CN104584372A - 用于给蓄电池无线充电的蓄电池充电系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于给蓄电池(2)无线充电的蓄电池充电系统(1),其具有初级侧上的充电单元(9),其作为初级侧,次级侧上的充电单元(10),其作为次级侧,变压器(11),所述变压器具有作为初级侧(9)的部件的、初级侧上的线圈(12)和作为次级侧(10)的部件的、次级侧上的线圈(13),在初级侧(9)上和在次级侧(10)上的各一个控制器(5,18),在初级侧(9)上和在次级侧(10)上的各一个电压传感器(7,15),在初级侧(9)上和在次级侧(10)上的各一个电流传感器(6,14),在初级侧(9)上和在次级侧(10)上的各一个通讯单元(8,19),其中,仅仅在初级侧(9)上设置直流变压器(4)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于给蓄电池、特别是电动车辆的蓄电池无线充电的蓄电池充电系统和方法。
背景技术
例如能用于给电动车辆电池充电的蓄电池充电器通常构造为电子调节的直流电压源和直流电流源。在充电过程期间,以确定的电压极限值输入调节的充电电流直到确定的充电结束电压。根据蓄电池类型,充电特征曲线可以提供可变的充电电流。
由DE 27 09 863 A1公知了一种自动的电学的蓄电池充电器,所述蓄电池充电器包括用于监测充电电流和用于将所述充电电流设定到预定值的装置。此外,蓄电池充电器包括对蓄电池电压起作用的装置,在进行充电过程中,所述装置相应于蓄电池电压的功能降低所述数值。
例如由DE 10 2011 004 215 A1公知了一种用于机动车的充电装置。所述充电装置具有过载开关,当在最小持续时间内电流强度处于电流强度极限值之上,所述过载开关被打开。具有待充电的蓄电池的机动车能够借助于充电电缆与充电装置连接。
由EP 0 820 653 B1公知了一种具有感应耦合装置的电动车辆电池充电系统。在此,充电能量作为10kHz直到200kHz的范围内的交流电从充电站传输到电动车辆并且在电动车辆中被整流。电动车辆电池充电系统应该特别是适用于装备有蓄电池能量管理系统(BEMS)的车辆。车用网络的蓄电池专门化的存在于电动车辆中的充电控制模块做出决定,并且将关于充电电流的大小和时间点的信号发送到充电站。在EP 0 820 653 B1中,充电站根据以下意义视为普遍通用的,即,应该可连接多个不同的电动车辆。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,相对于所述的现有技术进一步改进给蓄电池、特别是车辆蓄电池的无线充电,并且在此在满足高质量要求下使仪器制造的费用保持相对小。
根据本发明,该目的通过具有权利要求1所述特征的蓄电池系统、以及通过用于借助于具有权利要求5所述特征的分散的蓄电池充电系统给蓄电池无线充电的方法来实现。下面结合蓄电池充电系统所述的构造方案和本发明的优点按意义也适用于所述方法,并且反之亦然。蓄电池充电系统特别是适用于给具有电驱动装置的机动车的蓄电池充电。所述蓄电池可以例如是镍铬蓄电池或者锂离子蓄电池。
用于给蓄电池无线充电的蓄电池充电系统包括
-初级侧上的充电单元,也简称为初级侧,
-次级侧上的充电单元,也简称为次级侧,
-变压器,所述变压器具有作为所述初级侧的部件的、初级侧上的线圈和作为所述次级侧的部件的、次级侧上的线圈,
-在所述初级侧上和在所述次级侧上的各一个控制器,
-在所述初级侧上和在所述次级侧上的各一个电压传感器,
-在所述初级侧上和在所述次级侧上的各一个电流传感器,
-在所述初级侧上和在所述次级侧上的各一个通讯单元,
其中,仅仅在所述初级侧上设置直流变压器,并且所述直流变压器构造为初级侧上的功率调节装置的部件,而次级侧不具有直流变压器。
