CN104487066B - 放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂 - Google Patents
放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104487066B CN104487066B CN201380038645.8A CN201380038645A CN104487066B CN 104487066 B CN104487066 B CN 104487066B CN 201380038645 A CN201380038645 A CN 201380038645A CN 104487066 B CN104487066 B CN 104487066B
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- CSSYQJWUGATIHM-IKGCZBKSSA-N l-phenylalanyl-l-lysyl-l-cysteinyl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-tryptophyl-l-glutaminyl-l-tryptophyl-l-arginyl-l-methionyl-l-lysyl-l-lysyl-l-leucylglycyl-l-alanyl-l-prolyl-l-seryl-l-isoleucyl-l-threonyl-l-cysteinyl-l-valyl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-alanyl-l-phenylal Chemical compound C([C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CSSYQJWUGATIHM-IKGCZBKSSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L Ferrous fumarate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
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- NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(III) citrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NPFOYSMITVOQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,更详细而言,涉及含有5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)或其衍生物或它们的盐的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂。
背景技术
放射线损害是生物体因受到X射线、γ射线等放射线的照射而发生的身体上的损害和损伤的统称,作为其原因,已知有放射线照射和放射性污染等。放射线损害包括早发性放射线损害(急性放射线损害)和晚发性放射线损害(延迟性放射线损害),所述早发性放射线损害是在受到放射线照射后立即~数月以内出现的急性期症状的放射线损害,所述晚发性放射线损害是在受到放射线照射后数年至数十年后出现的放射线损害。
细胞分裂越活跃,细胞对放射线的敏感性越高,因此造血器官等细胞再生系统最容易受到影响。例如,对于早发性放射线损害而言,如果受到1Gy(戈瑞)以上照射,则一部分人会出现所谓放射线宿醉的症状(即恶心、呕吐、全身倦怠等类似于宿醉的症状);如果受到1.5Gy以上的照射,则敏感性最高的造血细胞受到影响,白细胞和血小板的供给断绝,从而导致出血增加,随之免疫力降低,严重时在30~60天左右死亡。此外,皮肤的上皮基底细胞的敏感性高,在3Gy以上的情况下出现脱毛、暂时性红斑,在7~8Gy的情况下形成水泡,在10Gy以上的情况下出现溃疡。如果受到5Gy以上的照射,则小肠内的干细胞全部死亡,吸收细胞的供给断绝。因此,发生由吸收力降低导致的腹泻、细菌感染,严重时在20天以内死亡。如果受到非常高的剂量(15Gy以上)的照射,则出现对中枢神经的影响,变得伴有意识障碍、休克症状。对中枢神经的影响的显现早,几乎所有被照射者均在5天以内死亡。另一方面,对于晚发性放射线损害而言,以白血病为代表的各种恶性肿瘤、辐射性白内障等的发病率升高。
作为目前所进行的对放射线暴露的预防方法,有施予与被照射的物质相对应的稳定同位素或螯合剂等方法,这些方法主要通过预防摄入因事故等特殊状况而出现的放射性物质,从而将内部辐射损伤抑制为最低水平。但是尚不存在用于抑制已经日常性地受到放射线照射的人(如飞机乘务员、放射线技师等)的癌症发病等的预防药,也尚未开发出用于抑制暴露于大量放射线的癌症放疗患者的副作用的预防药。此外,作为对放疗副作用的预防,也已知施予作为中药的十全大补汤的情况,但这并不普遍。前者是用于通过预防摄入出现的放射性物质、从而将向放射线的暴露本身抑制在最低水平的方法,后者是对由暴露至放射线导致的症状的发作加以抑制的方法。作为对放射线暴露的治疗方法,已知有施予促进造血的细胞因子的方法或骨髓移植的方法。这些方法是针对骨髓抑制(其为在体内蓄积的放射性物质、或直接的放射线照射所导致的放射线损害的症状之一)的治疗方法。由于放射线损害使得骨髓细胞不能进行正常的分裂,因此通过针对剩余的正常细胞施予G-CSF等细胞因子,从而促进血细胞的增殖·分化。更严重的情况下,有时还进行骨髓细胞的移植。
