CN104619933B - 用于制备建筑物固体表面的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于制备建筑物固体表面的方法,特别是用于制备由完全无机成分制成的大型板的方法,其用作厨房工作台、盥洗室表面、建筑覆层材料、地板和与建筑领域相关的其他用途。本发明适于室内和室外环境。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于制备固体表面的方法,特别是用于制备由完全无机成分制成的大型的厚板或薄板的方法,其用作厨房工作台、盥洗室表面、建筑覆层材料、地板和与建筑领域相关的其他用途。本发明适于室内和室外环境。
背景技术
如今,几种材料可用作建筑部件的固体表面,但其全部存在某些局限,限制了其应用。
用于建筑的这些材料其中可以包括木材。木材作为建筑表面的用途广为人知,但是此材料利于细菌的生长,易着火并需要定期的维护保养以避免老化而导致外观受损。这些缺陷表明其产品不适于需要较高卫生标准或接近热源的环境。
钢也是长久以来已知作为建筑固体表面的材料。应用钢作为建筑表面的一个缺陷在于其较低的抗划痕性和除了随着时间可能被磨损之外,有限的被修饰的能力。
可用作建筑部件的固体表面的另一种材料是石块。专利文件ES2187313,属于本发明的所有者,其描述了使用聚酯树脂作为粘结剂的用于制备石块的方法。其中,所述产品的性质可包括高抗划痕性、丰富的颜色多样性、不同的表面抛光方法、高机械性或能够向制品提供抗菌性的可能性。但是,其具备由UV辐射导致的产品外观老化的技术局限性。由于上述缺陷,建筑领域中存在其并不完全适合的用途,例如,室外用途(外立面、阳台、庭院、公共建筑或类似的环境)。
可在室外使用的另一种类型的石块使用水泥作为粘结剂。其中,这些材料的缺陷可包括,低耐酸性,存在对生产高度审美制品或高度吸水性表面的局限性,其促进了真菌的生长和细菌的繁殖,导致此类产品不适于需要较高卫生标准的环境。
玻璃块是可用作建筑领域的固体表面的另一种类型的材料,但是其具备几项缺陷限制了其使用。其中,这些产品的缺陷可包括,易碎性、低抗划痕性、设计和空间的局限性和拓展积存在制品中空气的可能性。
天然石是最广泛用作建筑部件固体表面的材料之一。这些材料通常具备高孔隙度所以其易于存留水分和沾染污迹。除此之外,由于其为获自天然的材料,不可能在制备所述产品的整个石块中获得任意确定或均一的外观,此外,同一个天然的石块,制备的产品的外观和色调不同。至于机械强度,由天然石制成的制品具备比其他材料,如钢或人造石更低的强度。
陶瓷材料也广泛用作建筑领域的固体表面。意大利的专利文件IT1,311,858描述了用于制备陶瓷材料厚板的方法,其组成为制备由天然石材料或陶瓷材料(本领域中也称为“陶渣”或“预热炼的材料”)造粒获得的颗粒的混合物和结合步骤,其由与水基无机粘结剂混合的陶瓷粉末组成,将最终形成的混合物模塑并在真空下振动压缩。除此之外,近年来,用于建筑部件的制品的外观愈发重要,不仅对于用于内部或外部覆层的产品而言重要,对于厨房工作台、盥洗室表面、楼梯、涂层或类似应用而言同样重要,并且如今已知的陶瓷产品的可修饰性有限,主要在于制品的整个空间内。
基于以上内容,本发明的目的在于提供一种用于制备由无机成分制成的板的新方法,其结合了本领域已知的用于建筑表面的所有优势,并且不具备任意上述缺陷。获自本发明方法的制品的性质如下:化学耐受性,高抗划痕性,不燃性,可再生性,UV辐射抗性,突然温变以及磨损和撕裂耐性,具备较大的尺寸实现更少连接处的产品安装更简易化,高机械强度,隔热能力和不明显的热膨胀性,其产品还具备多样性并在整个板的空间内,即产品的三个维度上,具备很多审美元素。
发明内容
本发明涉及用于制备大型板的方法,所述板由完全无机成分制成并适于室内和室外环境,所述方法包括以下阶段:
a)储藏原材料,
b)不同材料的可控计量,
c)干磨或湿磨材料,
d)储藏由步骤c)获得的混合物和/或配制品,
