CN1246895A - 用于处理含金属和有机物的物料,并包括金属分离的方法 - Google Patents

用于处理含金属和有机物的物料,并包括金属分离的方法 Download PDF

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CN1246895A
CN1246895A CN98802405A CN98802405A CN1246895A CN 1246895 A CN1246895 A CN 1246895A CN 98802405 A CN98802405 A CN 98802405A CN 98802405 A CN98802405 A CN 98802405A CN 1246895 A CN1246895 A CN 1246895A
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M·尼米南
E·库尔凯拉
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Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于处理含有铝或类似在低温熔化的金属和有机物,并包括金属分离的方法。本发明特别是为了回收铝和将有机物用作燃料利用而进行的含有铝箔、聚合物和可能的纤维残余物的液态包装废弃物的处理。按照本发明,原料(5)被输入鼓泡流态化床(3),在此有机物在高于所含金属熔点的温度下气化。随后,离开流态化床的气体和带走的金属通过将诸如水(6)的冷却介质混入气流中,使其温度冷却至金属熔点以下。固态金属颗粒最后从气体,例如采用旋风(8)中分离出来,气流在燃烧前可被过滤(11)。

Description

用于处理含金属和有机物的物料, 并包括金属分离的方法
本发明涉及一种用于处理含铝或在低温熔化的类似金属和有机物的原料,并包括金属分离的方法。
按照本发明,待处理的原料主要由含有金属铝的包装废弃物组成,除铝箔外该废弃物还包含聚合物和可能有的纤维残余物。该处理方法的目的在于利用有机物的热值和/或回收有价值的铝或其它类似金属。
采用已知的燃烧或气化技术利用这样的含铝废弃物进行能量生产是非常难于甚至是不可能进行控制的。问题在于灰分,就应用的转换技术而言,灰分在低温下熔化,从而易于在反应室壁上形成有害沉积,还引起流态化床的烧结和其它过程失效。同时,在以铝的回收为目的的情况下,回收率低。
本发明的目的是提供一种解决方法,用来处理含金属铝的包装废弃物或类似的同时含有易熔金属和有机物的原料。此方法克服了上述问题,并且能够依据实际情况,使有机物和金属都得到利用和回收。按照本发明的方法具有如下特征,含有金属和有机物的原料被输入鼓泡流态化床,其中有机物在高于存在的金属熔点的温度下气化;通过将一种冷却介质混入气流将从流态化床移走的气体和携带的金属冷却至金属熔点以下;随后,固态金属颗粒与气体分离。
按照本发明,已经证实流态化床中在控制温度下进行的气体和随后对从流态化床移走的气体的冷却可以使金属转化成固态颗粒并被气流带走,而金属和/或灰分不会粘附在流态化床中的悬浮颗粒、反应室壁和排气管道。可以设想,在流态化床中形成的熔融的金属颗粒立即被一种保护性的氧化层所覆盖,这个氧化层显著地减小了颗粒的粘附。此外,反应室适当的形状可以阻止颗粒撞击可能附着其上的器壁。与循环反应器中的颗粒循环形成对照,本发明所需的鼓泡液态化床是通过控制流化速率形成的,结果使流态化床在反应室内有一个特定的、基本上不变的高度。这些情况导致了稳定的工艺条件,它们对该工艺的顺利进行至关重要。
用本发明的方法,含在包装废弃物或其它未处理物料中的有机物能被气化和用于能量生产,而不干扰存在的金属,同时金属在合理的循环中得到回收。能量生产可以是本发明方法的主要目的,则回收的金属是副产品,其潜在价值可增加此方法的收益。然而,本方法的主要目的也类似地是通过去除被气化的有机物而回收有价值的金属,在此情况下,可能被利用的气体将成为此方法的副产品。
按照本发明待处理的原料主要是如前所述的含铝的包装废弃物和聚合物,如塑料/铝包装和回收液态容器中产生的含铝、聚合物和纤维残余物的废料碎片。这种碎片含有约5到15%的金属铝和约1%的纤维,它是回收液体容器的残余物,其中纤维层由于脱纤维作用而除去。此处提到的废料能以直径约0.5到5cm的片状或带状的形式加入流态化床。在流态化床中悬浮颗粒材料可以根据待处理的原料的性质和加工目的进行变化。如果回收的金属铝要尽可能的纯,那么使用的颗粒优选为几乎不能磨碎的物料,如沙子或氧化铝。相反,在处理易形成焦油的原料时,回收纯金属不是目的,悬浮颗粒呆由能磨碎的材料组成,如石灰石或白云石。如果最终熔融材料粘附到悬浮颗粒上,悬浮颗粒就应被替换,并同时保持颗粒尺寸在确定范围之内。颗粒如沙子合适的直径为0.3到1mm。