此外,作为放射线损害的预防·治疗剂,已提出了下述药剂:硝普钠(Nitroprusside)(参见专利文献1),乳铁蛋白(参见专利文献2),6,10,14,18-四甲基-5,9,13,17-十九碳四烯-2-酮(6,10,14,18-tetramethyl-5,9,13,17-nonadecatetraen-2-one)(参见专利文献3),吡唑啉酮衍生物(参见专利文献4),生长因子SCF、IL3、GM-CSF及IL6(参见专利文献5),(±)-N,N’-亚丙基双烟酰胺(N,N’-Propylenedinicotinamide)(参见专利文献6),13-氧锗丙酸(13-oxygermyl-propionic acid)(参见专利文献7),β-拉帕醌(β-Lapachone)(参见专利文献8),生物碱(alkaloid)的磷衍生物(参见专利文献9),α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-L-抗坏血酸(α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-L-ascorbic acid)(参见专利文献10)。
另一方面,5-ALA作为广泛存在于动物、植物和菌类中的四吡咯生物合成途径的中间体而为人所知,其通常由5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶从琥珀酰CoA和甘氨酸而被生物合成。还开发了使用5-ALA的光线力学疗法或光动力学治疗(以下也称为“ALA-PDT”),其作为侵入性低且能保持QOL的治疗方法而受到关注,报道了使用ALA等的肿瘤诊断·治疗剂等。此外,还已知5-ALA作为成人病、癌症、男性不育的预防改善剂或治疗剂是有用的(参见例如专利文献11~13)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2011-207841
专利文献2:日本特开2007-302640
专利文献3:日本特开2004-43391
专利文献4:日本特开2003-335674
专利文献5:日本特开平7-165602
专利文献6:日本特开平6-145057
专利文献7:日本特开平5-39218
专利文献8:日本特表2007-512378
专利文献9:日本特表平11-505851
专利文献10:WO2006/033412
专利文献11:WO2010/050179
专利文献12:日本特开2011-16753
专利文献13:WO2009/139156
发明内容
本发明的课题在于提供放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其能够解决放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂的以下问题,具有新颖的作用机理、且能够改善·缓解·减轻以往没有治疗手段的广泛的症状,并且对人的安全性高,上述问题包括:
[1]不存在对低剂量的持续性暴露所导致的损害的预防方法。
[2]对于放射线治疗的副作用的预防而言,不存在通常使用的药物。
[3]对于治疗方法而言,蛋白质制剂难以确保一定的质量,且价格昂贵。关于造血干细胞移植,由于不一定存在匹配的供体,因此不能成为通用的治疗方法。
[4]对于治疗方法而言,采用现有技术能够抑制对骨髓的损伤,但是对除此之外的炎症·脱毛·腹泻等症状的治疗方法尚未确立。
本申请的发明人想到通过5-ALA的施予可能能抑制由放射线导致的炎症。并且,本申请的发明人实际地向放射线照射模型小鼠施予了5-ALA,结果发现能够提高起因于放射线损害的存活率,改善体重的减少,并且能够缓解造血障碍,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明涉及:
[1]放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,含有下述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐,
式(I)中,R1表示氢原子或酰基,R2表示氢原子、直链或支链烷基、环烷基、芳基或芳烷基;
作为其他实施方式,还可以举出用于在对放射线损害的预防和/或治疗中使用的上述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐。
本发明还涉及:
[2]上述[1]所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,R1及R2为氢原子;
[3]上述[1]或[2]所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,还含有铁化合物;
