒、氧化钌、氧化钡、氧化镍、氧化铜、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化砷、氧化钴、氧化锆、氧化锰、氧化钕、氧化铬、氧化锑和氧化铝。
所述组合物可包含:60wt%(单位:重量%)到95重量%的银粉末;0.1重量%到20重量%的所述玻璃料;以及1重量%到30重量%的所述有机载体。
所述玻璃料可具有0.1微米到10微米的平均粒径(D50)。
所述组合物可还包含选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种添加剂:分散剂、触变剂、增塑剂、粘度稳定剂、消泡剂、颜料、UV稳定剂、抗氧化剂和偶联剂。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种由所述太阳电池电极用的组合物形成的太阳电池电极。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例的太阳电池的示意图。
附图标记说明:
100:衬底
101:p层
102:n层
210:后电极
230:前电极
具体实施方式
太阳电池电极用的组合物
根据本发明的太阳电池电极用的组合物包含:银(Ag)粉末;玻璃料,含有元素银(Ag)、碲(Te)和锌(Zn);以及有机载体,其中所述玻璃料的Ag与Te的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶50,且Ag与Zn的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶40。如本文中所使用,摩尔比指每一金属元素的摩尔比。
现将更详细地描述根据本发明的太阳电池电极用的组合物的每一组份。
(A)银粉末
根据本发明的太阳电池电极用的组合物包含银(Ag)粉末作为导电粉末。所述银粉末的颗粒大小可为纳米级或微米级。举例来说,所述银粉末可具有数十到数百纳米或数微米到数十微米的颗粒大小。或者,所述银粉末可为具有不同颗粒大小的两种或两种以上类型的银粉末的混合物。
所述银粉末可具有球形、片形或非晶形。
在一个实施例中,所述银粉末可具有0.1微米到10微米的平均粒径(D50)。在另一实施例中,所述银粉末可具有0.5微米到5微米的平均粒径(D50)。可在经由超声波处理在25℃下将所述导电粉末分散在异丙醇(IPA)中持续3分钟后使用(例如)Model 1064D(法国激光工业有限公司(CILAS Co.,Ltd.))来测量平均粒径。在平均粒径的这个范围内,所述组合物可提供低接触电阻和低线电阻(line resistance)。
以所述组合物的总重量计,所存在的所述银粉末的量可为60重量%到95重量%。在这个范围内,所述导电粉末可防止因电阻的提高而引起的转换效率降低以及防止因所述有机载体的量的相对减少而引起难以形成膏状物。在一些实施例中,所存在的所述导电粉末的量可为70重量%到90重量%。
(B)玻璃料
所述玻璃料用于增强所述导电粉末与芯片之间的粘着。且所述玻璃料用于通过蚀刻抗反射层和在所述电极用的组合物的烘烤工艺期间使所述银粉末熔融以便降低接触电阻而在发射极区域中形成银晶粒。此外,在所述烘烤工艺期间,所述玻璃料软化且降低烘烤温度。
当增大太阳电池的面积以便提高太阳电池效率时,可存在太阳电池接触电阻提高的问题。因此,有必要将串联电阻与对p-n结的影响两者减到最小。此外,烘烤温度可由于具有不同薄层电阻的各种芯片的增加的使用而在广泛范围内变化。在此状况下,希望所述玻璃料确保足够的热稳定性以耐受广泛范围的烘烤温度。
所述玻璃料可由银(Ag)化合物和金属氧化物形成。具体来说,所述玻璃料可通过将银化合物和金属氧化物混合、熔融和粉碎来制备,所述银化合物具有1000℃或1000℃以下的分解温度,在所述分解温度下,所述银化合物分解为Ag离子。所述金属氧化物可包含至少一种金属氧化物。
所述银化合物为离子化合物,且可包含氰化银(AgCN)、硝酸银(AgNO3)、卤化银(Ag-X)、碳酸银(Ag2CO3)、乙酸银(AgC2H3O2)、氧化银(Ag2O)和其混合物。在所述卤化银(Ag-X)中,X可为碘、氟、氯或溴,且具体来说,X可为碘。
在一个实施例中,所述金属氧化物可包含氧化碲和氧化锌。
在另一实施例中,所述金属氧化物可还包含选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种金属氧化物:氧化铅、氧化铋、氧化磷、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化铈、氧化铁、氧化硅、氧化锂、氧化钨、氧化镁、氧化铯、氧化锶、氧化钼、氧化钛、氧化锡、氧化铟、氧化钒、氧化钡、氧化镍、氧化铜、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化砷、氧化钴、氧化锆、氧化锰、氧化钕、氧化铬、氧化锑和氧化铝。