按照本发明,通行的流态化床气化温度范围优选约670到900℃。此温度范围超过了铝的熔点,并且足以气化用于包装材料的聚合物。如果原料中包括纤维,那么气化温度优选至少约850℃。流态化床的温度通过待处理的原料与流化气体的加料比来控制,适当的流化气体为空气或具有空气系数的空气与水蒸汽的混合物,以便达到高于金属熔点的温度,同时达到等于或高于所产生的灰分熔点的温度。依据原料,流态化床温度在控制下能保持在比无机灰分的理论熔点高150到200℃。流化速率,其值优选地取高达最低流化速率(Vmf)的四倍,以及根据流化速率所取的流态化床高度被用于调整滞留在反应室的时间,以便有机物能有效地与氧气、水蒸汽和存在的任何反应气体反应。典型的流化速率在0.5到3.0m/s的范围内。有机物和气化气体的反应产物主要是气态物质,和可能存在的少量的可冷凝的重烃。
如果液态化床温度超过原料中金属的熔点,金属可能熔化或者甚至至少部分蒸发。然而,通过气化条件,例如前述的温度、滞留时间、反应室的形状和任何熔融颗粒表面的氧化,可以避免熔融金属的有害团聚或烧结。气化反应优选地发生在立式反应器,其器壁平直,从而气体和携带的颗粒撞击固体障碍物的危险被减小到最低程度。
优选将冷却介质加入到同一立式反应器中流态化床上面的气流之中。冷却介质的加入使气体和气体携带的颗粒温度下降到金属熔点以下,优选地下降到600℃以下。注入到上升气流之中的水是有效的冷却介质,然而冷却的氮气或氮气与水的混合物也可被使用。
冷却后,固态金属颗粒从气体中分离出来,最有效的分离是通过旋风分离器。对于根据其密度和颗粒尺寸分离的金属颗粒、灰分和任何未反应的残余碳,可以使用一些连续的大小不同的旋风分离器。灰分和粉尘从气流中的最后分离以旋风分离之后的过滤方式进行。可以使用高温过滤器,或任选地,假使气体在其中冷却,可以使用袋状过滤器。在使用袋状过滤器的场合下,焦油引起阻塞问题,但通过在旋风分离和过滤之间裂解焦油可以避免阻塞。
从气流中分离金属颗粒和其它固态颗粒时,也可以仅使用过滤器而不用旋风分离器。
下面将先参照附图(图1)进一步详述本发明,接下来是本发明方法的实施例。
附图说明了实施本发明方法的设备。此设备包括一个立式反应容器1,它具有平面器壁,并作为流态化床的反应器,反应器底部是格栅2,格栅上面为鼓泡流态化床3,在从底部向上浮的空气流4中形成流态化。浮在流态化床3中的颗粒例如沙粒,其尺寸约为0.3到1.0mm。待处理的原料加入流态化床3中(箭头5),在反应容器1的顶部设有加料管6,冷却介质从此处注入反应器中上浮的气流中。反应容器1上端处通过管7与旋风分离器8相连,以便分离由气体携带的固态颗粒。被分离的固态颗粒通过旋风分离器低端9排出,气流继续通过管10到过滤器11进行剩余固态物的最后分离。所得到的气化气体继续进入管12进行气体燃烧。
在设备中处理和气化的原料通常是由金属铝、聚合物和少量纤维残余物组成的包装废弃物5,它以大约0.5到5mm片状从流态化床的侧面或底部加入其中。在此情况下,通常在流态化床中的气化温度为大约850℃。由有机物形成的气体和由金属和灰分形成的至少部分处于熔融状态的颗粒,在反应器1中向上升,与冷却介质6如在反应器上部注入到反应室内的冷却水相接触。气体温度就降至600℃以下,在此温度下所携带的颗粒变成固态。此后,旋风分离器8将固态铝颗粒从气流中分离出来,该气流经过滤器11后燃烧以产生能量。
实例1
由铝箔、聚乙烯塑料和少量纤维组成的液体包装废弃物在实验设备中的流态化床中气化,其中反应器的内直径为154mm,从格栅表面到排气管的有效高度约为7.5m。下表1列出细粉碎的废弃物的主要参数。
表1
    变化范围 平均值
湿度,重量%     0.70-11   0.93
干物质,重量%灰分碳C氢H氮N 13.1-14.964.2-65.79.8-10.20.10-0.20 13.964.710.00.18
单位体积重量,kg/m3     350
颗粒尺寸分布,重量%>3.15mm2.00-3.15mm1.00-2.00mm0.50-1.00mm0.25-0.50mm<0.25mm 16.932.137.610.11.91.4
由于实验设备的反应室较窄,废弃物的破碎程度比实际工业气化设备的要更细化。
在流化态床悬浮的颗粒为直径0.5到1.0mm的沙粒。流态化床通过从格栅底部送入的气流保持处于流化态,该气流为空气和水蒸汽的混合物,空气流动速率为6.7g/s,而水蒸汽流动速率为0.75g/s。待气化的废弃物经螺旋输送机加入流态化床底部,得到的废弃物质流速率为2.8g/s,空气系数为0.24。流态化床的气化温度为815℃,在此温度下计算的流化速率为1.2m/s。水和氮气的混合物分别通过两个直径为1.5mm和1.7mm的管嘴,在废弃物输入点以上约1.5m处注入到反应室内。由于实验设备体积小,冷却介质的注入设置未达最优化。通过在反应器顶部注入冷却介质而冷却的气流温度测定为545℃,干燥产物气体的流速为35m3n/h。
气化和产生的气体的重要参数见表2。气化实验的整个持续时间为8h,在此阶段没有发现出工艺问题。由于在熔融铝的作用下存在悬浮颗粒团聚的危险,在实验过程中进行了沙子颗粒的取样。但这些样品没有显示任何烧结的迹象。实验后,移走废弃物输送器,用镜子检查反应室的内部,以便检测是否存在沉积。在检测中没有发现任何沉积。实例2
