CN104769680A - 用于处理废弃材料的方法和设备以及产物气体 - Google Patents

用于处理废弃材料的方法和设备以及产物气体 Download PDF

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CN104769680A
CN104769680A CN201380055097.XA CN201380055097A CN104769680A CN 104769680 A CN104769680 A CN 104769680A CN 201380055097 A CN201380055097 A CN 201380055097A CN 104769680 A CN104769680 A CN 104769680A
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gaseous material
radioreagent
cooling
obsolete
equipment
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CN104769680B (zh
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埃萨·库尔凯拉
马蒂·涅米宁
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Finnish National Technical Research Center Joint-Stock Co
Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus
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Finnish National Technical Research Center Joint-Stock Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/52—Ash-removing devices
    • C10J3/523—Ash-removing devices for gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/463—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension in stationary fluidised beds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
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    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/482—Gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10J3/54—Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation
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    • C10J3/72—Other features
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    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
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    • C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
    • C10K1/101—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids with water only
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    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
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    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/025—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/06—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of coolers
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    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
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    • C10J2300/1246—Heating the gasifier by external or indirect heating
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/30—Technologies for a more efficient combustion or heat usage

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的方法和设备。根据本发明，该方法包括以下步骤：将包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料；冷却该气态材料使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间；并且将包括放射性试剂的固体部分在一个气体清洗步骤中从该气态材料中去除，以便形成一种经处理的气态材料。此外，本发明涉及一种产物气体。

