CN104584966A - Triple cropping late rice ecological ditch transplanting cultivating method based on double cropping rice - Google Patents

Triple cropping late rice ecological ditch transplanting cultivating method based on double cropping rice Download PDF

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CN104584966A
CN104584966A CN201510013512.6A CN201510013512A CN104584966A CN 104584966 A CN104584966 A CN 104584966A CN 201510013512 A CN201510013512 A CN 201510013512A CN 104584966 A CN104584966 A CN 104584966A
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rice
compartment
railway carriage
ditch
face
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CN104584966B (en
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黄璜
郑华斌
傅志强
陈灿
贺慧
廖晓兰
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Hunan Agricultural University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20Cereals
    • A01G22/22Rice

Abstract

The invention discloses a triple cropping late rice ecological ditch transplanting cultivating method based on double cropping rice, which is used for solving the problems of returning of crop straws to the field, breathability of soil and water and fertilizer coupling. The method comprises the following steps: (1) implementing a ditch project in an early paddy field; (2) carrying out the water management before the early paddy is harvested; (3) processing the early paddy stalks; (4) furrowing and spreading mud by utilizing a chain-type furrow machine; (5) transplanting late rice; (6) carrying out the field management; (7) harvesting the late rice. The method has the advantages that (1) the soil tillage structure is changed; (2) the deep fertilization and improvement of the fertilization utilization rate are facilitated; (3) on one hand, the water content of the box-body soil is reduced, the soil breathability is improved, and on the other hand, the utilization efficiency of natural rainy water can be improved; (4) no tillage, no stubble cleaning, no burning of straws and no irrigation of water for the transplanting of the late rice can be realized, and the ecological benefit is obvious: the operation energy consumption is reduced, no chemical is used for stubble cleaning, the haze is reduced, and the water for irrigation is reduced.

