CN104592993B - 一种碳量子点的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用壳聚糖微波制备碳量子点的方法,以及其在生物医学领域中的应用。本方法以大分子量壳聚糖为原料,采用微波高温法一步合成具有高量子产率的碳量子点,辅助亲水性聚乙二醇(PEG)表面钝化,从而获得高成像能力、水溶性好、成本低廉、抗光淬灭的生物/医学用成像量子点。本发明方法原料易得,制备过程简便,产物碳量子点具有优异的光学性质,特别适合应用于生物医学示踪、成像领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于细胞成像的荧光量子点制备方法,基团修饰及其在生物医学领域的应用,属于纳米材料制备和应用领域。
背景技术
量子点指半径小于或接近激光波尔半径的半导体纳米晶体,是具有独特的光特性和电特性的纳米尺寸粒子。量子点作为一种荧光材料,在生物医学领域中普遍应用于细胞及活体荧光标记与成像。以往生物医学领域应用较多的的有机化学染料(如FITC、Cy5、Hoechst 33342等)和基于重金属的半导体量子点(如CdTe,CdSe等),逐渐暴露出难以克服的局限性,主要体现在以下几方面:(1)有机试剂或含金属元素的半导体量子点属于工业合成产物,有一定的生物毒性,实际医学临床应用时具有很大的风险;(2)随着生物探针的深入研究,对荧光标记探针的易用与稳定性要求越来越高,一般有机荧光染料抗漂白能力差,容易在使用中失效;而金属量子点的难溶解问题也逐渐制约其在活体中的应用;(3)含金属元素的半导体量子点的激发和发射波长固定,在成像时较为单一,在多色成像方面有明显的劣势;(4)有机染料和金属量子点在合成、原料采集和工艺原料方面需求苛刻,合成复杂,环保性差,不利于绿色应用和多次使用。
新型碳纳米材料,包括碳量子点、纳米晶体、纳米管、纳米线及碳多孔材料在纳米电子、生物成像、微电载体等研究领域得到越来越多的应用。其中碳量子点(C-Dots)是一种与半导体量子点具有相似光学性能的、环境友好型荧光纳米材料,最初是通过电解单臂碳纳米管方式获得的小粒径可发光材料。目前的碳材料已从氧化石墨烯、多臂和单臂碳纳米管等原有材料逐渐扩展到有机碳微晶、多糖类及可降解碳物质如草木灰、石蜡等。这些碳量子点除拥有光学性能优良、尺寸小等传统半导体量子点所具备的优点外,还具有细胞毒性低、生物相容性好、易于大规模合成及功能化修饰、制备成本低廉、反应条件温和等优势。目前,碳量子点合成方法较多如:溶剂热法、电化学方法、高温分解法、微波加热法等,且趋于简便、高产率。但遗憾的是,尽管目前开发了多种合成方法,碳量子点的荧光量子产率仍普遍不够高;有的合成方法繁琐、条件苛刻、不够环保,这也是碳量子点应用受到限制的重要原因。我们的专利提出了一种简单快速的碳量子点制备及修饰方法,提高其荧光量子产率,推动碳量子点在生物医学成像和材料等多领域的应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对传统有机染料和金属量子点不足,设计一种以壳聚糖为原料的碳荧光量子点制备的方法。该方法采用微波高温法一步合成具有高量子产率的碳量子点,辅助亲水性聚乙二醇(PEG-4000)表面钝化,从而获得高成像能力、水溶性、成本低廉、抗光淬灭的生物/医学用成像量子点。本发明方法原料易得,制备过程简便,产物碳量子点具有优异的光学性质,特别适合应用于生物医学示踪、成像领域。
本发明首先采用壳聚糖,在酸性溶液中溶解后,辅助结合聚乙二醇(PEG-4000),微波高温短时间促碳化,完成合成及表面钝化两部分。本发明方法包括如下步骤:
步骤1.称取定量的大分子量壳聚糖,溶解在酸度为2%-5%的乙酸溶液中;加入强氧化性酸(硫酸或硝酸),磁力搅拌均匀。