[4]上述[3]所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,铁化合物为选自氯化铁、三氧化二铁、硫酸铁、焦磷酸亚铁、柠檬酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁钠、柠檬酸亚铁钠、柠檬酸铁铵、焦磷酸铁、乳酸铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁钠、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁铵、乙二胺四乙酸铁钠、乙二胺四乙酸铁铵、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁钠、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁铵、富马酸亚铁、乙酸铁、草酸铁、琥珀酸亚铁、琥珀酸柠檬酸铁钠、血红素铁、右旋糖酐铁、三亚乙基四胺铁、乳铁蛋白铁、转铁蛋白铁、叶绿素铁钠、铁蛋白铁、含糖氧化铁及硫化甘氨酸铁中的一种或两种以上的化合物;
[5]上述[1]~[4]中任一项所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,用于改善体重的降低;
[6]上述[1]~[5]中任一项所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,用于提高存活率;
[7]上述[1]~[6]中任一项所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其特征在于,用于缓解造血障碍。
本发明还涉及:
[8]预防和/或治疗放射线损害的方法,其特征在于,向对象施予上述[1]~[7]中任一项所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂;
[9]用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒,包含:
a)上述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐;和
b)铁化合物;
[10]预防和/或治疗放射线损害的方法,其特征在于,向对象同时或先后施予下述物质:
a)上述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐;和
b)铁化合物;
[11]预防和/或治疗药剂的组合,所述组合包含:
a)上述[1]~[7]中任一项所述的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂;和
b)放射线损害的预防·治疗剂;
[12]预防和/或治疗药剂的组合,所述组合包含:
a)上述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐;
b)铁化合物;和
c)放射线损害的预防·治疗剂。
根据本发明,能够缓解、减轻、防御、改善、预防和/或治疗对象的放射线损害,更具体而言,能够提供放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,其能够提高受到放射线照射的对象的存活率、防止体重的降低,而且,不仅可预期作为放射线损害的症状之一的造血障碍的缓解(促进造血)、对脱毛的抑制、皮肤劣化的改善、对摄食量·摄水量降低的改善、腹泻的改善、对活动时间减少的改善,还可预期体貌的改善,并且安全性高。
附图说明
[图1]是表示向经4.0Gy的放射线剂量照射2次的放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐的情况下的存活率变化的图。
[图2]是表示向经4.0Gy的放射线剂量照射2次的放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐的情况下的体重变化的图。
[图3]是分别表示向各剂量(3.5Gy、4.0Gy、4.5Gy)条件下的放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐或5-ALA盐酸盐+SFC的情况下的体重变化的图。
[图4]表示在向放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐或5-ALA盐酸盐+SFC情况下、使用流式细胞仪对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析得到的结果的图。
[图5]是表示向经4.0Gy的放射线剂量照射的放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐或5-ALA盐酸盐+SFC的情况下的体重变化的图。
[图6]是表示在向经4.0Gy的放射线剂量照射的放射线损害小鼠施予5-ALA盐酸盐或5-ALA盐酸盐+SFC的情况下、使用流式细胞仪对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析得到的结果的图。
[图7]是表示对图6的骨髓细胞中的红细胞系造血祖细胞Ery I、Ery II/III、EryIV的数量进行计数的结果的图。
[图8]是表示对图6的脾细胞中的红细胞系造血祖细胞Ery IV的数量进行计数的结果的图。