在一个实施例中,从所述银化合物和所述金属氧化物制备的所述玻璃料可包含元素银(Ag)、元素碲(Te)和元素锌(Zn)。
所述玻璃料的Ag与Te的摩尔比的范围可为1∶0.1到1∶50。在一些实施例中,所述玻璃料的Ag与Te的摩尔比的范围可为1∶0.5到1∶40。当所述玻璃料含有过量的Te以至于Ag与Te的摩尔比大于1∶50时,玻璃中的Ag的含量相对小,因此提供微不足道的效果。当所述玻璃料含有过量的Ag以至于Ag与Te的摩尔比大于1∶0.1时,玻璃的固有性质可降低。
此外,所述玻璃料的Ag与Zn的摩尔比的范围可为1∶0.1到1∶40。在一些实施例中,所述玻璃料的Ag与Zn的摩尔比的范围可为1∶0.1到1∶35。当所述玻璃料含有过量的Zn以至于Ag与Zn的摩尔比大于1∶40时,玻璃中的Ag的含量相对小,因此提供微不足道的效果。当所述玻璃料含有过量的Ag以至于Ag与Zn的摩尔比大于1∶0.1时,玻璃的固有性质可降低。
在另一实施例中,所述玻璃料可还包含选自由以下各个组成的群组的至少一种元素:铅(Pb)、铋(Bi)、磷(P)、锗(Ge)、镓(Ga)、铈(Ce)、铁(Fe)、硅(Si)、锂(Li)、钨(W)、镁(Mg)、铯(Cs)、锶(Sr)、钼(Mo)、钛(Ti)、锡(Sn)、铟(In)、钒(V)、钡(Ba)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、钠(Na)、钾(K)、砷(As)、钴(Co)、锆(Zr)、锰(Mn)、钕(Nd)、铬(Cr)、锑(Sb)和铝(Al)。
以所述玻璃料的总摩尔数计,所述玻璃料可含有0.1摩尔%到50摩尔%的元素银、优选0.5摩尔%到40摩尔%的元素银。
可通过电感耦合式等离子体发射光谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma-OpticalEmission Spectroscopy,ICP-OES)来测量所述玻璃料中所含有的每一元素金属的含量。ICP-OES需要极少的样本量,且因此可缩短样本准备时间且减少因样本的预处理所致的误差,同时提供优良的分析灵敏度。
具体来说,ICP-OES可包含:对样本进行预处理;制备标准溶液;以及通过测量并转换目标元素的浓度而计算玻璃料中的每一元素的含量,进而实现所述玻璃料中的每一元素的含量的精确测量。
在对样本进行预处理的操作中,可将预定量的样本溶解在能够溶解样本玻璃料的酸溶液中,且接着加热以碳化。酸溶液可包含(例如)硫酸(H2SO4)溶液。
可用例如蒸馏水或过氧化氢(H2O2)等溶剂来稀释碳化的样本直到允许进行将分析的元素的分析的适当程度。鉴于ICP-OES测试器的元素检测能力,可按照10,000xs来稀释碳化的样本。
在以ICP-OES测试器进行的测量中,可使用标准溶液(例如,将分析的元素的标准溶液)来校准预处理的样本。
举例来说,所述玻璃料中的每一元素的摩尔比的计算可通过以下方式来实现:将标准溶液引入到ICP-OES测试器中且以外标法来绘制校准曲线,接着使用ICP-OES测试器来测量并转换预处理的样本中将分析的元素的浓度(ppm)。
通过此项技术中已知的任何典型方法,可如上所述从所述银化合物和所述金属氧化物制备所述玻璃料。举例来说,可按照预定比混合所述银化合物和所述金属氧化物。可使用球磨或行星磨来进行混合。在800℃到1300℃下将混合物熔融,接着骤冷到25℃。使用盘磨、行星磨等而使所获得的生成物经受粉碎,进而制备玻璃料。
所述玻璃料可具有0.1微米到10微米的平均粒径(D50),且可具有球形或非晶形。
以所述组合物的总重量计,所存在的所述玻璃料的量可为0.1重量%到20重量%,优选0.5重量%到10重量%。在这个范围内,可在给定的变化的表面电阻的情况下确保p-n结稳定性,同时将串联电阻减到最小以便提高太阳电池效率。
(C)有机载体
所述有机载体通过与太阳电池电极用的组合物的无机组份进行机械混合而将适用于印刷的粘度和流变特性赋予所述组合物。
所述有机载体可为用于太阳电池电极组合物中的任何典型有机载体,且可包含粘合剂树脂、溶剂等。
所述粘合剂树脂可选自丙烯酸酯树脂或纤维素树脂。乙基纤维素通常用作粘合剂树脂。此外,粘合剂树脂可选自乙基羟乙基纤维素、硝化纤维素、乙基纤维素树脂与酚树脂的掺合物、醇酸树脂、酚、丙烯酸酯、二甲苯、聚丁烷、聚酯、尿素、三聚氰胺、乙酸乙烯酯树脂、木松香、醇的聚甲基丙烯酸酯等。
所述溶剂可选自由以下各个组成的群组:例如,己烷、甲苯、乙基溶纤剂、环己酮、丁基溶纤剂、丁基卡必醇(二乙二醇单丁醚)、二丁基卡必醇(二乙二醇二丁醚)、丁基卡必醇乙酸酯(二乙二醇单丁醚乙酸酯)、丙二醇单甲醚、己二醇(hexylene glycol)、萜品醇、甲乙酮、苄醇、γ-丁内酯、乳酸乙酯和其组合。
以所述组合物的总重量计,所存在的所述有机载体的量可为1重量%到30重量%。在这个范围内,所述有机载体可将充足粘着强度以及优良可印刷性提供给所述组合物。