本发明由下述构思出发,即在给蓄电池充电期间必须以足够的精度并且实时地测量充电电流,以便遵循预定的充电特征曲线,并且可以足够快地对可能的干扰做出反应。而在不分散的充电器的情况下可以相对容易地满足所述要求,在分散的充电器的情况下,初级侧和次级侧之间的分隔部是电势薄弱处,这涉及数据的传输。为了以足够的可靠性确保在初级侧和次级侧之间的数据传输,原理上可能的是,给串行通讯通道提供超过一般限度的通道传输能力。在无线数据传输的情况中,在电感的、分散的充电系统中期望所述无线数据传输,然而这种可靠的确定性的通讯通道与在导线连接的数据传输的情况中相比是明显更难实现的。
根据本发明,所述取决于原理的关于在分散的蓄电池系统中的数据传输的缺点通过以下方式规避,即替代次级侧上的电流调节设置初级侧上的功率调节。此外,通常分散的充电系统中所需的次级侧上的DC-DC转换器的取消降低了蓄电池充电系统的次级侧方面的复杂性。
用于借助于分散的蓄电池充电系统给蓄电池无线充电的方法包括下述特征:
-借助于变压器将电功率从蓄电池充电系统的初级侧传输到蓄电池充电系统的次级侧,
-将待充电的蓄电池与蓄电池充电系统的次级侧连接,
-借助于初级侧上的功率调节装置调节蓄电池的充电电流。
初级侧上的功率调节装置基于电流和电压测量,在蓄电池充电系统的初级侧上进行电流和电压测量。与此相反,蓄电池充电系统的次级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器不用于在充电过程期间进行电流和电压调节。确切地说,蓄电池充电系统的次级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器具有对蓄电池充电系统校准的范围内的功能。
出于校准的目的,在此首先将电功率施加给蓄电池充电系统的初级侧,在考虑所有公差的情况下,所述电功率可靠地低于允许的最大负荷,关于次级侧也如此。因此,通过校准过程排除了对待充电的蓄电池的损坏。在此,用于校准而输送的功率优选地依次确定成不同级、例如最大允许功率的10%和90%。
由已知的输送的功率出发,在校准的范围内在蓄电池充电系统的次级端上测量电流和电压进而确定变压器的效率。在校准结束之后,不是借助于直接的、次级侧上的对充电电流的测量,而是仅仅间接地、即借助于蓄电池充电系统的初级侧上的功率调节进行对蓄电池的充电电流的调节。在优选的构造方案中,用于所述功率调节的电流传感器和电压传感器与用于校准的次级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器相比具有较低的测量精度。因为初级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器与校准过程无关,所以较低的测量精度在所述传感器中是足够的。优选地,在蓄电池充电系统的包括校准和功率调节的运行中所给出的范围内,次级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器中的精度是初级侧上的电流传感器和电压传感器中的精度的至少两倍、特别是优选地至少四倍、例如至少十倍。
与用于确定电流、电压和功率的装置的各个功率数据无关地,除了变压器的效率以外,借助于所述校准确定特别是测量技术和放大技术的参数例如Offset(补偿系数)和Gain(放大系数)。
根据一个有利的改进方案,所述校准循环地、即在给蓄电池充电的过程中反复进行。接着第一次校准进行的再次的校准步骤也称为重复校准。与充电过程的总持续时间相比,全部的校准过程在总数上仅仅占据相对小的时间间隔、例如低于总持续时间的2%。
待充电的蓄电池对于蓄电池充电系统而言是仅仅缓慢地和持续地改变的负载。同样在正常的运行条件下由下述出发,即变压器具有最缓慢地改变的电特性。因此,利用循环的重复校准读取蓄电池充电系统的次级侧上的电流和电压的准静态的测量值。尽管在时间轴上看相对于整个充电过程几乎仅仅逐点地进行校准,但因此能够以高准确度遵循预定的充电曲线。在此相对于通常的、次级侧上的充电电流调节特别的优点事实上也是,即绝对不产生停机时间,在次级端上的测量和接着将数据传输到初级侧上时必然产生所述停机时间。