[图9]是表示对图6的骨髓细胞中的多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、B细胞、CD11b+细胞的数量(上半部分)进行的计数的结果及对图6的脾细胞中的多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、B细胞、T细胞、CD11b+细胞的数量(下半部分)进行计数的结果的图。
[图10]是表示对图6的胸腺细胞中的DN、DP的数量进行计数的结果的图。
具体实施方式
作为本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂,只要含有上述式(I)所示的化合物或其盐(以下,有时也将它们统称为“ALA类”)作为有效成分即可,没有特别限定,除ALA类以外还可以含有铁化合物。进一步地,能够用于提高存活率、用于改善(防止)体重的降低、用于缓解造血障碍的预防和/或治疗剂是优选的。本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂也可以用作为医药品、准医药品、化妆品、饮食品、饲料、饵料、宠物食品。此外,本发明的预防和/或治疗放射线损害的方法的特征在于,向人、以及向家畜·家禽类、宠物等对象施予上述本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂。此外,本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂优选在放射线照射前后、例如从放射线照射日的1~3天前开始到5~10天后为止每天施用。
本发明中,对放射线损害的“预防和/或治疗”包括放射线损害的减轻、放射线损害的改善、放射线损害的缓解,此外,早发性放射线损害和晚发性放射线损害均包括在上述放射线损害内。
此外,作为本发明的用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒,只要为ALA类和铁化合物作为有效成分分别被含有的试剂盒即可,没有特别限定,但优选能够用于提高存活率、用于改善(防止)体重的降低、用于缓解造血障碍的试剂盒。关于使用上述本发明的用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒的本发明的预防和/或治疗放射线损害的方法,其特征在于,在放射线照射前后向人、以及向家畜·家禽类、宠物等对象同时或先后施予ALA类和铁化合物。
而且此外,作为本发明的预防和/或治疗药剂的组合,只要为上述本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂与除本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂以外的放射线损害的预防·治疗剂的组合、ALA类和铁化合物与放射线损害的预防·治疗剂的组合即可,没有特别限定,通过施予上述预防和/或治疗药剂的组合,也能够预防和/或治疗放射线损害。上述组合的各制剂(成分)可同时或分开施予。此外,上述组合的各制剂(成分)可以在放射线照射前后、例如从放射线照射日的1~3天前开始到5~10天后为止每天施用。
上述ALA类中,可优选举出式(I)的R1及R2均为氢原子时的5-ALA或其盐。5-ALA是一种亦被称为δ-氨基乙酰丙酸的氨基酸。此外,作为5-ALA衍生物,可以举出下述5-ALA以外的化合物,其中,式(I)的R1为氢原子或酰基,式(I)的R2为氢原子、直链或支链烷基、环烷基、芳基或芳烷基。
作为式(I)中的酰基,可以举出甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基、丁酰基、异丁酰基、戊酰基、异戊酰基、特戊酰基、己酰基、辛酰基、苄基羰基等直链或支链的碳原子数为1~8的烷酰基,苯甲酰基、1-萘甲酰基、2-萘甲酰基等碳原子数为7~14的芳酰基。
作为式(I)中的烷基,可以举出甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基、新戊基、己基、庚基、辛基等直链或支链的碳原子数为1~8的烷基。
作为式(I)中的环烷基,可以举出环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基、环十二烷基、1-环己烯基等饱和的或可存在一部分不饱和键的、碳原子数为3~8的环烷基。
作为式(I)中的芳基,可以举出苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基等碳原子数为6~14的芳基。
作为式(I)中的芳烷基,其芳基部分可与上述芳基同样地进行例示,烷基部分可与上述烷基同样地进行例示,具体而言,可以举出苄基、苯基乙基、苯基丙基、苯基丁基、二苯基甲基、三苯基甲基、萘基甲基、萘基乙基等碳原子数为7~15的芳烷基。
作为上述ALA衍生物,R1为甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基、丁酰基等的化合物、上述R2为甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基等的化合物是优选的,对于上述R1和R2的组合,可优选举出甲酰基和甲基、乙酰基和甲基、丙酰基和甲基、丁酰基和甲基、甲酰基和乙基、乙酰基和乙基、丙酰基和乙基、丁酰基和乙基的组合等。