(D)添加剂
视需要,所述组合物可还包含典型添加剂以提高流程与工艺性质和稳定性。所述添加剂可包含分散剂、触变剂、增塑剂、粘度稳定剂、消泡剂、颜料、UV稳定剂、抗氧化剂、偶联剂等,但不限于此。这些添加剂可单独使用或以其组合来使用。所述组合物中所存在的这些添加剂的量可为0.1重量%到5重量%,但不限于此。
太阳电池电极和包含所述太阳电池电极的太阳电池
本发明的其它方面涉及由所述太阳电池电极用的组合物形成的电极和包含所述电极的太阳电池。图1展示根据本发明的一个实施例的太阳电池。
参看图1,可通过在包含p层(或n层)101和n层(或p层)102(其将充当发射极)的芯片或衬底100上印刷组合物并进行烘烤来形成后电极210和前电极230。举例来说,通过在芯片(衬底100)的后表面上印刷组合物且在200℃到400℃下对所印刷的组合物进行干燥持续10秒到60秒而执行制备后电极210的初步工艺。此外,可通过在芯片的前表面上印刷膏状物(组合物)且对所印刷的组合物进行干燥而执行制备前电极的初步工艺。接着,可通过在400℃到950℃下、优选在750℃到950℃下烘烤芯片持续30秒到180秒而形成前电极230和后电极210。
接着,将参考实例来更详细地描述本发明。然而,应注意,提供这些实例只是为了进行说明且不应理解为限制本发明。
实例1到72和对比实例1到4
实例1
作为有机粘合剂,在60℃下将3.0重量%的乙基纤维素(STD4,陶氏化学公司(DowChemical Company))充分溶解在6.5重量%的丁基卡必醇中,且将86.90重量%的具有2.0微米的平均粒径的球形银粉末(AG-4-8,同和高科有限公司(Dowa Hightech Co.,Ltd.))、3.1重量%的包含碳酸银(Ag2CO3,百灵威化学有限公司(Acros Organics))作为银化合物且根据表1所列的组成而制备的玻璃料、0.2重量%的分散剂BYK102(德国毕克化学公司(BYK-chemie))和0.3重量%的触变剂Thixatrol ST(海名斯有限公司(Elementis Co.,Ltd.))添加到粘合剂溶液,接着在3辊捏合机中混合并捏合,进而制备太阳电池电极用的组合物。
实例2到15
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表1所列的组成来制备玻璃料。
实例16到27
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表2所列的组成来制备含有碘化银(AgI,德国西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich GmbH))作为银化合物的玻璃料。
实例28到42
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表3所列的组成来制备含有硝酸银(AgNO3,大中有限公司(Daejung Co.,Ltd.))作为银化合物的玻璃料。
实例43到54
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表4所列的组成来制备含有氧化银(Ag2O,百灵威化学有限公司(Acros Organics))作为银化合物的玻璃料。
实例55到72
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表5所列的组成来制备含有氰化银(AgCN,德国西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich GmbH))作为银化合物的玻璃料。
对比实例1到4
以与实例1相同的方式制备太阳电池电极用的组合物,不同之处在于根据如表6到表8所列的组成来制备玻璃料。
使用ICP-OES来测量玻璃料中的Ag∶Te和Ag∶Zn的摩尔比
样本的预处理:将0.5克的待分析的玻璃料样本置于烧杯中,并以0.0001克的精确度来称重。将5毫升的硫酸(H2SO4)添加到烧杯,接着使用热板在220℃下加热持续3小时,直到样本完全碳化为止。将过氧化氢(H2O2)添加到烧杯,直到含有碳化样本的烧杯变得透明为止,进而完成预处理。
标准溶液的制备:制备元素银(Ag)、元素碲(Te)和元素锌(Zn)中的每一个的标准溶液。
测量Ag∶Te和Ag∶Zn的摩尔比:将硝酸(HNO3)添加到含有预处理的样本的烧杯,接着加热持续5分钟且进行风冷。将所制备的标准溶液引入到ICP-OES测试器(珀金埃尔默有限公司(PerkinElmer,Inc.))中,且通过外标法来绘制校准曲线,接着使用ICP-OES测试器来测量并转换样本中的元素银(Ag)、碲(Te)和锌(Zn)的浓度(ppm),进而计算玻璃料中的Ag∶Te和Ag∶Zn的摩尔比。结果展示在表8和表9中。
每一元素的含量(%)=每一元素的浓度(ppm)×稀释因数(Dilution Factor,DF)/10000
