CN104540658B - 具有自清洁传送螺杆的多螺杆挤压机 - Google Patents

具有自清洁传送螺杆的多螺杆挤压机 Download PDF

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CN104540658B
CN104540658B CN201380026242.1A CN201380026242A CN104540658B CN 104540658 B CN104540658 B CN 104540658B CN 201380026242 A CN201380026242 A CN 201380026242A CN 104540658 B CN104540658 B CN 104540658B
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约瑟夫·A.·布拉赫
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/2715—Cleaning; Purging; Avoiding contamination of plasticising units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
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    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B29B7/488—Parts, e.g. casings, sealings; Accessories, e.g. flow controlling or throttling devices
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
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    • B29C48/251—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments
    • B29C48/2517—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments of intermeshing screws
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    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/402—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders the screws having intermeshing parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
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    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/425—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders using three or more screws
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C48/59—Screws characterised by details of the thread, i.e. the shape of a single thread of the material-feeding screw
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
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Abstract

在用于自由流动材料的处理的多轴挤压机中，该多轴挤压机具有筒和平行地布置的多个共同旋转的、紧密地相互啮合的传送轴(1至3)，所述传送轴具有至少两个螺纹并均在所述筒的孔(1’至3’)中被引导，在所述挤压机的处理长度的至少一部分上，每个传送轴(1至3)均通过其螺纹中的一个螺纹的脊部(O)与孔壁(1’，2’，3’)间隔开一空隙，而在其螺纹中的另一个螺纹的脊部(a，b，c)与所述孔壁(1’，2’，3’)之间形成有一间隙。所述传送轴(1至12)成一角度相对于彼此以错位方式布置，使得至少在一个旋转位置，布置在两个传送轴(1至3)之间的传送轴(2)通过两个相邻的传送轴(1和3)的间隙形成脊部(a，c)而能在其脊部(b，O)之间的侧面(A，B)上涂布所述自由流动材料，其中在所述传送轴的至少一个另外的旋转位置，通过所述两个相邻的传送轴(1和2)的与所述孔壁(1’，2’，3’)间隔开一空隙的脊部(O)能将所述自由流动材料再次从所述侧面(A，B)清除。

Description

具有自清洁传送螺杆的多螺杆挤压机
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的多轴挤压机。
具有紧密地相互啮合、共同旋转的传送轴的市场主导的自清除类型的双螺杆挤压机基本可追溯到DE813154B和DE862668B。在这种基础上，已经开发了具有由三个圆弧形成的剥离轮廓的模块化构造系统，这种系统如今能够满足各种领域的程序要求。
采用根据DE102008029303A1、WO2009/152974A2和WO2011/039016A1的具有四个或更多个限定轮廓的圆弧的剥离轮廓，通过连续差异轮廓曲线能够增加分散和能量效率。
在挤压机的传送轴沿着闭合圆布置的情况下，发明目的是将产品的大量馈送区域中的总吞吐量的三分之一或更多输送到两件式处理室的内部部分。这是由于系统要求可持续的自清除造成的，通过将整个轮廓圆周上的节距圆中的处理室紧密地分配到外部部分和内部部分来进行自清除。
EP1434679B1公开了一种轴向非紧密系统。紧密系统的特征在于轮廓横截面从芯部直径连续渐缩。这同样适合于根据EP1423251B1的自清除轮廓，其中针对粘性润湿的脱气区域提出了各种措施，根据生产工艺和操作条件，所述粘性润湿的脱气区域产生了不可控制的死空间，从而导致不可能可持续地生产。此外，在EP1423251B1中描述了脊部宽度，该脊部宽度最多只可用于单螺纹轮廓。
在DE10122462C2中示出了具有沿着闭合圆布置的传送轴的多轴挤压机的传送轴的紧密相互啮合的双螺纹传送轮廓的布置。与开放系统相比，这种布置具有的优点是，所有传送轴都与两个相邻的轴紧密地相互啮合，并且在所有位置，每转动一圈都彼此紧密剥离和剥离筒两次。在双螺纹双螺杆的情况下，这相当于轴每转动一圈对筒进行双重清除，然而，轴彼此仅剥离一次，这通常就足够了。
本发明的目的是充分地提高多轴挤压机的混合、均质化和分散效率。
根据本发明，这个目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的多轴挤压机实现。在从属权利要求中描述了本发明的有利实施方式。
根据本发明，多轴挤压具有多个(也就是至少三个)平行地布置的共同旋转的、紧密相互啮合的传送轴，这些传送轴具有至少两个螺纹并且均在所述挤压机的筒的孔中被引导。
每个传送轴均通过其螺纹中的一个螺纹的脊部而与所述孔壁间隔开微小径向空隙。优选地，该径向空隙不大于孔的直径的百分之三。
相比而言，在具有至少两个螺纹的传送轴的其他螺纹中的一个螺纹的脊部与所述孔壁之间形成间隙。该间隙基本大于所述传送轴的至少一个另外的脊部与所述孔壁之间的所述径向空隙，但是小于所述传送轴的螺纹深度，因而小于所述传送轴的芯部直径和外径之差。
彼此相互啮合的相邻传送轴均成一角度以错位方式布置，使得在至少一个旋转位置，布置在两个传送轴之间的每个传送轴在其脊部之间的侧面上都被涂布有将由两个相邻的传送轴的间隙形成脊部处理的自由流动材料，其中在所述传送轴的至少一个另外的旋转位置，通过所述两个相邻的传送轴的以径向空隙与所述孔壁相邻的脊部将所述自由流动材料从所述侧面清除。
所述脊部和所述筒孔之间的间隙具有程序性功能。
除了径向空隙之外，所述传送轴还具有轴向空隙，该轴向空隙主要用于自清除。具体地说，制造公差、传送轴的变化扭曲以及热膨胀得以补偿，因而防止轴彼此抵靠。
尽管可以将传送轴设计成具有三个或四个螺纹，但是优选地使用双螺纹传送轴，因而每个传送轴具有第一脊部(该第一脊部与筒孔仅具有径向空隙) 和第二脊部(通过该第二脊部朝向所述筒孔形成所述间隙)。