ALA类只要在生物体内以式(I)的5-ALA或其衍生物的状态作为有效成分而发挥作用即可,可以根据施予的形态以用于提高溶解性的各种盐、酯或可被生物体内的酶分解的前药(前体)的形式施予。例如,作为5-ALA及其衍生物的盐,可以举出药理学上容许的酸加成盐、金属盐、铵盐、有机胺加成盐等。作为酸加成盐,可以举出例如盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐等各种无机酸盐,甲酸盐、乙酸盐、丙酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、琥珀酸盐、草酸盐、乳酸盐、酒石酸盐、乙醇酸盐、甲磺酸盐、丁酸盐、缬草酸盐、柠檬酸盐、富马酸盐、马来酸盐、苹果酸盐等各有机酸加成盐。作为金属盐,可以举出锂盐、钠盐、钾盐等各种碱金属盐,镁、钙盐等各种碱土金属盐,铝、锌等的各种金属盐。作为铵盐,可以举出铵盐、四甲基铵盐等的烷基铵盐等。作为有机胺盐,可以举出三乙胺盐、哌啶盐、吗啉盐、甲苯胺盐等各种盐。需要说明的是,上述盐也可以在使用时以溶液的形式使用。
上述ALA类中,优选的是5-ALA及5-ALA甲酯、5-ALA乙酯、5-ALA丙酯、5-ALA丁酯、5-ALA戊酯等各种酯类、以及它们的盐酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸盐,可特别优选举出5-ALA盐酸盐和5-ALA磷酸盐。
上述ALA类可以通过化学合成、利用微生物的生产、利用酶的生产中的任意已知方法来制造。此外,上述ALA类可以形成水合物或溶剂合物,也可以单独使用任一种或适当组合两种以上使用。
作为上述铁化合物,为有机盐、无机盐均可,作为无机盐,可以举出氯化铁、三氧化二铁、硫酸铁、焦磷酸亚铁,作为有机盐,可以举出羧酸盐、例如作为羟基羧酸盐的、柠檬酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁钠、柠檬酸亚铁钠、柠檬酸铁铵等的柠檬酸盐、焦磷酸铁、乳酸铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁钠、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁铵、乙二胺四乙酸铁钠、乙二胺四乙酸铁铵、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁钠、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁铵、富马酸亚铁、乙酸铁、草酸铁、琥珀酸亚铁、琥珀酸柠檬酸铁钠等的有机酸盐、血红素铁、右旋糖酐铁、三亚乙基四胺铁、乳铁蛋白铁、转铁蛋白铁、叶绿素铁钠、铁蛋白铁、含糖氧化铁、硫化甘氨酸铁,其中,优选柠檬酸亚铁钠和柠檬酸铁钠。
上述铁化合物可以各自单独使用,也可以混合使用两种以上。作为铁化合物的施予量,相对于ALA类的施予量(以5-ALA换算)而言的摩尔比可以是0.01~100倍,优选为0.05倍~10倍,更优选为0.1倍~8倍。
本发明的联合使用ALA类和铁化合物的、预防和/或治疗放射线损害的方法中,可以以含有ALA类和铁化合物的组合物的形式、或以各自单独的形式同时或先后施予。以各自单独的形式施予时,优选同时施予,但以各自单独的形式先后施予时,优选以使ALA类和铁化合物的施予能够实现加合效果、优选实现协同效果的方式施予。
还可以向本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、和用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒中,组合促进造血的细胞因子、硝普钠、乳铁蛋白、6,10,14,18-四甲基-5,9,13,17-十九碳四烯-2-酮、吡唑啉酮衍生物、生长因子SCF、IL3、GM-CSF及IL6、(±)-N,N’-亚丙基双烟酰胺、13-氧锗丙酸、β-拉帕醌、生物碱的磷衍生物、α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-L-抗坏血酸、氨磷汀(Amifostine)等现有的放射线损害的预防·治疗剂中的一种或两种以上而联合使用。此外,也可以将本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、和用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒与骨髓移植疗法联合使用。本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、和用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒与上述现有的放射线损害的预防·治疗剂和骨髓移植疗法的作用机理不同,因此,使用本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗药剂的组合的话,可预期加合效果,根据情况可预期协同效果。
作为本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒的各成分、或者预防·治疗学药剂的组合的各成分的施予途径,可以举出经口施予(舌下施予也包括在内),或者滴鼻施予、吸入施予、静脉内施予(包括滴注)、利用巴布剂等的经皮施予、栓剂或通过使用经鼻胃管、经鼻肠管、胃瘘管或肠瘘管的强制性经肠营养法进行的施予等非经口施予等。需要说明的是,关于预防和/或治疗药剂的组合中的现有的放射线损害的预防·治疗剂的施予途径,优选采用各药剂已得到认可的施予途径。