根据一个有利的改进方案,与充电过程进行的调节无关地,通过功率调节实现蓄电池充电系统中的监测和保护功能,其中,为此可以在次级侧上特别是读取测量技术上的部件。特别是能够在超过阈值方面监测次级侧上的电流值和电压值,其中,关于超过阈值的信息自动地、通常无线地被传输到初级侧上。根据借助于阈值监测确定的与通常运行的误差的类型也可以设置充电过程的自动中止。
理论上例如由于变压器的气隙中的金属物质引起对蓄电池充电系统的通常运行的显著干扰。在此,所述物质被加热,其中,有效功率在初级侧增高,而有效功率在次级侧随变化趋势下降。也就是说,不期望由于变压器的气隙中引入金属物质而使待充电的蓄电池过载。更确切地说,变压器的改变的变坏的特性可以通过校准和调节来补偿。然而如果从变压器的气隙中再次去除金属物质,那么由于变压器的突然再次改善的特性可以非常突然地导致蓄电池的过载。在这种假设的情况中,进行次级侧上的阈值监测并且保护蓄电池免受过载影响。然而因此在通常运行中在蓄电池充电系统的次级侧上不存在调节技术上的功能。
本发明的优点特别是在于,在分散的蓄电池充电系统中取消了次级侧上的DC-DC转换器,因为在公知了初级侧和次级侧支架之间构造的变压器的接口特性时,能够使用用于足够准确地调节充电电流的充电电流替代该转换器,其中,由于将调节技术上的部件集中在蓄电池充电系统的初级侧上,给出了充电过程非常稳定的进行情况。
附图说明
下面根据附图详细说明本发明的实施例以及蓄电池充电系统的不要求说明的实施方式。附图中:
图1以框图示出根据本发明的蓄电池充电系统的粗略结构,
图2以相对于图1简化的视图示出对根据图1的蓄电池充电系统的调节,
图3以框图示出不要求的、不分散的蓄电池充电系统的理论结构,
图4以类似于图2的视图示出对根据图3的蓄电池充电系统的调节,
图5以框图示出不要求的、分散的蓄电池充电系统的理论结构,
图6以类似于图2的视图示出对根据图5的蓄电池充电系统的调节,
图7以流程图示出根据图1的蓄电池充电系统的运行,
图8以相对于图1细节化的视图示出根据图1的蓄电池充电系统。
彼此理论上相应的或作用相同的部件在所有附图中以相同的标号标出。
具体实施方式
为了说明初步构思,首先参考图3,所述附图示出了可能的、不分散的蓄电池充电系统1的原则上的结构。
共同以标号1标出的蓄电池充电器用于给蓄电池2充电,并且包括提供交流电压的电压源3、直流电压转换器4(DC-DC转换器)、控制器5、电流传感器6以及电压传感器7。此外,设置通讯单元8,其用于例如与上级的控制器交换数据。
根据图3的整个蓄电池充电器1构造为一个下述的单元,例如能够利用电缆或利用适配器使待充电的蓄电池2与所述单元连接。
在图2中示出关于根据图1的不分散的蓄电池1对充电过程的调节。仅仅给出一个唯一的称为主调节回路RH的调节回路。
图3和图4不同于图1和图2地示出分散的蓄电池充电器,所述分散的蓄电池充电器由于其复杂的分开的构造而称为蓄电池充电系统1。
蓄电池充电系统1由初级侧上的充电单元9、简称为初级侧和次级侧上的充电单元10、简称为次级侧组成。初级侧9和次级侧10之间的接口由具有初级侧上的线圈12和次级侧上的线圈13的变压器11构成。除变压器11之外,根据图3的分散的蓄电池充电系统1与根据图1的装置的也区别在于,在初级侧9上不设置电流测量。与此相反地,不仅电流传感器14而且电压传感器15位于次级侧10上。此外,在次级侧10上、典型地在车辆的内部存在辅助电压源16。此外,次级侧10具有直流电压转换器17、控制器18以及通讯单元19。
正如由图4得出,在根据图3的分散的蓄电池充电系统1的情况中构成两个调节回路、即初级侧9上的初级调节回路RP和次级侧10上的次级调节回路RS。在此,初级调节回路RP涉及电压调节,并且次级调节回路RS涉及电流调节。因此,通过次级侧的DC-DC转换器17实现对蓄电池2的充电电流的真正调节。
信息流不并入所述两个调节回路中,所述信息流通过两个通讯单元8,17从次级侧10流到初级侧9。类似于根据图1的实例中的情况,在根据图3的蓄电池充电系统1中,通讯单元8,17与上级的控制器交换数据。
所述两个调节回路RP和RS在根据图3的蓄电池充电系统1中分级地彼此分隔开。通过通讯单元8,17进行的通讯用于仅仅参考性的警告或保护功能以及在异步的事件中的数据传输。这些事件例如是蓄电池充电系统1的接通和断开以及紧急断路。