在实例1的设备中将实例1中细粉碎的液体包装废弃物(参看表1)气化,气化条件基本上为由实例1限定的条件,但不同的是废弃物输入速率为4.0g/s,并且使用纯气体作为气化气体,其空气系数为0.19。在流态化床中的气化温度为825℃。较高的气化能力是由于空气比水蒸汽的反应能力更高。气化实验的主要参数见表2。实例3
被气化的废弃物和使用设备与实例1中的相同。气化气体由空气和水蒸汽的混合物组成,其空气系数为0.29,废弃物输入速率为2.3g/s。在流态化床中的气化温度为855℃,经注入介质冷却后的产物气体温度为560℃。实验参数见表2。
表2
实例     1     2     3
空气系数流态化床温度,℃反应器顶端温度,℃流态化床压力差,毫巴     0.2481554579     0.1982554575     0.2985556078
废弃物的质流速率,g/s沙子质流速率,g/s主要空气,g/s水蒸汽,g/s冷却水,g/s氮气,g/s蒸汽/燃料比,kg/kg-daf     2.8-6.70.751.74.30.30     4.0-7.7-1.84.4-     2.3-7.00.771.84.30.38
流态化床中气体速率,m/s产物气体流,m3n/h干燥气体潮湿气体     1.23549     1.24052     1.33550
干燥气体组成,体积%COCO2H2N2(+Ar)CH4C2H2C2H4C2H6C3H6C3-C5Hv 4.757.062.3276.92.810.914.120.220.550.34 5.027.482.6074.13.500.735.210.270.650.43 4.007.702.1080.02.170.652.970.110.200.15
碳转化率,重量%转化为干燥气体(…C5Hy)转化为气体+重烃碳损失,重量%产物气体热值,MJ/kg旋风分离器中粉尘包含的金属铝,%该粉尘中包含的碳,%铝回收率,%产物气体的尘含量g/m3 83.899.20.78.572.82.191.93.7 75.398.90.910.871.63.081.73.7 78.999.30.66.768.11.883.0-
被气化的废弃物中以气体和重烃计算,在实验中所得的碳转化率在所有情况下都是高的。计算了在冷却过程或任何其它情况下均不向产物气体注入氮气的条件下,该气体的热值。
在举例说明的实验中,铝颗粒经旋风分离器与产物气体分离。除金属铝外,旋风粉尘包含碳和氧化铝(Al2O3)等杂质。在旋风分离过程中废弃物中包含的金属态铝的回收率范围为81.7到91.9%。回收率的不足主要是由于铝的氧化,另外,少量的铝通过旋风分离器而未被回收。
对那些本领域的技术人员来说,很显然本发明的各种实施方案并不限于上面所描述的实例,但是可以在权利要求书的范围内变化。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于处理含有铝或类似在低温熔化的金属和有机物的原料、并包括金属分离的方法,其特征在于该原料(5)被输入鼓泡流态化床(3)中,其中有机物在高于所含金属熔点的温度下气化,从流态化床移走的气体和携带的金属通过将冷却介质(6)混入该气流,使其温度冷却至金属熔点以下,固态金属颗粒(8)随后从气体中分离出来。
2.权利要求1中所述的方法,其特征在于所述原料是含有聚合物和铝的包装废弃物。
3.权利要求2中所述的方法,其特征在于所述原料是在回收液体包装板材时产生的含铝、聚合物和纤维残余物的废弃物碎片。
4.根据以上任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述原料(5)主要以直径范围在约0.5到5cm的碎片输入到流态化床(3)中。
5.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述流态化床(3)基本上由诸如沙子或氧化铝颗粒这样的不能磨碎的颗粒组成。
6.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述气化温度范围为约670到900℃,优选约850℃。
7.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述气化在具有平直器壁的立式反应器(1)中进行,冷却介质(6)在流态化床(3)上方的反应器上部注进上升气流之中。
8.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述冷却介质为水。
9.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的方法,其特征在于所述冷却介质为冷氮气。
10.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述固态金属颗粒通过旋风分离器(8)从气流中分离出来。
11.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于所述气流经过滤(11)使固态颗粒与之分离。
12.根据上述任何一项权利要求的方法,其特征在于燃烧与金属颗粒分离的气体以产生能量。
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