关于本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒的各成分、或者预防·治疗学药剂的组合的各成分的剂型,可根据上述施予途径适当地确定,可以举出注射剂、滴鼻剂、滴注剂、片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、散剂、液剂、溶解于糖浆等中的水剂、巴布剂、栓剂等。本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒的各成分,除了医药用途以外,也可以制成片剂或胶囊剂的补充剂(supplement)的形态。此外,特别是对于吞咽困难的老年人和婴幼儿等,优选为在口中展现出快速崩解性的崩解片的形态、或适于经鼻胃管施予的液剂的形态。
为了制备本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒,可根据需要添加药理学上可容许的载体、赋形剂、稀释剂、添加剂、崩解剂、粘合剂、包衣剂、润滑剂、增滑剂、滑润剂、风味剂、甜味剂、增溶剂、溶剂、凝胶化剂、营养剂等,具体而言,可以举出水、生理盐水、动物性脂肪及油、植物油、乳糖、淀粉、明胶、结晶性纤维素、胶质、滑石、硬脂磷酸镁、羟丙基纤维素、聚亚烷基二醇、聚乙烯醇、甘油。需要说明的是,将本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂制备成水溶液时,为了防止ALA类的分解,需要注意不使水溶液成为碱性;成为碱性的情况下,也可通过除去氧来防止分解。
关于本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂、用于预防和/或治疗放射线损害的试剂盒,除了人以外还可以在家畜·家禽类和宠物等兽医领域中使用。作为上述预防和/或治疗剂的施予的量·频率·时期,在对象为人的情况下,根据放射线损害患者的年龄、体重、症状等而有所不同,作为ALA类的施予量,可以举出以5-ALA的摩尔数换算、成人每人为0.01mmol~25mmol/日、优选为0.025mmol~7.5mmol/日、更优选为0.075mmol~5.5mmol/日、进一步优选为0.2mmol~2mmol/日,作为施予频率,可以举出一日一次~多次的施予或通过滴注等进行的连续施予。施予时期可根据该技术领域的药理学者和临床医生已知的方法来确定。
以下,通过实施例对本发明进行更具体的说明,但本发明的技术范围并不限定于这些例示。
(实施例1)
<通过向遭受放射线损害的小鼠施予5-ALA而产生的缓解放射线损害的效果>
针对由伴随放射线照射发生的各种症状(以骨髓抑制为代表)而导致的死亡,验证了施予ALA而产生的提高存活率的效果及对体重减少的抑制、外观上的变化。
[实验方法]
(1)动物及饲育条件
从日本SLC株式会社购入8周龄的雄性C57BL/6小鼠,使用到货当天视诊为健康的小鼠进行试验。到货翌日,基于体重通过随机抽取的方式分成3组,每组10只,进而将每组按照每笼3只、3只、4只的方式分开。使其自由地摄取自来水,并且自由地摄取Oriental酵母株式会社制的基础饲料MF,在室温23~24℃、湿度30~40%、12小时荧光灯照明的饲育室中进行饲育。
(2)试验组
如下所示,分为施予药剂不同的3个组,即组[1]~组[3]。
组[1]:5-ALA未施予组(10只)
组[2]:5-ALA盐酸盐10mg/kg体重施予组(10只)
组[3]:5-ALA盐酸盐100mg/kg体重施予组(10只)
(3)放射线损害的诱发
使用PANTAC HF350(200KV,20mA滤片(Filter):Cu 0.1mm+Al 0.5mm),以3小时的间隔,进行2次放射线照射,每次4Gy(共计8Gy的放射线)。
(4)药剂的施予
照射开始后,每天分别用导管向胃内强制施予水(上述组[1])、5-ALA盐酸盐水溶液(上述组[2]及组[3])。
(5)存活率的测定
将放射线照射日作为第0天,到第21天为止对存活进行确认。将存活了21天的个体判定为存活。在第5天-第12天之间以最低2天1次的频率进行死亡确认,将体重减少30%以上、活动性不良(即使触碰也不逃跑)、观察到体温降低的个体判定为死亡。将经过死后僵直后已解僵的尸体判定为死亡发生于12小时或更早以前。需要说明的是,在上午确认到死亡的情况下,判定为前一天的死亡。
(6)体重的测定
在上述(5)中的存活确认时,同时对体重进行测定。
(7)外观的变化
在上述(5)中的测定期间,对施予组、未施予组之间在外观上是否可观察到某些变化进行了确认。
[结果]
(1)存活率的变化
将用于检查的试验组的存活率的变化示于图1。采用Logrank法对[3]100mg/kg施予组和[1]ALA未施予组进行了显著性差异检验,结果,[3]100mg/kg施予组的存活率显著地提高。([1]0mg/kg vs[3]100mg/kg,p=0.0289;[1]0mg/kg vs[2]10mg/kg,p=0.161)
(2)体重的变化
将用于检查的试验组的体重的变化示于图2。在照射11天后,在[1]ALA未施予组和[2]10mg/kg施予组、以及[1]ALA未施予组和[3]100mg/kg施予组的体重上观察到显著性差异。([1]0mg/kg vs[3]100mg/kg,p=0.03456;[1]0mg/kg vs[2]10mg/kg,p=0.03556)