图1和图2与图3至图6相反地示出一个下述的蓄电池充电系统1,在所述蓄电池充电系统中实现了本发明的所有特征。
根据图1的蓄电池充电系统1设置用于给电动车辆充电,其中,初级侧的充电单元9构造为静止的装置,而次级侧的充电单元10位于电驱动车辆、例如轻便摩托车、摩托车、轿车、公交车、载货车或农用车辆的车厢栏板上。
不同于根据图3的装置的初级侧的充电单元9,根据图1的蓄电池充电系统1在初级侧9上也具有电流传感器6。所述电流传感器6与同样在初级侧的电压传感器7一起用于借助于图2中绘出略图的初级侧的功率调节回路RL进行功率调节。所述功率调节回路RL是蓄电池充电系统1内部的唯一的调节回路,并且用于间接地调节从次级端10流出到蓄电池2的电流。
在根据图1的蓄电池充电系统1的次级侧10上既不存在调节回路也不存在DC-DC转换器。为了校准功率调节回路RL的参数,电流值和电压值借助于次级侧的电流传感器14和次级侧的电压传感器15来测量并且使用在校准过程中,在图7中以流程图示出所述校准过程:所述方法的开始称为第一方法步骤V1,其中,设置对初级侧的充电单元9初始化。在下一个方法步骤V2中进行自动的询问,是否能够识别次级侧的、即车辆方面的充电单元10。如果是这种情况,那么在第三方法步骤V3中将初级侧9的功率确定为例如最大功率的10%的低的第一标准值。
因此,在下述第四方法步骤V4中检测,是否稳定地、无震荡地提供至少一个在次级侧上获得的测量值、即电流测量值或电压测量值。如果满足所述条件,那么在第五方法步骤V5中将初级侧的功率确定为第二标准值,所述第二标准值以数倍高于方法步骤V3中所选的功率值,然而在考虑所述方法的所述阶段中给出的公差的情况下还确保了相对于最大允许功率足够大的安全间距,次级侧的充电单元10以所述安全间距能够给蓄电池2供电。同样如同在方法步骤V4中地,在接着的方法步骤V6中再次检验,是否以足够的质量提供了获得的电流测量值和电压测量值。如果是这种情况,那么同样如同方法步骤V3的之前所需的情况重复方法步骤V5。否则,在下一个方法步骤V7中进行参数的校准,所述参数用于调节功率。特别是确定放大系数(gain)以及可能的补偿系数。因此,结束所有用于第一次校准所需的步骤,并且在方法步骤V8中将次级侧9的功率确定为合适的标准值。
在充电过程期间,在方法步骤V9中反复地或持续地询问,是否满足结束充电过程的这个或这些条件。如果是这种情况,初级侧的充电单元9的状态再次确定为方法步骤V1中给出的状态、其也称为等待状态。
如果充电过程还没有结束,那么在方法步骤V10中进行反复地询问,是否需要重新校准。在最简单的情况中,在确定的时间间隔之后分别重新进行一次校准。重新的校准包括在方法步骤V11中组合的测量过程,所述测量过程包括在方法步骤V3至V6中进行的步骤,特别是检验是否以足够的质量存在测量值。在方法步骤V11结束之后,在方法步骤V12中进行再校准,所述再校准可以导致改变的参数确定(方法步骤V8)。接着,以更新的参数确定进行充电过程直到满足给蓄电池2结束充电的条件(方法步骤V9)。
根据图8的框图以细节化的方式示出根据图1的蓄电池充电系统1,利用所述蓄电池充电系统能够进行根据图7所述的包括充电调节和校准的充电过程。
除了图1中所述的、蓄电池充电系统1的初级侧上的部件以外,在图8中能够看到整流器20、功率因数校正过滤器21(PFC=Power FactorCorrection(功率因数校正))、中间电路22(DC-Link)和放大器23。DC-DC转换器4构造为谐振转换器。此外,图8中在初级侧上示出通风控制装置24。初级侧的通讯单元8由在公共的供电网起作用的网络通讯元件25和能用于校准和维修目的内部的通讯元件26组成。
以类似的方式,次级侧的通讯单元19也由多个部件组成,所述部件不必必需在物理上彼此分隔开。除了内部的通讯元件26以外,在次级侧10上存在装配在车辆中的车辆通讯元件27。