e)加工并以d)中储藏的混合物和/或配制品的比例加入颜料,获得着色的混合物和/或配制品,
f)将初始的配制品与着色的配制品(步骤e中获得)混合,获得着色的混合物,
g)在湿磨的情况下,通过雾化干燥直至获得具有特定颗粒尺寸和湿度的均一的着色粉末,
h)储藏不同的着色粉末,保持其相应的湿度水平或根据进行的研磨方法的类型将其润湿,
i)在传送带上计量不同颜色的粉末并在其空间中和表面上应用不同修饰方法,
j)压实着色粉末,
k)通过切割的方式限定最终部件尺寸,
l)表面修饰过程,
m)压制着色粉末,任选通过在压制表面加入构件向最终部件提供凸起,
n)修饰压制的板的表面,其可以在干燥过程之前和/或之后进行,
o)干燥,
p)热炼修饰的板,和
q)校准、磨光、切割或斜切板的边沿。
由此方法获得在其整个空间内和表面上具有审美效果的大型压实板。
附图说明
图1绘制了本发明方法的简图。
图2和3绘制了通过本发明的方法获得的最终产品。
具体实施方式
本发明的目的在于提供实现获得压实的无机制品的方法,所述制品具有以下性质:完全的化学耐受性,高抗划痕性,不燃性,可再生性,UV辐射抗性,抗击突然温变以及磨损和撕裂的性质,具备较大的尺寸实现产品安装更简易减少连接处数量,高机械强度,隔热能力和不明显的热膨胀性,其产品还具备多样性并在整个板的空间内,即产品的三个维度上,具备很多审美元素。
所述方法由图1所示的以下阶段组成
a)储藏原材料,
b)不同材料的可控计量,
c)干磨或湿磨材料,
d)储藏由步骤c)获得的混合物和/或配制品,
e)加工并以d)中储藏的混合物和/或配制品的比例加入颜料,获得着色的混合物和/或配制品,
f)将初始的配制品与着色的配制品(步骤e中获得)混合,获得着色的混合物,
g)在湿磨时,通过雾化干燥直至获得具有特定颗粒尺寸和湿度的均一的着色粉末,
h)储藏不同的着色粉末,保持其相应的湿度水平或根据进行的研磨方法的类型将其润湿,
i)在传送带上计量不同颜色的粉末并在其空间内和表面上应用不同修饰方法,
j)压实着色粉末,
k)通过切割的方式限定最终部件尺寸,
l)表面修饰过程,
m)压制着色粉末,任选通过在压制表面加入构件向最终部件提供凸起,
n)修饰压制的板的表面,其可以在干燥过程之前和/或之后进行,
o)干燥,
p)热炼修饰的板,和
q)校准、磨光、切割或斜切板的边沿。
所述方法初始于原材料储藏区域,其中排布了不同的无机材料,类型为:长石、斑岩、花岗岩、正长岩、斑脱土、玄武岩、霞石、碳酸盐、粘土、硅酸盐、硼盐、沙、高岭土、滑石、铝土、玻璃材料、再生玻璃、再生瓷、再生陶,所述方法本身的未热炼的残留物和类似的材料,在适当分类独立容器中,并且粒径低于900mm,优选低于500mm。如果将这些材料加工为微米尺寸,优选直接将其卸载至仓库。之后,通过机械传送,例如,通过机械叶片、传送带或气动传送器,将不同的无机材料放入计量漏斗,存在用于每一组分的特定的计量漏斗,可形成产品的配制品的一部分。
将每一组分以可控方式从这些计量漏斗加入至原材料研磨步骤。可以通过传送元件,如传送带、气动传送系统或通过直接卸载实现此计量步骤。存在取决于颜色、厚度、结构等的最终产品组成的丰富多样性,但是,存在对其所有产品而言是通用的某些组分。以这些组分按重量计的百分比范围详细提供如下:
-粘土=10-60%
-长石=5-80%
-高岭土=5-40%
-玻璃材料=0-35%
-再生材料=5-15%。
不同组分的第一混合物一经制备,就经过研磨过程,其可以是干磨,通常用锤式或摆旋式研磨机进行,或湿磨,通常用连续或间歇的球磨机进行。在此步骤中,进入研磨机的材料的尺寸减小。
如果进行湿磨,在此步骤的出口获得湿的无机悬浮物,具有特定的粒径分布,颗粒尺寸低于200微米,固含量在55%和75%之间,优选65%,并且特定粘度为1000mPa·s。
干磨时,通常用锤式或摆旋式研磨机进行。在此过程中,使所述材料碎裂,保持颗粒团聚块或团聚物,最终混合物的颗粒尺寸大于300μm。