Description

用于处理废弃材料的方法和设备以及产物气体
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的、在权利要求1的前序部分中所限定的方法以及一种在权利要求9的前序部分中所限定的设备。此外，本发明涉及一种在权利要求16的前序部分中所限定的产物气体。
发明背景
从现有技术中已知的是放射性污染废物是难于处理的。此外，放射性污染废物的处理是昂贵的。
发明目的
本发明的目的是披露了一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的新型的方法和设备。此外，本发明的目的是披露了一种用于将受污染的废弃材料处理成环境安全的形式的方法和设备。此外，本发明的目的是减少废弃材料的量。此外，本发明的目的是生产一种新的气态产物。
发明概述
根据本发明的方法和设备的特征是在权利要求中已经呈现的那些。
本发明是基于一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的方法。根据本发明，该方法包括形成一种经处理的气态材料的步骤：将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料；将该气态材料通过水急冷冷却使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间；并且将包括放射性试剂的固体部分在一个气体清洗步骤中从该气态材料中去除。
此外，本发明是基于一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的设备。根据本发明，用于形成一种经处理的气态材料的设备包括：一个反应器，其中将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下气化以形成一种气态材料；一个包括至少一个水急冷步骤的冷却步骤，其中冷却该气态材料使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间；以及一个气体清洗装置，其中将包括放射性试剂的固体部分从该气态材料中去除。
此外，本发明是基于一种产物气体。根据本发明，该产物气体包含经处理的气态材料，该经处理的气态材料从包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料中形成，使得该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料，该气态材料通过水急冷冷却使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间，并且包括放射性试剂的固体部分在一个气体清洗步骤中从该气态材料中去除。
优选地，该气态材料是可燃的。
在此上下文中，这些放射性试剂指的是任何放射性的材料、化合物和化学元素以及它们的衍生物。在此上下文中，放射性试剂是低水平和/或中等水平的。
在此上下文中，包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料意思是包括有机和放射性组分的任何材料。包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料可以选自下组，该组包含树脂(如来自核发电站的树脂)、衣服(如工业防护衣和防护衣)、受污染的木材、受污染的植物质(如玉米、稻草和干草)。
任何本身已知的反应器可以用在该气化中。优选地，该反应器可以是一个流化床反应器、鼓泡或循环流化床反应器或诸如此类。在一个实施例中，该反应器是流化床反应器。在该流化床反应器中，在该反应器床中不形成热点。砂、氧化铝或其他适合的床材料可以用作该床材料。
在一个实施例中，放射性试剂和其他金属在该气化过程中可以部分地汽化。当冷却该气态材料时，使得已经在该气化过程中汽化的这些放射性试剂和其他金属被凝结并且改变回固体形式。
重要的是在该气化中温度可以是受控制的。对于本发明重要的是可以去除有机和放射性试剂。在该气化中，这些放射性试剂和其他金属可以部分地汽化。然而，因为在该气化中使用低温使得可以使金属的汽化最小化。在该冷却中，这些放射性试剂和其他金属被凝结并且改变回固体形式。
在一个实施例中，将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-900℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料。在一个实施例中，将该废弃材料在700-950℃之间的温度下气化并且在一个实施例中在700-900℃之间气化。在一个实施例中，将该废弃材料在750-950℃之间的温度下气化并且在一个实施例中在750-900℃之间气化。
在一个实施例中，将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料通过空气汽化。在一个优选的实施例中，空气比是低于1、优选低于0.7、更优选低于0.5并且最优选低于0.4。
在一个实施例中，包括有机组分和放射性试剂的该废弃材料可以在该气化之前除水。在一个实施例中，将水从该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料中机械地去除。在一个实施例中，将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料通过干燥装置干燥。
在一个实施例中，在该气化之前将其他有机材料添加至该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料中。该其他有机材料可以选自包含油、塑料、聚合物或类似物的组。重要的是该其他有机材料的灰分含量是低的。
在一个实施例中，冷却该气态材料使得在该冷却之后温度是在350-450℃之间。
优选地，将该气态材料通过水急冷冷却。该设备包括用于冷却该气态材料的水急冷步骤。该水急冷步骤可包括一个或多个适合于进行水急冷的装置。
在一个实施例中，将该气态材料通过热交换器冷却。在一个实施例中，该设备包括至少一个用于冷却该气态材料的热交换器。
在一个实施例中，在该气体清洗步骤中过滤该气态材料以便去除包括放射性试剂的固体部分。该设备包括至少一个过滤装置。在一个实施例中，该过滤在300-500℃之间的温度下进行。重要的是该温度不太高，因为，例如在600℃的温度下金属可以穿过该过滤装置。在一个实施例中，该过滤装置是热气体过滤器。在一个实施例中，该过滤装置包括至少一个或多个陶瓷过滤器。在一个实施例中，该过滤装置包括至少一个或多个金属过滤器、优选烧结金属过滤器。
在一个实施例中，在去除该包括放射性试剂的固体部分之后燃烧该经处理的气态材料。优选地，在超过1000℃的温度下燃烧该经处理的气态材料。在一个实施例中，该设备包括一个燃烧反应器，其中在去除包括放射性试剂的该固体部分之后燃烧该经处理的气态材料。
在一个实施例中，该经处理的气态材料或该燃烧的气流通过气体洗涤后处理。优选地，在该气体洗涤过程中去除硫。在一个实施例中，该经处理的气态材料可以在去除该包括放射性试剂的固体部分之后通过该气体洗涤直接地后处理，或者可替代地该气流可以在去除包括放射性试剂的该固体部分之后所完成的燃烧步骤之后通过该气体洗涤后处理。在一个实施例中，该设备包括一个用于后处理的气体洗涤装置。
在一个实施例中，可以将硫与该经处理的气态材料的燃烧步骤结合去除。然而，该硫的去除与该气体洗涤结合更容易进行。
在一个实施例中，该产物气体包含70-100vol-％的经处理的气态材料。