相邻的相互啮合的双螺纹传送轴以90度的角度相对于彼此错位。
出于这个原因，在一个旋转位置，布置在两个传送轴之间的每个双螺纹传送轴都通过错位90度的两个相邻传送轴的形成朝向所述筒孔的间隙的第一脊部而在其两个脊部之间的侧面上涂布待被处理的所述自由流动材料。通过将所述传送轴从该位置旋转180度，通过所述两个相邻的传送轴的与所述孔壁间隔开一空隙的第二脊部将所述自由流动材料从相互相邻的传送轴的两个侧面清除。
所述多轴挤压机的传送轴可以布置在平面内，例如沿着圆弧布置。优选地，所述传送轴以相同的中心角距离沿着闭合圆被布置在所述筒中。
也就是说，所述筒由外筒和筒芯部构成，其中在所述外筒的内侧和所述筒芯部的外侧上，设置了轴向平行的凹入圆形扇段，这些凹入圆形扇段的圆心位于传送轴的轴线所在的圆的圆柱表面上。
所述传送轴的横截面轮廓可以由三个圆弧形成，其中两个圆弧分别对应于所述轴的外径和横截面直径，而第三个圆弧具有与两个传送轴的轴向距离对应的直径。所述传送轴的横截面轮廓还可以由具有连续差异轮廓曲线的四个或更多个圆弧形成。
所述传送轴可以由蜗杆轴和/或捏合块形成，优选地由例如通过花键安装在支承轴上从而与支承轴一起旋转的螺杆元件或捏合块形成。
根据本发明构造的传送轴可以在挤压机的处理室的整个长度上延伸，或者仅沿着所述处理室的一部分延伸。也就是说，在处理室的一个或多个区域中，所述传送轴也可以以如下方式构造，即：它们的所有脊部例如通过相应地安装的元件而例如在所述处理室的脱气区域中仅与筒孔具有空隙。
根据本发明，例如在双螺纹传送轴中，类似于宽度与在具有相同间距的单螺纹传送轴的情况下的条带，所述传送轴的形成间隙的脊部在恒定变化条件下将自由流动材料传送通过所述挤压机。特别重要的是在两个相邻筒孔之间的过渡处将所述自由流动材料转送到在旋转方向上随后到来的轴。这里，释放所述自由流动材料的传送元件和接收所述自由流动材料的传送元件接近彼此，并且均形成共同的内壁。不久，相互啮合区段中的总的材料容积由于流动方向的变化而被加速到圆周速度的两倍。结果，所述脊部朝向筒的剪切作用没有出现，高效的拉伸流动对附加产生的剥离容积也具有均质化分散作用。当到达随后的两个筒孔之间的过渡处的筒边缘时，整个材料在增加的压力作用下再次急剧减速到圆周速度，同时产生流动方向发生变化的新的拉伸流动。
已知的是，在具有紧密空隙的脊部直径与具有简单剪切流的筒之间，能量的最大部分在产品中产生。然而，这仅仅有助于增加温度，但是对产品质量提高没有帮助。根据本发明，一个脊部具有朝向筒的间隙，从而50％作为剪切表面而被排除。在从相互啮合的区段到相互啮合的区段的过程中，螺杆脊部传送材料，材料通常在脊部直径(与筒具有紧密空隙)的前方滚动。通过朝向筒具有可选间隙的脊部，能够进行材料从螺纹到螺纹的大量轴向交换或者横跨脊部的拉伸流动和剪切流动的匹配组合。当两个脊部进入相互啮合区段中的因此增加的容积时，条件发生根本性变化。由于被第一脊部分隔，外和内处理室在镜像倒置的相互啮合区段中彼此相遇。释放传送元件和接收传送元件接近彼此，并且在所有侧上都会聚的空间中形成共同的内壁。相互啮合区段中的全部材料容积立即经受双重速度条件，并且在到达随后的筒边缘时，突然再次下降到圆周速度，且流动方向发生变化。在具有沿着圆布置的十二个轴的挤压机中，这在外和内处理室中在圆周方向上均执行十二次，并且根据要求能够容易地延伸到机器的整个长度。在必须在产品中实现μm 级或nm级的最大允许颗粒尺寸的情况下，有效表面面积和容积方面的要求呈指数增加。成功的关键还在于有效间隙中润湿颗粒的驻留时间以及连续相的粘性。
下面将参照附图以实施例的方式更详细地描述本发明。附图均以剖视图示意性示出。
图1是一种挤压机，该挤压机具有在筒中沿着相同方向旋转的三个双螺纹传送元件，其中中间的传送元件采用0/360°、90°、120°和270°的旋转位置；
图2a是具有在筒中沿着相同方向旋转且沿着闭合圆布置的四个双螺纹传送轴的挤压机；
图2b是在平面中示出的根据图2a的四个传送轴，这四个传送轴采用 0/360°、90°、180°和270°的旋转位置；
如图1所示，关于传送轴3，传送轴1至3的轮廓由与传送轴的外径对应的圆弧E-F以及相对于圆弧E-F切割以形成间隙的圆弧E’-F’形成，并且每个侧面A、B由与芯部直径对应的圆弧G-H以及与相邻的传送轴之间(即在传送轴之间，因此在这种情况下，在传送轴之间)的轴向距离分别对应的两个圆弧E-H和G-E’以及F-H和G-F’形成。
