CN104564270A - 用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法 - Google Patents

用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法 Download PDF

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CN104564270A
CN104564270A CN201410551358.3A CN201410551358A CN104564270A CN 104564270 A CN104564270 A CN 104564270A CN 201410551358 A CN201410551358 A CN 201410551358A CN 104564270 A CN104564270 A CN 104564270A
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combustion engine
treatment system
secondary treatment
internal
exhaust
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CN104564270B (zh
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A.德林
B.施瓦布
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MAN Energy Solutions SE
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法，带有以下步骤：对排气再处理系统通过测量至少一个指示性的参数来检查硫酸化合物的存在;附加地或备选地，探测与在排气再处理系统的区域中的硫酸化合物形成相关的至少一个参数，并确定该参数是否在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围内;在存在硫酸化合物和/或确定参数处在数值范围内的情况下，通过在马达内或马达后的措施来如此调整内燃机的排放使得在排气再处理系统中发生脱硫和/或参数离开引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围。

Description

用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及根据权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法。
背景技术
变得越来越严格的排气排放法规还要求在呈例如船舶的形式的水运工具中针对在此使用的内燃机使用带有例如氧化催化器、颗粒过滤器和SCR催化器的排气再处理系统，其用于减少氮氧化物排放。
在船舶中，作为燃料主要使用馏分油或残油，其具有很高的硫含量。硫通过燃烧到达到排气再处理系统中，并在此可导致催化器和/或颗粒过滤器的至少局部的无效。
在用于降低NOX的SCR催化器中，经常将尿素用作还原剂，以便释放氨，但氨与包含在排气中的硫氧化物形成硫酸氨和硫酸氢氨，其沉积在催化器通道中，并可因此大大提高催化器的流经阻力。
在硫含量高的燃料中，催化器的通道的阻塞甚至可导致发生这样的后果，即，在排气再处理系统中的排气背压显著上升，并且不仅损失驱动功率(因为需由内燃机产生的推出功显著上升)，而且存在内燃机损坏的风险。
在涂覆有贵金属的催化器中，还可由于硫氧化物发生催化器的局部的中毒现象，因为硫与催化器的活性成分(例如铂、钯和铝)起反应并且生成硫酸化合物，其可显著降低催化器的转化率。
使用的燃料的含硫量越高，催化器的中毒现象或排气背压的上升出现得越快。
根据文献EP 1 173 693 B1已知一种用于监测内燃机的排气再处理系统的方法和装置。在该已知的方法中，对存在于排气再处理系统中的氧化催化器针对其效率进行监测，亦即在颗粒过滤器可开始再生的情况下通过评估在催化器之前和之后的温度特性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法，利用该方法可使存在于排气再处理系统中的用于排气的再处理的装置再生且保持其有效。
为了实现该目的，本发明具有在权利要求1中说明的特性。在其他的权利要求中说明了本发明的有利的设计方案。
本发明提供了一种用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法，带有以下步骤：
－ 对排气再处理系统通过测量至少一个指示性的参数来检查硫酸化合物的存在
－ 附加地或备选地，探测与在排气再处理系统的区域中的硫酸化合物形成相关的至少一个参数，并确定该参数是否在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围内
－ 在存在硫酸化合物和/或确定参数处在数值范围内的情况下，通过在马达内或马达后的措施来如此调整内燃机的排放使得在排气再处理系统中发生脱硫和/或参数离开引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围。
换句话说，本发明提供了一种方法，在该方法中探测指示在排气再处理系统中的硫酸化合物的存在的至少一个参数，该参数因此显示了在排气再处理系统中的硫酸化合物的存在，参数例如可为由排气再处理系统建立的排气背压。排气背压可在排气再处理系统的整个流动区域中通过测量技术来探测，因为与内燃机反作用的背压随着硫酸化合物在排气再处理系统的催化器的区域中的越来越多的沉积而上升，硫酸化合物形成相应进一步加重。因此，压力测量例如可在催化器的入口的区域中发生。
附加地或备选地，为了探测指示在排气再处理系统中存在沉积物的参数，依据根据本发明的方法探测与在排气再处理系统的区域中的硫酸化合物的形成的相关的参数，并确定该参数是否在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围内。该参数例如可为存在于排气再处理系统的区域中的催化器的有效表面的温度，催化器可为SCR催化器或用于减少排放的其他催化器，其例如具有添加有贵金属的有效表面。