(3)外观上的变化
将用于检查的试验组的外观上的变化的观察结果示于下述表1。经时地对5-ALA施予组、5-ALA未施予组的外观进行连续观察,结果,[1]ALA未施予组由放射线导致毛色光泽度差,竖毛,并且观察到衰弱,但与[1]ALA未施予组相比,[2]10mg/kg施予组及[3]100mg/kg施予组的竖毛为轻度。
[表1]
(实施例2)
<通过向遭受放射线损害的小鼠施予5-ALA或5-ALA+柠檬酸亚铁(SFC)而产生的促进造血的效果>
针对作为放射线治疗的副作用的造血障碍,验证了是否能够通过预防·治疗性地施予5-ALA或5-ALA+SFC而获得促进造血的效果。
1.评价模型的确立研究试验
[实验方法]
(1)动物及饲育条件
从日本SLC株式会社购入8周龄的雄性C57BL/6小鼠,使用到货当天视诊为健康的小鼠进行试验。到货翌日,基于体重通过随机抽取的方式分成10组,每组4只,将每组装在1个笼中。使其自由地摄取自来水,并且自由地摄取Oriental酵母株式会社制的基础饲料MF,在室温23~24℃、湿度30~40%、12小时荧光灯照明的饲育室中进行饲育。
(2)试验组
如下所示,分为施予药剂及放射线剂量不同的9个组、即组1)~组9)和无处理组,共10组。
组1)~组3):5-ALA未施予条件下的、3.5Gy照射组、4.0Gy照射组、4.5Gy照射组的3组
组4)~组6):5-ALA盐酸盐100mg/kg体重施予条件下的、3.5Gy照射组、4.0Gy照射组、4.5Gy照射组的3组
组7)~组9):5-ALA盐酸盐100mg+SFC 157mg/kg体重施予条件下的、3.5Gy照射组、4.0Gy照射组、4.5Gy照射组的3组
(3)放射线损害的诱发
使用PANTAC HF350(200KV,20mA滤片:Cu 0.1mm+Al 0.5mm),在第0天以3.5Gy、4.0Gy、4.5Gy这3种剂量一次性照射放射线。
(4)药剂的施予
从照射开始2天前(第-2天)开始到第6天为止,每天分别用导管向胃内强制施予水(上述组1)~组3))、5-ALA盐酸盐水溶液(上述组4)~组6))、5-ALA盐酸盐和SFC的水溶液(上述组7)~组9))。
(5)体重的测定
将放射线照射日作为第0天,在照射开始2天前(第-2天)、第0天、第3天、第5天及第7天测定体重。
(6)血细胞数的测定
使用流式细胞仪,对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析。作为鉴定各细胞的指标,使用下述[表2]中所示的标志物。
[表2]
※1.Ery I~IV为红细胞系造血祖细胞。使用流式细胞仪仅分选CD11b-的细胞,然后用Ter119和CD71这两个标志物展开分选。随着分化,Ter119的表达上升,CD71的表达下降。即Ery I是最不成熟的,Ery IV是最成熟的红细胞系造血祖细胞。
※2.DN、DP、CD4SP、CD8SP是T细胞及T细胞的祖细胞。随着分化,从DN变化为DP,最终分化为成熟的T细胞CD4SP或CD8SP。对于它们的区分,使用流式细胞仪仅分选血细胞系标志物CD45+细胞,然后用CD4、CD8这两个标志物展开分选。
[结果]
(1)体重的变化
将评价模型的确立研究试验中使用的试验组的体重的变化按各剂量(3.5Gy、4.0Gy、4.5Gy)分别示于图3。结果,由放射线照射导致的体重减少在各剂量下均为5%以内,但在ALA+SFC施予组中,与H2O对照组相比,在各剂量下均观察到了体重减少程度的缓解。
(2)血细胞数的测定
使用流式细胞仪对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析,结果示于图4。骨髓细胞数以B细胞、T细胞、多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、Ery I~IV的总数的形式进行计数。胸腺细胞数以CD4SP、CD8SP、DN、DP的数量的总数的形式进行计数。脾细胞数以B细胞、T细胞、多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、Ery I~IV的总数的形式进行计数。
从骨髓细胞数(正常为1.4×107)来看的话,认为在4.0Gy照射和4.5Gy照射之间存在阈值。胸腺细胞数(正常为1.0×108)在3.5Gy照射的情况下减少为正常的1/10左右,但在3.5~4.5Gy照射之间不存在大的差异。脾细胞数(正常为7.5×107)在3.5Gy照射的情况下为正常的1/30左右,在3.5~4.5Gy照射之间观察到了剂量依赖性地线性减少倾向。此外,观察到了4.0Gy照射、ALA施予组的脾细胞数与H2O对照组相比存在显著的改善。对于其他项目,未观察到显著性差异。进一步地,作为可诱发中度的造血障碍、并且通过ALA施予能在各器官中观察到稳定的改善倾向的照射剂量,设定为4.0Gy,进行了下述对促进造血的效果的评价试验。
2.对促进造血的效果的评价试验
[实验方法]
(1)动物及饲育条件
从日本SLC株式会社购入8周龄的雄性C57BL/6小鼠,使用到货当天视诊为健康的小鼠进行试验。到货翌日,基于体重通过随机抽取的方式分成3组,每组8只,进而将每组按照每笼4只的方式分装。此外,作为无处理组,将1组4只装在1个笼中。使其自由地摄取自来水,并且自由地摄取Oriental酵母株式会社制的基础饲料MF,在室温23~24℃、湿度30~40%、12小时荧光灯照明的饲育室中进行饲育。