每一元素的摩尔数=每一元素的含量/每一元素的分子量
Ag∶Te的摩尔比=1∶(Te的摩尔数/Ag的摩尔数)
Ag∶Zn的摩尔比=1∶(Zn的摩尔数/Ag的摩尔数)
量测串联电阻、填充因数和转换效率
通过丝网印刷以预定图案在单晶硅芯片的前表面上沉积实例和对比实例中所制备的组合物,接着在IR干燥炉中进行干燥。接着,以与上文所述相同的方式在芯片的后侧上印刷铝浆,且进行干燥。使根据这个过程形成的电池在皮带式烘烤炉中在700℃到950℃下经受烘烤持续30到180秒,且使用太阳电池效率测试器CT-801(柏山有限公司(Pasan Co.,Ltd.))来评估串联电阻(Rs,mΩ)、填充因数(FF,%)和转换效率(%)。所测量的串联电阻、填充因数和转换效率展示在表10到表12中。
表10
表11
表12
如表10到表12所示,可见,与对比实例1、3、4(其中Ag∶Te和Ag∶Zn的摩尔比处于本发明所述的范围外)和对比实例2(其中玻璃料中不含有银)相比,实例1至72中使用包括所述玻璃料的组合物而制造的太阳电池电极具有低串联电阻,进而提供优良的填充因数和转换效率,实例1至72的所述玻璃料的Ag∶Te的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶50且Ag∶Zn的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶40。
应理解,可由所属领域的技术人员进行各种修改、改变、更改和等效实施例,而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种太阳电池电极用的组合物,包括:银粉末;玻璃料,所述玻璃料含有元素银、元素碲和元素锌;以及有机载体,其中所述玻璃料的所述元素银与所述元素碲的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶50,且所述元素银与所述元素锌的摩尔比的范围为1∶0.1到1∶7.76,TeO2在所述玻璃料中的含量为10重量%至74重量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中所述玻璃料还包括选自由以下各个组成的群组中的至少一种元素:铅、铋、磷、锗、镓、铈、铁、硅、锂、钨、镁、铯、锶、钼、钛、锡、铟、钒、钌、钡、镍、铜、钠、钾、砷、钴、锆、锰、钕、铬、锑和铝。
3.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中以所述玻璃料的总摩尔数计,所述玻璃料含有0.1摩尔%到50摩尔%的所述元素银。
4.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中所述元素银源自选自由以下各个组成的群组中的至少一种银化合物:氰化银、硝酸银、卤化银、碳酸银和乙酸银。
5.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中所述玻璃料由银化合物和金属氧化物形成,所述金属氧化物包括氧化碲和氧化锌。
6.根据权利要求5所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中所述金属氧化物还包括选自由以下各个组成的群组中的至少一种金属氧化物:氧化铅、氧化铋、氧化磷、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化铈、氧化铁、氧化硅、氧化锂、氧化钨、氧化镁、氧化铯、氧化锶、氧化钼、氧化钛、氧化锡、氧化铟、氧化钒、氧化钌、氧化钡、氧化镍、氧化铜、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化砷、氧化钴、氧化锆、氧化锰、氧化钕、氧化铬、氧化锑和氧化铝。
7.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,包括:60重量%到95重量%的所述银粉末;0.1重量%到20重量%的所述玻璃料;以及1重量%到30重量%的所述有机载体。
8.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,其中所述玻璃料具有范围为0.1微米到10微米的平均粒径。
9.根据权利要求1所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物,还包括:选自由以下各个组成的群组中的至少一种添加剂:分散剂、触变剂、增塑剂、粘度稳定剂、消泡剂、颜料、UV稳定剂、抗氧化剂和偶联剂。
10.一种太阳电池电极,其是从根据权利要求1到9中任一项所述的太阳电池电极用的组合物制备。
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