如图8所示地从次级侧的线圈13出发经由整流器28和电容29将电能从蓄电池充电系统1的次级侧10输送至蓄电池2。如同结合图1已经设计地,在蓄电池充电系统1的次级侧10上不需要DC-DC转换器,因为通常的充电电流调节由初级侧的功率调节替代,其中,通过所述的校准过程持续地保持准确的调节。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于给蓄电池(2)无线充电的蓄电池充电系统(1),具有
-初级侧上的充电单元(9)作为初级侧,
-次级侧上的充电单元(10)作为次级侧,
-变压器(11),所述变压器具有作为所述初级侧(9)的部件的、初级侧上的线圈(12)和作为所述次级侧(10)的部件的、次级侧上的线圈(13),
-在所述初级侧(9)上和在所述次级侧(10)上的各一个控制器(5,18),
-在所述初级侧(9)上和在所述次级侧(10)上的各一个电压传感器(7,15),
-在所述初级侧(9)上和在所述次级侧(10)上的各一个电流传感器(6,14),
-在所述初级侧(9)上和在所述次级侧(10)上的各一个通讯单元(8,19),
其中,仅仅在所述初级侧(9)上设置直流变压器(4)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池充电系统,其特征在于,次级侧上的所述电压传感器(15)具有比初级侧上的所述电压传感器(7)高的测量精度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池充电系统,其特征在于,次级侧上的所述电流传感器(14)具有比初级侧上的所述电流传感器(6)高的测量精度。
4.一种根据权利要求1所述的用于给电动车辆充电的蓄电池充电系统(1)的应用。
5.一种用于借助于分散的蓄电池充电系统(1)给蓄电池(2)无线充电的方法,具有下述特征:
-借助于变压器(11)将电功率从所述蓄电池充电系统(1)的初级侧(9)传输到所述蓄电池充电系统(1)的次级侧(10),
-将待充电的所述蓄电池(2)与所述蓄电池充电系统(1)的所述次级侧(10)连接,
-借助于初级侧上的功率调节装置(RL)调节所述蓄电池(2)的充电电流。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,不仅在所述蓄电池充电系统(1)的所述初级侧(9)上而且在所述次级侧(10)上进行电流和电压测量。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,出于校准的目的,在所述次级侧(10)上进行电流和电压测量。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,除了校准以外仅仅通过初级侧上的所述功率调节装置(RL)进行持续的充电电流控制。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的方法,其特征在于,在给所述蓄电池(2)充电的过程中反复进行校准。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述变压器(11)的效率变化通过反复地校准来检测,并且通过调节初级侧上的所述功率调节装置(RL)的参数来补偿。
11.根据权利要求5至11中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在超过阈值方面检测所述次级侧(10)上的电流和电压值,其中,关于超过阈值的信息自动地被传输到所述初级侧(9)上。
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CN104584372B (zh) | 2017-07-04 |
US10173539B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
DE112012006861B4 (de) | 2024-01-11 |
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