湿磨时,在研磨机的出口进行混合物的双重筛选:第一筛选,使用第一振动筛块状废弃物由上述装置移除,和,更细的第二筛选通过高频率的振动筛,获得具有所需颗粒尺寸的混合物。将块状废弃物再循环至研磨机的入口以减小其尺寸直至实现前述的颗粒尺寸、固含量以及粘度条件。
在这些过程之后,具有所定义的特征的混合物经过除铁步骤,其中,去除与铁有关的污染物。可以使用不同方法如通过引力除铁的电磁除铁器,通过压力除铁的电磁除铁器和具有永磁体的除铁器,来进行此过程。所述过程在混合物的储藏区域中继续,其中收集已经不含金属元素的湿无机材料,其具有45%和25%之间的水,优选35%,并且颗粒尺寸优选低于200微米。所述方法此处,将一部分混合物分离以用于着色制备阶段,其比例根据待着色的混合物总量而变化。
在着色步骤中,将一小部分的混合物分离并且将源自玻璃和陶瓷部件的无机色素如氧化铁、氧化铜、氧化钴、氧化铬等加入其中,并将其均匀混合直至获得均一的着色部分。通过使用稀释器、搅拌器、混合器和/或混合辊方式进行此操作。混合物中分离出的用于着色的部分完全取决于产量和待制备的颜色的类型。所加入的色素的量为,以所述混合物的总重量计,0.1%和20%之间。
此着色的部分与配制品的剩余部分混合,产生无机着色混合物,其进入具有可控机械搅拌的池中。
所述方法继续干燥步骤。此时,用于减少混合物的水含量的装置是干燥塔,用于通过雾化干燥。湿度在45%和25%之间,优选35%,降低直至获得具有水含量4%和8%之间,优选7%的产品。通过活塞泵装置将着色的混合物泵送至干燥塔的喷淋系统。通过将其与干燥室内的热气流接触将细微喷洒和分离的混合物干燥。热气的进入温度在500和700℃之间,优选600℃。
具有湿度4-8%之间,优选7%的着色粉末在塔的底部收集。将此着色的粉末卸载至传送带上并携带至防漏仓库以在储藏中保持湿度水平。
在干燥条件下处理材料时,通过润湿喷头装置润湿着色粉末以实现湿度4-8%之间,优选7%。
着色的粉末通过传送带装置从此区域机械传送至进料漏斗,以进入修饰、压实和压制线。
所述方法继续,根据待实现的空间和表面设计,在传送带上加入并可控分布不同的层次、纹理、颗粒、岩层等,使得其中形成连续的粉末覆盖层,具有的尺寸比待实现的最终产品的宽度大10%和15%之间,优选12%。随后,根据待实现的最终产品,存在用于去除毛刺的去除步骤。
因此,可在所述粉末覆盖层的整个空间内或其表面中修饰。设计不同的修饰装置,使其以可控方式以及高清晰度,如单一的色彩效果、暗影、纹理(厚和/或薄,清晰的和/或模糊的)、点、鳞屑、颗粒、雾化的粉末、粗和/或细的线条等,沿着所述板的整个厚度引入修饰元素。本发明的方法允许任意类型的干式印刷或湿式印刷等,不同于目前的修饰体系,其中,修饰以完全不可控的方式随意产生。
在压实阶段,通过挤压站装置连续压制,包括滚筒和压实带形式的压实装置,在传送带上运行的修饰的粉末覆盖层经受50至90kg/cm2之间,优选70kg/cm2的压力,称为预先压实,使得此连续的粉末覆盖层在滚筒的出口实现承受之后切割步骤所必须的更佳的一致性。所述预压实并不扭曲在之前的修饰阶段获得的审美性图案。
在压制之前,通过具有一系列切割工具,如金刚石叶片的动态板切割机装置,所述连续的经过修饰的着色粉末覆盖层经过切割阶段。进行横向切割以获得板的长度并进行两侧的切割以从板中去除毛刺并获得宽度,获得具有特定板式的压实的板。在具有叶片的涡轮式粉碎机的协助下,将在此切割步骤中获得的废弃物再循环并稀释,以在其他配置品中再利用。
之后将压实的板压制,其中使用液压机,由于该液压机根据待实现的厚度确定其压制循环,能实现的压力高达550kg/cm2,其尺寸化是唯一的。在此步骤中,提供具有某种结构的压制表面可形成在压制的产品上具有凸起的设计。在压制的出口,所述板完全压实并均匀,在所有的点上都具有相同的组成、密度和厚度。
所述方法继续,在天然气和/或电炉供能的滚筒干燥器中干燥压制的板。通过加入模具,作为烧窑中的预先干燥器,也可以在热炼阶段进行此干燥过程。
在干燥之前和/或之后,也可以通过丝网印刷墨或将墨喷入表面的印刷的方式修饰板的表面。对于上述修饰,必须使用能修饰板的整个宽度和长度的超大尺寸的装置。