Description

Triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice transplants cultivation method
Technical field
The present invention relates to rice cultivating technique field, especially a kind of triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice transplants cultivation method.
Background technology
According to statistics, within 2013, national total output of grain surpasses 6.0 hundred million tons, estimate than 1:1.2 by grain stalk, add other crops straws, produce stalk whole nation year more than 7.2 hundred million tons, containing a large amount of organic matters in stalk, N P and K and trace element, in 7.2 hundred million tons of stalks, npk nutrient content is equivalent to more than 576 ten thousand tons of urea, more than 840 ten thousand tons of superphosphate, more than 840 ten thousand tons of potassium sulfates.
It is an effective well stimulation that research shows that crops straw carries out turning over also field or mulching and returning, generally can increase production more than 10%, but China agricultural straw resource major part is by as rural household's life fuel or burn in field or thrown aside and huddle, not only cause the serious waste of stalk resource, but also cause the pollution of environment.Therefore, how to realize and simplify stalk effectively and field is one of current bottleneck problem that must solve.Soaked field, Rice Production whole ground water is also the bottleneck problem in multiple cropping crop production simultaneously, China's Multicropping rice uses track combine operation after gathering in front season in producing and generally all taking dry field, plow layer dehydrates, to carry harvester operation, to pour water subsequently soaked field, generally every mu needs 150 cubes, but also requires to satisfy the demands to reduce agriculture consumption in the shortest time, and therefore Rice Production double rush for harvesting and sowing often has water use disputes to occur season.
China's rice growing area in 2012 4.52 hundred million mu, 67,800,000,000 cubes, soaked field use water, this link is the main body of Rice Production water, and Rice Production water is the main body of agricultural production water, and agricultural production is the main body of China's Water Consumption, that therefore saves this link of soaked field uses water concerning China's water overall situation.
Chinese patent CN200910272552.7 discloses a kind of fixed compartment ditch semilate rice no-tillage cast-transplanted overall aerobic cultivation method, and detail the advantage of the no-tillage cultivation methods of cultivation in the introduction, be conducive to improving soil aeration, reducing the advantages such as greenhouse gas emission, but the technology such as straw effectively processes, storing water and preserving fertility, improvement of soil fertility that this invention does not relate to, this patent for object, can not be applied to the triple-cropping system based on double cropping rice with semilate rice-rape double cropping.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problem of crop stem also field, soil aeration and water and fertilizer coupling, the present invention aims to provide a kind of triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice and transplants cultivation method, this cultivation method can realize the efficient coupling of fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three, reaches the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopt the technology of the present invention can realize four before late rice is live and exempt from: no-tillage, exempt from stubble-cleaning, unburned straw, exempt to fill with soaked field water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
Triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice transplants a cultivation method, and described triple-cropping system is the cropping system that double cropping rice adds winter crops three crops per annual; This transplanting cultivation method comprises the following steps:
1) early excavation railway carriage or compartment, rice field ditch: early rice transplant or live before field is organized into face, railway carriage or compartment, the wide 50 ~ 100cm in railway carriage or compartment, opens railway carriage or compartment ditch between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Early rice is planted on face, railway carriage or compartment;
2) water management before early rice results: shine face, hard railway carriage or compartment, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment;
3) early rice stem stalk process: during early rice ripe and harvested, is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment by early rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading;
4) railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over after early rice results, do not pour water, keeps face, field dry, spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then turned over by the muddy water in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment and be threaded to face, railway carriage or compartment, and make the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment evenly pave on face, railway carriage or compartment in face, railway carriage or compartment;
5) late rice is transplanted: transplant late rice before face, railway carriage or compartment sposh is not dry;
6) field management: management of water, fertilizer, disease and pest control;
7) late rice harvesting: during late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment.
Be below the technical scheme of further improvement of the present invention:
Preferably, the wide 80 ~ 100cm in described railway carriage or compartment, furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
Crop stem, to adopting combine harvesting crop during the stalk process of early rice stem, as grain header carries broken careless function, then evenly shreds by step 3); As broken careless function is not with by grain header, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand stem stalk and to be scattered face, face, railway carriage or compartment stem stalk spreads even substantially.
Step 4) ditch cleaning stand mud adopts chain ditcher ditch cleaning, evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 60% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount, 60% of potash fertilizer total amount and whole phosphate fertilizer before trench digging on face, railway carriage or compartment, or spreads fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm 2~ 180.0kg/hm 2, potash fertilizer K 2o is 120.0kg/hm 2~ 144.0kg/hm 2, phosphate fertilizer P 2o 5for 75.0kg/hm 2~ 90.0kg/hm 2.
When step 5) late rice is transplanted, the rice shoot of transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, rice shoot root band mud, rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine is adopted evenly to be transplanted by rice shoot to face, railway carriage or compartment, the culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 15cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of rice transplanting is 25 ~ 30 Miao/㎡.
Step 6) field management comprises:
(1) topdress: look the growth of cereal crop seedlings in transplanting 30% of Nitrogen Top Dressing total amount in latter 7 ~ 15 days; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer look 10% of growth of cereal crop seedlings nitrogen fertilizer application total amount and 40% of potash fertilizer total amount; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm 2~ 180.0kg/hm 2, potash fertilizer K 2o is 120.0kg/hm 2~ 144.0kg/hm 2, phosphate fertilizer P 2o 5for 75.0kg/hm 2~ 90.0kg/hm 2;
(b) Guan Shui: water management accumulates rainfall based on railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitable supplementary irrigation; Water management is omnidistance based on water conservation, retaining; Panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage based on draining;
(c) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are based on biological control, and physical control and chemical control are auxiliary.
Step 7) late rice harvesting time, adopt combine harvesting late rice, simultaneously as grain header carries broken careless function, then evenly shredded by crop stem, uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment; If grain header does not possess broken careless function, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand the face of being scattered of stem stalk, stem stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment.
Because season is nervous under triple-cropping system background, straw process and effective supply soaked field water are two bottlenecks during large area is produced, and the present invention spatially achieves and not only achieves unburned straw with soil pressure stem stalk, can also total straw also field; Not only achieve no-tillage with the sposh tiling face, railway carriage or compartment in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, can also exempt to fill with soaked field water.Make face, railway carriage or compartment base wad with straw in time not only to achieve zero agriculture that early rice harvesting transplants with late rice and consume, also eliminate the time processing straw; Do with the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment the time that interface, face, railway carriage or compartment not only eliminates soaked field of pouring water, also a saving the time on whole ground.Simultaneously, the cropping system that double cropping rice adds winter crops three crops per annual is generally carried out in In Middle And Lower Reaches of Changjiang River, cropping index is high, and soil fertility loss is serious, is also played an important role for minimizing haze, raising retention capacity of soil, culture fertility in field by fresh total straw in the mode of firming capping.