图3a是具有在筒中沿着相同方向旋转且沿着闭合圆布置的十二个双螺纹传送轴的挤压机，所述传送轴采用0/360°、90°、180°和270°的旋转位置；以及
图3b是在平面中示出的根据图3a的十二个传送轴，所述传送轴采用 0/360°、90°、180°和270°的旋转位置。
根据图1，该挤压机具有平行地布置在筒中且沿着旋转方向D共同旋转的三个紧密相互啮合的双螺纹传送轴1、2、3，所述筒具有三个筒孔1’、2’和3’。
每个传送轴1、2、3由支承轴T1、T2、T3构成，双螺纹传送元件E1、 E2、E3通过花键安装在所述支承轴T1、T2、T3上，从而与支承轴T1、T2、 T3一起旋转。
双螺纹传送轴1、2、3中的每个传送轴都具有两个脊部，即朝向筒孔1’、 2’和3’形成间隙的第一脊部a、b、c和与筒孔1’、2’和3’具有小空隙的第二脊部O。
在第一脊部a、b、c和第二脊部O之间，每个传送轴1、2、3都具有位于两侧的侧面A和B。
在从筒孔1’到筒孔2’的过渡处，形成了相互啮合区段Z1-2，而在从筒孔2’到筒孔3’的过渡处，形成了相互啮合区段Z2-3。
第二传送轴2的第一脊部b相对于第一传送轴1的第一脊部a错位90 度，并且第三传送轴3的第一脊部c相对于第二传送轴2的第一脊部b也错位90度。
当与相邻的轴1、3结合地在旋转位置0/360°看中间传送轴2时，其第二脊部O从传送轴1的侧面B清除自由流动材料，而在相互啮合区段Z2-3 中的第三传送轴3的侧面B上，由所述自由流动材料形成层S3，该层S3将通过第二传送轴2的脊部b处理。
在传送轴的90度旋转位置，传送轴1的脊部a在相互啮合区段Z1-2中利用传送轴2的侧面B上的自由流动材料形成层S2-1，而通过传送轴3的脊部c在传送轴2的侧面A上形成材料层S2-2。同时，筒孔2’被传送轴2的脊部b涂布并由脊部O清除。
在传送轴2的180度旋转位置，传送轴2的脊部b在传送轴1的侧面A 上的相互啮合区段Z1-2中形成材料层S3，而传送轴2的脊部O从传送轴3 的侧面A清除相互啮合区域Z2-3中的自由流动材料。
在传送轴2的270度旋转位置，传送轴1的脊部O在相互啮合区域Z1-2 中对传送轴2的侧面A进行清除，而传送轴3的脊部O从传送轴2的侧面B 清除自由流动材料。
也就是说，在一个旋转位置，即90度旋转位置，传送轴2通过错位90 度的两个相邻传送轴1、2的间隙形成第一脊部a、c而在其侧面A、B上涂布自由流动材料，而在进一步旋转180度的旋转位置，即在传送轴2的270 度旋转位置，第二传送轴2的侧面A、B通过两个相邻的传送轴1、3的第二脊部O而被再次清除自由流动材料。
在图中，自由流动材料的层由粗线表示。
根据图2a和2b，挤压机4具有传送轴1、2、3、4，它们的旋转轴线布置在闭合圆K上。
根据图2a和2b，双螺纹传送元件1至4均具有两个脊部，即朝向筒孔 1’、2’、3’和4’形成间隙的第一脊部a、b、c、d和与筒孔1’、2’、3’具有小空隙的第二脊部O。在第一脊部a、b、c、d和第二脊部O之间，每个传送元件1至4具有位于两侧的侧面A和B。
第二传送轴2的第一脊部b相对于第一传送轴1的第一脊部a错位90 度，并且第三传送轴3的第一脊部c相对于第二传送轴2的第一脊部b也错位90度，第四传送轴4的第一脊部d相对于第三传送轴3的第一脊部c也错位90度。
因而，在两个脊部O、b以及O、c之间，两个传送轴1和3、2和4之间的每个传送轴2、3分别通过错位90度的两个相邻的传送轴2、4的间隙形成第一脊部b、d和通过错位90的两个相邻的传送轴1、3的间隙形成第一脊部a、c而在旋转位置中(例如轴3位于0/360°的旋转位置，轴2位于 90°的旋转位置)在其侧面A、B上涂布自由流动材料，其中侧面A、B在旋转180度的旋转位置(轴3的180度旋转位置和轴2的270度旋转位置)分别通过两个相邻传送轴2、4和1、3的第二脊部O而再次被清除自由流动材料。
在根据图3a和3b的实施方式中，十二个传送轴1至12以相同的中心角距离沿着闭合圆K布置在筒中。也就是说，该筒由外筒G-1和筒芯部G-2 构成。在外筒G-1的内侧上以及在筒芯部G-2的外侧上，设置了轴向平行的凹入圆形扇段，这些凹入圆形扇段的圆心位于传送轴1至12的轴线所在的圆柱。
根据图3a和图3b，每个双螺纹传送元件1至12都具有两个脊部，即朝向筒孔形成间隙的第一脊部a、b、c、d和与筒孔具有小空隙的第二脊部O，其中根据图3a和3b，筒孔由外筒G-1和筒芯部G-2的两个圆形扇段形成，相应的传送轴1至12安装在这两个圆形扇段之间。