一旦结束这些阶段,板被自动运送至仓库或寄存地,其中将产品存放至水平储藏装置中。
随后,所述板通过在辊道窑中的热炼阶段,形成产品的最终物理和化学性质。在烧窑中,板材在辊上移动,而热炼必须的热量通过气炉和/或电炉提供。在此过程中存在的主要的传热机理是对流和辐射。由于绝大多数产品的性质,即机械强度、尺寸稳定性、化学药剂耐受性,易于清洁性、耐烧制性等都取决于热炼,其是所述制备过程的最重要的步骤之一。在热炼过程中,温度从0℃升至不高于1600℃的温度,优选至1300℃,对于获得热炼产品的最终工艺特性是必须的。
一旦经过热炼,将所述板以适当分类的方式储藏以最终送至所述方法的最后步骤,如使用源自人造石、天然石或陶瓷部件的特殊装置,切割板、校准、进行不同类型的抛光或斜切板的边沿等。
以上详细描述的方法实现了获得的产品具有的最终板式为长介于3100mm和3300mm之间,宽介于1400mm和1450mm之间并且厚介于4和35mm之间并且具有以下性质:化学耐受性,抗划痕性,不燃性,可再生性,UV辐射抗性,抗击突然温变以及磨损和撕裂的性质,具备较大的尺寸,机械强度,高抗划痕性,隔热能力和不明显的热膨胀性,在表面上和空间内都具备丰富多样的修饰元素。
实施例:
通过传送带装置将粒径低于500mm的不同材料从储藏区域带入计量漏斗。
使用的配制品可如下:
-粘土=20-35%
-长石=5-20%
-高岭土=20-30%
-玻璃材料=10-15%
-碳酸盐=5-15%。
将每一组分以可控方式从这些计量漏斗中加入至原材料研磨步骤。
不同组分的第一混合物一经制备,就通过连续的球磨机经过湿磨过程以将材料的尺寸降低至颗粒尺寸低于200微米,固含量65%和粘度1000mPa·s。混合物的双重筛选在研磨机的出口进行:第一筛选,使用第一振动筛,块状废弃物由上述装置移除,更细的第二筛选,通过高频率的振动筛装置,获得具有所需颗粒尺寸的混合物。将块状废弃物再循环至研磨机的入口以将其尺寸减小至前述的颗粒尺寸、固含量以及粘度条件。筛选之后,所述混合物经过除铁步骤,其中,去除与铁有关的污染物。通过引力除铁的电磁除铁器来进行此过程。
所述过程在储藏区域中继续,其中收集已经不含金属元素的湿混合物,其具有35%的水,并且颗粒尺寸低于200微米。所述方法此处,将一部分配制品分离以用于着色制备阶段。
此时,将为这些目的分离的一部分和20重量%的氧化铁加入,并将其均匀混合直至获得均一的着色配制品部分。通过使用常规搅拌器装置进行此操作。
此着色的部分与配制品的剩余部分混合,产生着色的配制品,其进入具有可控机械搅拌的池中。所述方法继续干燥步骤。此时,用于减少配制品的水含量的装置是干燥塔,用于通过雾化干燥。在方法此阶段的初始湿度为35%并将降低至7%。通过活塞泵装置将着色的配制品泵送至干燥塔的喷淋系统。通过将其与干燥室内的热气流接触将细微喷洒和分离的混合物干燥。热气的进入温度为600℃。
湿度7%的着色粉末在塔的底部收集。将此着色的粉末卸载至传送带上并携带至防漏仓库以在储藏中保持湿度水平。
着色的粉末通过传送带装置从此区域机械传送至进料漏斗,以进入修饰线,将其从该生产线上卸载至传送带上以在此时连续形成纹理。连续卸载这些纹理产品形成了连续的着色粉末覆盖层。
在之后的压实阶段,通过挤压站装置连续压制,包括滚筒和压实带形式的压实装置,在传送带上运行的着色的粉末覆盖层经受70kg/cm2的压力。在滚筒的出口从此预先压实中获得连续的粉末覆盖层,在该处其实现承受之后切割步骤所必须的更佳的一致性。
在压制之前,通过具有金刚石叶片的动态板切割机装置,所述着色粉末覆盖层经过切割阶段。进行横向切割(以获得板的长度)并进行两侧的切割(以从板中去除毛刺并获得宽度),获得具有特定板式的压实的板。在具有叶片的涡轮式粉碎机的协助下,将在此切割步骤中获得的废弃物再循环并稀释,以在其他配置品中再利用。