步骤2.加入少量PEG,充分溶解,通入氮气保护一定时间,至产生均匀溶液;
步骤3.将溶液放入耐高温烧杯中,选取700w-900w功率微波炉,以不同循环时间进行微波加热,循环次数2-20次;
步骤4.将微波处理后的加热产物密封,自然冷却到室温,加入三蒸水,溶解褐色产物;
步骤5.对褐色溶液离心分离,高速离心,留取上清液;
步骤6.上清液经透析袋透析,得纯净量子点C-dots溶液,冷冻干燥,对量子点进行定量称重,密封保存;
步骤7.用紫外,荧光分光光度计进行光学性质表征,并计算量子产率。
本发明的优势在于(1)本合成方法步骤简便、成本低廉、反应条件温和、荧光量子产率高;(2)该量子点表面有氨基基团,易于修饰;(3)该量子点激发光和发射光谱可调可变,具有可多色成像的优势;(4)该量子点的光稳定性、生物相容性、抗漂白能力也得到了提高;(5)该量子点水溶性好,成像清晰,具有很好的成像示踪效果和应用前景。
附图说明
图1为碳量子点制备流程示意图
图2为碳量子点成像示意图
图3为碳量子点抗光淬灭效果图
图4为碳量子点的细胞成像效果图
具体实施方式
具体实施方式是对本发明做进一步说明,并不用来限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1:微波合成水溶性壳聚糖碳量子点
步骤1.称取500mg大分子量的壳聚糖(100kDa),溶解在250ml酸度5%的乙酸溶液中;取10ml溶液加入5ml浓硫酸,磁力搅拌均匀,并氮气保护1h;
步骤2.将溶液放入耐高温烧杯中,选取700w功率微波炉,以20s ON,10s OFF的方式进行微波加热,循环次数5次;
步骤3.将微波处理后的加热产物密封,自然冷却到室温,加入三蒸水5ml,溶解褐色产物;对褐色溶液离心分离,14000rpm 10min,保留上清液;
步骤4.上清液经透析袋透析后,得纯净量子点C-dots溶液,冷冻干燥保存。
用紫外,荧光分光光度计进行光学性质表征,对比标准品硫酸奎宁计算荧光量子产率为9.71%,该合成步骤中量子点量子产率相对较低,考虑缺乏钝化步骤,故在此基础上进行改进,改进方法见实施例2。
实施例2:微波合成水溶性壳聚糖碳量子点
步骤1.称取500mg大分子量的壳聚糖(100kDa),溶解在250ml酸度5%的乙酸溶液中;取10ml溶液加入5ml浓硫酸,磁力搅拌均匀,并氮气保护1h。
步骤2.加入200mg PEG,充分溶解,加入氮气保护一定时间,至产生均匀溶液;
步骤3.将溶液放入耐高温烧杯中,选取900W功率微波炉,以20s ON,10s OFF的方式进行微波加热,循环次数10次;
步骤4.将微波处理后的加热产物密封,自然冷却到室温,加入三蒸水10ml,溶解褐色产物;对褐色溶液离心分离,14000rpm,20min,保留上清液;
步骤5.上清液经透析袋透析后,得纯净量子点C-dots溶液,冷冻干燥保存。
用紫外,荧光分光光度计进行光学性质表征,计算量子产率为14.5%,碳量子点的粒径分布在10nm左右,具体制备流程见附图1。合成的碳量子点表面带有大量氨基,所带正电荷有利于被膜电位为负的细胞内吞,达到细胞标记目的。附图2显示在自然光、紫外光、蓝色光源和绿色光源的激发下,该量子点的颜色分别为淡黄色、蓝色、绿色和红色。从成像效果来看,该量子点的颜色反应色彩饱和、纯净,能在不同激发光照射下发出不同的发射光,有良好的实用价值。同时利用紫外分光光度计可以检测碳量子点在353nm光强激发10min后仍然有很高的荧光值,从而说明该碳量子点具有很好的抗光淬灭能力,如图3所示。
实施例3:水溶性碳量子表面官能团修饰
步骤1.将纯化后的碳量子点冷冻干燥,称取20mg C-dots粉末,重溶在0.01M pH=8.5的PBS缓冲液中;
步骤2.向溶液中缓慢加入10mg丁二酸酐,磁力搅拌混匀,整个过程中用2M的NaOH溶液维持反应体系pH=8;