Know-why of the present invention is: the present invention shreds stem stalk, fertilising, chain ditcher ditch cleaning and sheds sposh in face, railway carriage or compartment, define sposh layer, stem stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and face, edaphic ecological railway carriage or compartment from top to bottom, change soil plough horizon structure, also realize base manure deep placement simultaneously; Railway carriage or compartment ditch accumulation natural precipitation and the efficient draining in narrow railway carriage or compartment, improve water use efficiency and soil aeration, realize the efficient coupling of fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three, reach the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopt the technology of the present invention can realize four before late rice is live and exempt from: no-tillage, exempt from stubble-cleaning, unburned straw, exempt to fill with soaked field water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.Specifically, as shown in Figure 1, described ecological end structure: define sposh layer, stem stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and soil horizon three layers from top to bottom, described ecological railway carriage or compartment function:
One is water retaining function, and second layer stem stalk becomes the water conservation layer of similar cavernous body by the compressing of upper strata sposh;
Two is oxygen-enriched functions, and the similar cavernous body that second layer stem stalk is formed can store air for the metabolism of rice root breath;
3rd is fertilizer conservation function, and first the chemical fertilizer mixed with stem stalk is absorbed by stem stalk after dissolving and accumulate, and upper strata also has sposh to hide non-volatile, and lower floor oozes under having the topsoil pad do not turned over to delay;
4th is clean stem stalk function, and total straw also causes mechanical rotary tillage behind field or the operation difficulty thus cause rice agriculture to burn straw to remove obstacles of turning over, and the present invention is no-tillage and adopt sposh to spread pressure stem stalk thus provide the basal plane of shoot transplanting equipment, forms stem stalk clean utilization function.
Described ecological groove structure: the water layer more than 1 centimetre of the sposh bottom ditch, shoe lid sposh; Described ecological ditch function: one is drain function, gets rid of the excessive moisture be seeped into from plow layer side ecological ditch; Two is oxygen supply functions, forms air convection channel with the plow layer under face, railway carriage or compartment, is the oxygen supply of crop root mass; Three is for stem stalk provides lid material, and the sposh in ditch and water to be revolved by helix ditching machine and raise to face, railway carriage or compartment, muddy water paving presses stem stalk; Four is breeding functions, and railway carriage or compartment ditch can breeding loach and yellow eel, forms breeding spaces.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1) change soil plough horizon structure, define sposh layer, stem stalk layer and soil horizon from top to bottom;
2) disposablely realize the total crop return of crop stem and buried process, join to fertilize simultaneously, be conducive to deep-fertilizing and improve the utilization ratio of fertilizer;
3) drainability utilizing face, narrow railway carriage or compartment good and the good water-holding capacity of zanjon, reduce the water content of envelope soil on the one hand, improves soil aeration, improves the utilization ratio of natural precipitation on the other hand.
4) achieve late rice to transplant and four to exempt from: no-tillage, exempt from stubble-cleaning, unburned straw, exempt to fill with soaked field water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structure principle chart of one embodiment of the invention.
In the drawings
1-sposh first season layer; 2-first order stalk or stem stalk layer; The 3-soil horizon first season;
4-second level stalk or stem stalk layer; The 5-soil horizon second season; 6-sposh second season layer;
7-third quarter soil horizon; 8-third level stalk or stem stalk layer; 9-third quarter sposh layer;
10-fertilizer.
Embodiment
Triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice transplants a cultivation method, it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
1) early enforcement railway carriage or compartment, rice field ditch engineering: early rice transplant or live before field is organized into face, railway carriage or compartment, the wide 80 ~ 100cm in railway carriage or compartment, furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm;
2) water management before early rice results: shine face, hard railway carriage or compartment, but retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, both ensured grain header work well, and prevented again railway carriage or compartment ditch dry and cracked;
3) early rice stem stalk process: after early rice maturation, adopts combine harvesting crop, as grain header carries broken careless function, is then evenly shredded by crop stem; As broken careless function is not with by grain header, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand stem stalk and to be scattered face, face, railway carriage or compartment stem stalk spreads even substantially;
4) chain ditcher ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over after early rice results, do not pour water, keep face, field dry, nitrogenous fertilizer, 60% of potash fertilizer total amount and the composite fertilizer of all phosphate fertilizer or equivalent is evenly spread fertilizer over the fields before trench digging, adopting chain ditcher to be revolved by the muddy water in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment raises to face, railway carriage or compartment, the automatic layer overlay sposh in face, railway carriage or compartment after operation;
5) late rice is transplanted: rob before face, railway carriage or compartment sposh is not dry and plant late rice, the rice shoot of transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, but need root band mud, be beneficial to survive, rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine is adopted evenly to be transplanted by rice shoot to face, railway carriage or compartment, the culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 30cm × spacing in the rows 15 ~ 20cm, and the Basic Seedling of rice transplanting is 25 ~ 30 Miao/㎡;
6) field management: (1) topdresses: after rice striking root, fertilizer is no longer used in principle, the visual growth of cereal crop seedlings is in transplanting 30% of Nitrogen Top Dressing total amount in latter 7 ~ 15 days; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer look 10% of growth of cereal crop seedlings nitrogen fertilizer application total amount and 40% of potash fertilizer total amount.
(2) Guan Shui: water management accumulates rainfall based on railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitable supplementary irrigation.Water management is omnidistance based on water conservation, retaining, panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage based on draining.
(3) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are based on biological control; Foster duck navigates within and suppresses pest in the ranks, and railway carriage or compartment ditch becomes the express passway of duck, improves operating efficiency; Physical control and chemical control are auxiliary, use safety pesticide when pest breaks out;
7) late rice harvesting: after late rice maturation, adopt combine harvesting late rice, simultaneously as grain header carries broken careless function, then evenly shredded by crop stem, uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment; As broken careless function is not with by grain header, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand stem stalk and to be scattered face, face, railway carriage or compartment stem stalk spreads even substantially.
In the present invention, the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm 2~ 180.0kg/hm 2, potash fertilizer K 2o is 120.0kg/hm 2~ 144.0kg/hm 2, phosphate fertilizer P 2o 5for 75.0kg/hm 2~ 90.0kg/hm 2.
The content that above-described embodiment is illustrated should be understood to these embodiments only for being illustrated more clearly in the present invention, and be not used in and limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, the amendment of those skilled in the art to the various equivalent form of value of the present invention has all fallen within the application's claims limited range.