之后将压实的板压制,其中使用液压机,由于其能使用高达550kg/cm2来实现压制最终板式达3300×1450mm的板,其尺寸化是唯一的。在压制的出口,所述板完全压实并均匀,在所有的点上都具有相同的组成、密度和厚度。
所述方法继续,在天然气和电供能的水平滚筒干燥器的协助下干燥压制的板。
在干燥之前,可以通过丝网印刷墨修饰板的表面,此时,使用实现这些目的的常规装置。
最终,板被自动运送至仓库或寄存地,其中将产品存放至水平储藏装置中。
之后,所述板通过在辊道窑中的热炼阶段,窑中通过天然的燃气炉提供必需的热量。此时,窑内温度达到1300℃。
一旦经过热炼,将所述板以适当分类的方式储藏以最终送至所述方法的最后步骤,如使用源自人造石、天然石或陶瓷部件的常规特殊装置,切割板、校准、进行不同类型的抛光或斜切板的边沿等。
通过此方法获得的产品将具有的最终板式为3300mm长,1450mm宽和30mm厚并且具有以下性质:化学耐受性,抗划痕性,不燃性,可再生性,UV辐射抗性,抗击突然温变以及磨损和撕裂的性质,具备较大的尺寸,机械强度,高抗划痕性,隔热能力和不明显的热膨胀性,在表面上和空间内都具备丰富多样的修饰元素。
图2和3绘制了通过本发明的方法获得的最终产品。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于制备由无机材料制成的建筑用压实的厚板或薄板的方法,其包括以下阶段:
a)储藏原材料,
b)不同材料的可控计量,
c)干磨或湿磨材料,
d)储藏由步骤c)获得的混合物和/或配制品,
e)加工并以d)中储藏的混合物和/或配制品的比例加入颜料,获得着色的混合物和/或配制品,
f)将初始的配制品与步骤e)中获得的着色的配制品混合,获得着色的混合物,
g)在湿磨时,通过雾化干燥直至获得具有特定颗粒尺寸和湿度的均一的着色粉末,
h)储藏不同的着色粉末,保持其相应的湿度水平或根据进行的研磨方法的类型将其润湿,
i)在传送带上计量不同的着色粉末并在其空间内和表面上应用不同修饰方法,
j)压实着色粉末,
k)通过切割的方式限定最终部件尺寸,
l)表面修饰过程,
m)压制着色粉末,任选通过在压制表面加入构件向最终部件提供凸起,
n)修饰压制的板的表面,其可以在干燥过程之前和/或之后进行,
o)干燥,
p)热炼经修饰的板,和
q)校准、磨光、切割或斜切板的边沿。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤a)的原材料是选自以下的无机材料:长石、斑岩、花岗岩、正长岩、斑脱土、玄武岩、碳酸盐、粘土、硅酸盐、硼盐、高岭土、铝土、玻璃材料、再生瓷、再生陶和所述方法本身的未热炼的残留物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤a)的原材料是选自以下的无机材料:沙和再生玻璃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤a)的原材料是选自以下的无机材料:霞石和滑石。
5.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于,所述无机材料的粒径低于500mm。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤a)的原材料,以最终混合物的重量%计,包含至少以下配制品:
-粘土=10-60%
-长石=5-80%
-高岭土=5-40%
-玻璃材料=0-35%
-再生材料=5-15%。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述计量步骤通过传送元件进行,所述传送元件选自气动传送系统和/或电动传送系统。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述计量步骤通过传送带进行。
9.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述研磨步骤是通过锤式或摆旋式研磨机的干磨。