步骤3.在4℃下避光反应2小时,反应结束后,在0.01M、pH=8.5的PBS溶液中透析,除去多余的丁二酸酐,透析温度维持4℃;
步骤4.收集透析后的溶液,高速离心16000rpm 20min,然后冷冻干燥,称重密封保存。
利用丁二酸酐与C-dots表面的氨基进行酰胺反应,使C-dots上再修饰一层羧基,这样使其表面电荷翻转,有利于碳量子点与其他基团进行化学反应,实现对该量子点进一步修饰,用于生物医学标记成像研究。
实施例4:壳聚糖碳量子点细胞标记成像实验
步骤1.使用1640培养基培养Hela细胞,在96孔板中接种8x103个细胞,过夜培养;
步骤2.选择10个孔,在每个孔中加入2ul-10ul浓度为5mg/ml C-dots量子点(实施例2方法合成)溶液,再共孵育6,12,24小时,在二氧化碳孵箱中继续培养;
步骤3.显微镜成像时,先将细胞用PBS溶液洗涤三遍,使用多聚甲醛进行固定,再用DAPI将细胞核染色,之后清洗掉多余的DAPI,保证游离的细胞外环境没有多余的碳量子点;
步骤5.用蓝光激发,选择适当的滤光片,在实时成像模式下,调节光强和参数,进行细胞成像拍照,得到预处理的照片;
步骤6.将预处理后的DAPI细胞核成像图片和量子点激发后荧光成像图片进行重叠,得到叠加图,观测细胞内标记和成像效果。
图4为细胞内DAPI标记和碳量子点重叠影像图片。使用相应光源激发,405nm激发DAPI,检测440nnm发射光,其标记的细胞核为蓝色荧光;使用420nm光源激发量子点,检测540nm发射光,其成像部位发绿色荧光,叠加的图片显示本方法合成的碳量子点进入到细胞内部,在激发波长下发出明亮的荧光,成像清晰,具有良好的细胞成像效果。
Claims (5)
1.一种碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于:使用强氧化性酸与聚乙二醇(PEG)共同作用,一步快速合成,并且表面钝化的方法,具体包括下述步骤:
A、称取定量的大分子量壳聚糖,溶解在乙酸溶液中,加入强氧化性酸,所述强氧化性酸为硫酸或硝酸,磁力搅拌均匀;
B、加入少量PEG粉末,充分溶解,加入氮气保护一定时间,至产生均匀溶液,静置;
C、将溶液置于耐高温烧杯中,在微波炉中以不同循环时间进行微波加热;
D、将微波处理后的加热产物密封,自然冷却到室温,使用三蒸水充分溶解,得褐色溶液,对溶液进行离心分离,取上清液;
E、上清液经透析袋透析,得纯化后的碳量子点C-dots溶液,冷冻干燥,并对量子点定量称重,密封保存;
F、利用丁二酸酐与C-dots表面的氨基进行酰胺反应,使C-dots上再修饰一层羧基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤A中所述乙酸溶液浓度为1%-10%;壳聚糖/乙酸的浓度为1-10g/L;强氧化性酸与反应体系体积比为1-5:10。
3.根据权利要求1所述的碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤B中所述的PEG分子量为200-4000Da,加入PEG与壳聚糖的质量比为10-50:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的碳量子点的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤C中所述微波炉功率为700w-900w,加热时间5s-30s,暂停时间5-10s,循环次数为2-20次。
5.根据权利要求1所述碳量子点制备方法制备的碳量子点作为一种可发多色光成像的荧光物质在生物标记成像领域中的应用。
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