从图3a和3b可以看出，第二传送轴2的第一脊部b相对于第一传送轴 1的第一脊部错位90度，第三传送轴3的第一脊部c相对于第二传送轴2 的第一脊部b以及第四传送轴4的第一脊部d相对于第三传送轴3的第一脊部c等等同样如此。
可以看出，根据图3a和3b的十二个传送轴1至12由四个传送轴(每个传送轴对应于根据图2a和2b的四个传送轴1至4)一组的三组传送轴构成。因而，这十二个传送轴1至12再次以与关于图2a和2b描述的相同方式被涂布和清除。
根据图1，如相对于轴3所示的，所述传送轴具有由圆弧E-F、E’-F’、 H-G和E-H、G-E’、F-H和G-F’构成的横截面轮廓。圆弧E-F和E’-F’平行于孔壁3’延伸。圆弧H-G具有与芯部直径对应的直径，且圆弧E-H、G-E’、 F-H和G-F’具有与传送轴2和3的轴向距离对应的直径。因此，圆弧E-F 对应于轴的外径，而圆弧E’-F’则被相对于圆弧E-F切割以形成所述间隙。然而，所述横截面轮廓还可以由具有连续差异轮廓曲线的四个或更多个圆弧形成。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于自由流动材料的处理的多轴挤压机，所述多轴挤压机具有筒和平行地布置的、共同旋转的、紧密地相互啮合的至少三个传送轴，每个传送轴具有至少两个螺纹并在所述筒中的相应孔中被引导，其特征在于，每个传送轴的轴线穿过所述相应孔的圆心，并且在所述挤压机的处理长度的至少一部分上，每个传送轴均通过其螺纹中的一个螺纹的脊部与孔壁间隔开一空隙，而在其螺纹中的另一个螺纹的脊部与所述孔壁之间形成有一间隙，以使得所述间隙大体上大于在所述传送轴的所述螺纹中的所述一个螺纹的脊部与所述孔壁之间的所述空隙，并且所述至少三个传送轴成一角度相对于彼此以错位方式布置，使得至少在一个旋转位置，布置在两个传送轴之间的每个传送轴都通过两个相邻的传送轴的形成间隙的脊部而能在其螺纹中的所述一个螺纹的脊部和其螺纹中的所述另一个螺纹的脊部之间的侧面上涂布所述自由流动材料，其中在所述传送轴的至少一个另外的旋转位置，通过所述两个相邻的传送轴的与所述孔壁间隔开所述空隙的脊部能将所述自由流动材料再次从所述侧面清除。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，所述至少三个传送轴中的每个传送轴设计有两个螺纹，并且所述至少三个传送轴以90度的角度相对于彼此以错位方式布置，其中在一个旋转位置，布置在两个传送轴之间的每个传送轴都通过错位90度的两个相邻的传送轴的所述形成间隙的脊部而能在其螺纹中的所述一个螺纹的脊部和其螺纹中的所述另一个螺纹的脊部之间的侧面上涂布所述自由流动材料，其中在所述传送轴的旋转180度的旋转位置，通过所述两个相邻的传送轴的与所述孔壁间隔开所述空隙的脊部能将所述自由流动材料再次从所述侧面清除。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，形成在每个传送轴的所述螺纹中的所述另一个螺纹的脊部分别与所述孔壁之间的所述间隙小于所述传送轴的螺纹深度，并且其中，所述形成间隙的脊部相对于与所述孔壁间隔开所述空隙的脊部切割而形成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，每个传送轴的所述螺纹中的所述一个螺纹的脊部分别与所述孔壁之间的空隙不大于所述相应孔的直径的百分之三。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，所述至少三个传送轴以相同的中心角距离沿着闭合圆布置在所述筒中。
6.根据权利要求5所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，所述多轴挤压机具有至少四个传送轴或者与四的倍数对应的数量的传送轴。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多轴挤压机，其特征在于，所述传送轴由蜗杆轴和/或捏合块形成。
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WO2013174878A1 (de) 2013-11-28
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