10.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述研磨步骤是通过摆旋式或连续球磨机的干磨。
11.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干磨形成了颗粒尺寸大于300μm的团聚块或团聚物。
12.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述湿磨形成了湿的无机悬浮物,具有的颗粒尺寸低于200μm,固含量在55%和75%之间,并且粘度为1000mPa·s。
13.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述湿磨包括第一筛选和第二筛选,所述第一筛选使用振动筛,以移除废弃物,通过所述第二筛选获得所需的混合物。
14.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在着色步骤e)中,所述混合物和/或配制品的一部分与含量为0.1%至20%重量份的色素均匀混合,所述色素选自氧化铁、氧化铜、氧化钴和/或氧化铬。
15.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干燥步骤在干燥塔中进行,在600℃通过雾化干燥。
16.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤h)中,步骤g)中获得的粉末的湿度水平保持在4-8%之间。
17.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,修饰步骤i)通过对层次、纹理、颗粒和岩层的加入和可控分布进行。
18.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,压实步骤j)通过挤压站,应用50至90kg/cm2之间的连续压力进行。
19.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,压制步骤m)通过液压,使用550kg/cm2的压力进行。
20.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热炼步骤p)在辊道窑中在不高于1600℃的温度下进行。
21.可通过权利要求1至20的方法获得的由无机材料制成的压实的厚板或薄板,其特征在于长度为3100mm-3300mm之间,宽度为1400mm-1450mm之间,和厚度为4mm-35mm之间。
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ES2593309B2 (es) * | 2015-06-05 | 2017-07-06 | Cosentino Research & Development, S.L. | Materiales cerámicos compactados con baja porosidad |
ES2593095B1 (es) * | 2015-06-05 | 2017-09-22 | Cosentino Research & Development, S.L. | Material cerámico compactado con un bajo nivel de tensiones internas y su uso como material de construcción en revestimientos y suelos |
US9427896B1 (en) * | 2016-03-02 | 2016-08-30 | Alex Xie | Method and apparatus for forming engineered stone |
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