Claims (7)

1. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice transplants a cultivation method, and described triple-cropping system is the cropping system that double cropping rice adds winter crops three crops per annual; It is characterized in that, this transplanting cultivation method comprises the following steps:
1) early excavation railway carriage or compartment, rice field ditch: early rice transplant or live before field is organized into face, railway carriage or compartment, the wide 50 ~ 100cm in railway carriage or compartment, opens railway carriage or compartment ditch between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Early rice is planted on face, railway carriage or compartment;
2) water management before early rice results: shine face, hard railway carriage or compartment, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment;
3) early rice stem stalk process: during early rice ripe and harvested, is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment by early rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading;
4) railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over after early rice results, do not pour water, keeps face, field dry, spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then turned over by the muddy water in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment and be threaded to face, railway carriage or compartment, and make the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment evenly pave on face, railway carriage or compartment in face, railway carriage or compartment;
5) late rice is transplanted: transplant late rice before face, railway carriage or compartment sposh is not dry;
6) field management: management of water, fertilizer, disease and pest control;
7) late rice harvesting: during late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment.
2. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, it is characterized in that, the wide 80 ~ 100cm in described railway carriage or compartment, furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
3. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, it is characterized in that, crop stem, to adopting combine harvesting crop during the stalk process of early rice stem, as grain header carries broken careless function, then evenly shreds by step 3); As broken careless function is not with by grain header, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand stem stalk and to be scattered face, face, railway carriage or compartment stem stalk spreads even substantially.
4. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, it is characterized in that, step 4) ditch cleaning stand mud adopts chain ditcher ditch cleaning, on face, railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields 60% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount before trench digging, 60% of potash fertilizer total amount and whole phosphate fertilizer, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent;
The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm 2~ 180.0kg/hm 2, potash fertilizer K 2o is 120.0kg/hm 2~ 144.0kg/hm 2, phosphate fertilizer P 2o 5for 75.0kg/hm 2~ 90.0kg/hm 2.
5. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, it is characterized in that, when step 5) late rice is transplanted, the rice shoot of transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, rice shoot root band mud, adopt rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine evenly to be transplanted by rice shoot to face, railway carriage or compartment, the culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 15cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of rice transplanting is 25 ~ 30 Miao/㎡.
6. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, and it is characterized in that, step 6) field management comprises:
(1) topdress: look the growth of cereal crop seedlings in transplanting 30% of Nitrogen Top Dressing total amount in latter 7 ~ 15 days; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer look 10% of growth of cereal crop seedlings nitrogen fertilizer application total amount and 40% of potash fertilizer total amount; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm 2~ 180.0kg/hm 2, potash fertilizer K 2o is 120.0kg/hm 2~ 144.0kg/hm 2, phosphate fertilizer P 2o 5for 75.0kg/hm 2~ 90.0kg/hm 2;
(b) Guan Shui: water management accumulates rainfall based on railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitable supplementary irrigation; Water management is omnidistance based on water conservation, retaining; Panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage based on draining;
(c) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are based on biological control, and physical control and chemical control are auxiliary.
7. the triple-cropping system late rice ecological ditch based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 transplants cultivation method, it is characterized in that, step 7) late rice harvesting time, adopt combine harvesting late rice, simultaneously as grain header carries broken careless function, then evenly shredded by crop stem, uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment; If grain header does not possess broken careless function, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand the face of being scattered of stem stalk, stem stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on face, railway carriage or compartment.
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