(2)试验组
如下所示,分为施予药剂不同的3个组、即组a)~组c)和无处理组,共4组。
组a):5-ALA未施予组
组b):5-ALA盐酸盐100mg/kg体重施予组
组c):5-ALA盐酸盐100mg+SFC 157mg/kg体重施予组
(3)放射线损害的引起
使用PANTAC HF350(200KV,20mA滤片:Cu 0.1mm+Al 0.5mm),在第0天以4.0Gy的剂量一次性照射放射线。
(4)药剂的施予
从照射开始2天前(第-2天)开始到第6天为止,每天分别用导管向胃内强制施予水(上述组a))、5-ALA盐酸盐水溶液(上述组b))、5-ALA盐酸盐和SFC的水溶液(上述组c))。
(5)体重的测定
将放射线照射日作为第0天,在照射开始2天前(第-2天)、第0天、第3天及第6天测定体重。
(6)血细胞数的测定
使用流式细胞仪,对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析。作为鉴定各细胞的指标,使用上述[表2]中所示的标志物。
[结果]
(1)体重的测定
将对促进造血的效果的评价试验中使用的试验组的体重的变化示于图5。结果可知,ALA+SFC施予组在体重减少方面显示出稳定的改善倾向。
(2)血细胞数的测定
使用流式细胞仪对从骨髓、脾脏及胸腺采集的细胞群进行分析,结果示于图6。骨髓细胞数以B细胞、T细胞、多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、EryI~IV的总数的形式进行计数。胸腺细胞数以CD4SP、CD8SP、DN、DP的数量的总数的形式进行计数。脾细胞数以B细胞、T细胞、多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、EryI~IV的总数的形式进行计数。
由图6可知,观察到了ALA施予组及ALA+SFC施予组的脾细胞数与H2O对照组相比存在显著的改善。
将对图6的骨髓细胞中的红细胞系造血祖细胞Ery I、Ery II/III、Ery IV的数量进行计数的结果示于图7。结果,观察到骨髓TER119+红细胞系造血祖细胞数在ALA施予组中存在改善倾向。此外,将对图6的脾细胞中的红细胞系造血祖细胞Ery IV的数量进行计数的结果示于图8。结果,观察到红细胞系造血祖细胞EryIV的数量在ALA施予组中统计学上显著地改善。
对图6的骨髓细胞中的多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、B细胞各自的数量进行计数,此外,还计数了CD11b+(其为粒细胞·单核细胞·巨噬细胞·NK细胞的标志物)细胞的数量。将结果示于图9(上半部分)。结果,观察到单核细胞数和B细胞数在ALA施予组中存在改善倾向。
对图6的脾细胞中的多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞)、单核细胞、B细胞、T细胞各自的数量进行计数,此外,还计数了CD11b+(其为粒细胞·单核细胞·巨噬细胞·NK细胞的标志物)细胞的数量。将结果示于图9(下半部分)。观察到多形核白细胞数、CD11b+细胞数和T细胞数在ALA施予组中存在改善倾向。此外,观察到B细胞数在ALA施予组中统计学上显著地改善,观察到T细胞数在ALA+SFC施予组中统计学上显著地改善,但是,单核细胞数在ALA+SFC施予组中统计学上显著地减少。
对图6的胸腺细胞中的DN、DP的数量进行了计数。将结果示于图10。
如上所述,通过ALA施予或ALA+SFC施予,轻度放射线损害小鼠脾细胞的减少被抑制。此外,通过ALA施予,轻度放射线损害小鼠脾细胞中的成熟度较高的红细胞系造血祖细胞Ery IV的减少被抑制。由此显示,通过ALA施予或ALA+SFC施予,能够缓解由放射线照射导致的造血障碍。
产业上的可利用性
本发明的放射线损害的预防和/或治疗剂可在医疗领域等中有益地利用。
Claims (7)
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,R1及R2为氢原子。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的用途,其特征在于,还含有铁化合物。
4.如权利要求3所述的用途,其特征在于,铁化合物为选自氯化铁、三氧化二铁、硫酸铁、焦磷酸亚铁、柠檬酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁钠、柠檬酸亚铁钠、柠檬酸铁铵、焦磷酸铁、乳酸铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁钠、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸铁铵、乙二胺四乙酸铁钠、乙二胺四乙酸铁铵、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁钠、二羧基甲基谷氨酸铁铵、富马酸亚铁、乙酸铁、草酸铁、琥珀酸亚铁、琥珀酸柠檬酸铁钠、血红素铁、右旋糖酐铁、三亚乙基四胺铁、乳铁蛋白铁、转铁蛋白铁、叶绿素铁钠、铁蛋白铁、含糖氧化铁及硫化甘氨酸铁中的一种或两种以上的化合物。
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