在一个实施例中，该产物气体或该经处理的气态材料作为一种能量生产过程的燃料使用并且利用。在一个实施例中，该产物气体或该经处理的气态材料作为一种本身或者在该气体洗涤之后的燃料使用。
本发明提供了可以纯化该受污染的废弃材料的优点。归功于本发明，放射性部分可以被浓缩并且该废弃材料的量以及该废弃材料的体积可以减少。通过本发明，可以实现该放射性处理的量甚至超过90％体积的减少。所形成的放射性部分可以作为任何放射性废物处理。此外，通过本发明可以生产用于能量生产过程的气态燃料。
本发明的方法和设备提供了一种成本有效地并且能量有效地处理受污染的废弃材料的可能性。本发明提供了一种工业上可实用的、简单并且负担得起的生产经处理的气态材料的方式。本发明的方法和设备作为一种生产过程是容易且简单实现的。
附图清单
在以下的部分中，本发明将借助于详细的示例性实施例、参照附图进行描述，其中
图1呈现了根据本发明的设备的一个实施例，并且
图2呈现了根据本发明的设备的另一个实施例。
发明详述
图1和2呈现了根据本发明用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的设备。
实例1
图1的设备包括一个流化床反应器2，其中将包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃树脂材料1在750-950℃之间的温度下气化以形成一种气态材料3；一个水急冷步骤4，其中冷却该气态材料使得在该冷却之后温度是在350-450℃之间；以及一个金属过滤装置6，其中将包括放射性试剂的固体部分8从该气态材料3中去除。该废弃树脂材料1可以在该气化之前除水。
该设备包括一个燃烧反应器9，其中在去除该包括放射性试剂的固体部分8之后在超过1000℃的温度下燃烧该经处理的气态材料7。此外，该设备包括一个在燃烧该经处理的气态材料之后用于后处理该气流的气体洗涤装置11。在该气体洗涤11过程中将硫10从该气流中去除，其中实现了清洗废气12。
实例2
图2的设备包括一个流化床反应器2，其中将包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料1在600-950℃之间的温度下气化以形成一种气态材料3；一个热交换器4，其中冷却该气态材料使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间；以及一个金属过滤装置6，其中将包括放射性试剂的固体部分8从该气态材料3中去除。在这个实例中，该废弃材料1包括受污染的衣服、木材和植物质。
该经处理的气态材料7直接地用作一种能量生产过程的燃料。该经处理的气态材料在用作一种燃料之前可以通过气体洗涤后处理。可替代地，该经处理的气态材料可以在一个燃烧反应器中燃烧和/或通过气体洗涤后处理。
在本发明中使用的装置在本领域中本身是已知的，并且因此在此上下文中它们不再详细地描述。
根据本发明的方法和设备在用于处理不同种类的废弃材料的不同实施例中是适合的。
本发明不仅仅限于上面所涉及的实例；而是，许多变化有可能在权利要求书限定的本发明思想的范围内。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料的方法，其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤
-将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料，
-将该气态材料通过水急冷冷却使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间，并且
-将包括放射性试剂的固体部分在一个气体清洗步骤中从该气态材料中去除，
以便形成一种经处理的气态材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于该气态材料是可燃的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于该气态材料是通过热交换器冷却的。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于将该气态材料在该气体清洗步骤中过滤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于该过滤是在300-500℃之间的温度下进行的。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在去除该包括放射性试剂的固体部分之后燃烧该经处理的气态材料。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于通过一个气体洗涤后处理该经处理的气态材料。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在该气化之前将其他有机材料添加至该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料中。
9.一种用于处理包括有机组分和放射性试剂的废弃材料(1)的设备，其特征在于用于形成经处理的气态材料(7)的设备包括
-一个反应器(2)，其中将该包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料(1)在600-950℃之间的温度下气化以形成一种气态材料(3)，
-一个包括至少一个水急冷步骤的冷却步骤(4)，其中冷却该气态材料(3)使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间，以及
-一个气体清洗装置(6)，其中将包括放射性试剂的固体部分(8)从该气态材料中去除。
10.根据权利要求9所述的设备，其特征在于该反应器(2)是流化床反应器。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的设备，其特征在于该设备包括至少一个用于冷却该气态材料的热交换器(4)。
12.根据权利要求9至11中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于该设备包括至少一个过滤装置(6)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备，其特征在于该过滤装置(6)是热气体过滤器。
14.根据权利要求9至13中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于该设备包括一个燃烧反应器(9)，其中在去除该包括放射性试剂的固体部分(8)之后燃烧该经处理的气态材料(7)。
15.根据权利要求9至14中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于该设备包括一个用于后处理的气体洗涤装置(11)。
16.一种产物气体，其特征在于该产物气体包含经处理的气态材料，该经处理的气态材料从包括有机组分和放射性试剂的低水平和/或中等水平的放射性试剂的废弃材料中形成，这样使得该废弃材料在600-950℃之间的温度下在一个反应器中气化以形成一种气态材料，该气态材料通过水急冷冷却使得在该冷却之后温度是在300-500℃之间，并且包括放射性试剂的固体部分在一个气体清洗步骤中从该气态材料中去除。
17.根据权利要求16所述的产物气体，其特征在于该产物气体包含70-100vol-％的经处理的气态材料。
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