如果指示性的参数的测量指示出在排气再处理系统中存在硫酸化合物和/或相关的参数处在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围内，那么通过在马达内或马达后的措施来如此调整内燃机的排放使得在排气再处理系统中发生脱硫和/或该参数离开引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围。
通过在马达内或马达后的措施可实现，例如在排气再处理系统中达到再生的脱硫所需的温度范围，其对于利用催化器的活性成分消除硫酸氨和/或硫酸氢铵或硫酸化合物是必需的。
通过相关的措施实现，可在遵守排放法规的情况下实现内燃机的可靠的运行，即，例如在马达内的措施旨在提高排气的温度，但并未离开对于内燃机的可靠的运行必需的温度范围和/或压力范围。
在此，可涉及这样的临时的措施，其目的在于通过分解沉积在此处的硫酸化合物来恢复催化器的反应能力，但在催化器中并未达到超过催化器的温度稳定性的温度范围。
用于催化器的再生所必需的活化温度的达到例如可在催化器入口处通过温度传感器来测量，或者借助于计算模型在评估对于内燃机的运行所需要的运行数据的情况下来确定。
为了引起必需的活化温度，例如可在催化器上游的区域中注入燃料，其在催化器中提供呈碳氢化合物的形式的所需的还原剂。该措施为在马达后的措施，即，在排气技术方面发生在内燃机下游的措施。
补充地或备选于此，根据本发明还设置成，实现用于在排气催化器的区域中达到引发脱硫的活化温度的马达内的措施。为此，原则上在马达内的所有的这样的措施是合适的，即，其即使针对通常在低负荷范围中工作的内燃机在相应很低的排气温度的情况下也引起达到活化温度。
在此，例如可涉及提前开始将燃料喷射到内燃机的至少一个工作缸中，那就是说，相比在静态的运行中发生的喷射开始，例如暂时朝提前的方向上转移燃料喷射。如果更早喷射燃料并且少许延长喷射持续时间，则喷射的燃料的总份额增加，在排气中的碳氢化合物积聚并且由此可在连接在下游的催化器中达到对于再生必需的活化温度。在流动技术方面在排气催化器之前还可存在氧化催化器，其通过以下方式提供对于催化器的再生必需的热量，即，该氧化催化器放热地转换附加的碳氢化合物。
备选地或补充于此，还可实施至少一次燃料后喷射到内燃机的至少一个工作缸中。所描述的两种措施引起内燃机的排气的温度上升，由此可达到用于再生的活化温度以用于排气催化器的脱硫。
备选地或补充于此，还可至少暂时采取至少一项措施以用于降低在内燃机的至少一个工作缸中的燃烧效率，即，故意降低燃料燃烧以用于利用碳氢化合物增加内燃机的排气，以便提供用于催化器的再生的作为还原剂的碳氢化合物。因为这在这种情况下是临时的措施，这还可在催化器的再生过程期间间歇性地进行，为此例如可进行催化器的温度探测，并且当在催化器中测量的温度接近活化温度的下限时，那时实施该措施。
因此，仅使燃烧变差到达到用于脱硫的活化温度为止，且然后重新使之正常化，并仅当在催化器中的温度接近用于脱硫的活化温度的下限或已经下降到下限之下时才再次开始使燃烧变差。
备选地或补充于此，根据本发明还设置成，降低供应给内燃机的至少一个工作缸的吸入空气流，以便在燃料尽可能不变地供应给工作缸的情况下减少排气体积流。由此，提供有带有很高的未燃烧的碳氢化合物份额的排气，其例如可供应给前置于排气催化器的氧化催化器，由此实现排气的温度提高，其足以达到用于排气再处理系统的脱硫的活化温度。
如果在排气再处理系统中含有SCR催化器，可通过这种方式分解硫酸氨和硫酸氢铵并且催化器再次达到其原有的能力，即，将排气温度通过前面所述的在马达内或马达后的措施提升到大约350摄氏度的活化温度上。
存在于排气再处理系统中的颗粒过滤器可以该方式借助于前置于该颗粒过滤器的氧化催化器再生。氧化催化器例如还可用于实现对于贵金属催化器的再生所需的450摄氏度直至550摄氏度的排气温度。
利用所描述的在马达内的措施实现可称为更富的排气的排气，利用该排气在排气再处理系统的催化器中实现对于脱硫足够的温度，但对其如此控制使得并未达到损害催化器的温度稳定性的温度水平。
由此，根据本发明的方法使得能够实现通常利用高硫含量的馏分油或残油运行的、用于驱动水运工具的内燃机如此运转，即，遵守相应的排放法规。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的脱硫的方法，其特征在于以下步骤：
－ 对所述排气再处理系统通过测量至少一个指示性的参数来检查硫酸化合物的存在
－ 附加地或备选地，探测与在所述排气再处理系统的区域中的硫酸化合物形成相关的至少一个参数，并确定参数是否在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围内
－ 在存在硫酸化合物和/或确定参数处在数值范围内的情况下，通过在马达内或马达后的措施来如此调整内燃机的排放使得在所述排气再处理系统中发生脱硫和/或参数离开引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，为了测量指示性的参数，探测由所述排气再处理系统产生的排气背压，并在超过阈值的情况下采取措施。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，为了测量相关的参数，探测在所述排气再处理系统的区域中的排气的温度，并当温度处在引发硫酸化合物形成的数值范围中时采取措施。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，借助于计算模型基于内燃机的运行参数确定相关的参数。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述排气再处理系统的排气催化器的区域中借助于以下措施中的至少一项达到引发脱硫的激活温度：
－ 提前开始将燃料喷射到内燃机的至少一个工作缸中
－ 执行至少一次将燃料后喷射到内燃机的至少一个工作缸中
－ 在排气催化器的上游引入燃料
－ 在内燃机的至少一个工作缸中执行用于临时降低燃烧效率的至少一项措施
－ 降低供应给内燃机的至少一个工作缸的吸入空气流以用于在燃料尽可能不变地供应给工作缸的情况下减少排气体积流。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述排气再处理系统具有至少一个SCR催化器和/或颗粒过滤器。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内燃机根据柴油机原理工作并且设置为用于水运工具的驱动装置。
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