CN104351801B - 降血脂的甜茶食品及其制备方法 - Google Patents
降血脂的甜茶食品及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104351801B CN104351801B CN201410572647.1A CN201410572647A CN104351801B CN 104351801 B CN104351801 B CN 104351801B CN 201410572647 A CN201410572647 A CN 201410572647A CN 104351801 B CN104351801 B CN 104351801B
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- bulbus allii
- hydrangeae strigosae
- folium hydrangeae
- ganoderma
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Abstract
本发明的降血脂的甜茶食品,由下列重量份的物料制成:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:10~40,肉桂提取物:1~10,蜂胶:3~10;环糊精:10~20;所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=2~10/10~30/1~10/3~10/10~30/10~30混合物的提取物;所述大蒜和洋葱先整颗进行微波处理30~60秒。本发明中,甜茶、苦瓜、灵芝、香菇、大蒜、洋葱、肉桂、蜂胶均有降血脂的作用,特别是各成份从不同的角度和机理上发挥协同作用,治疗效果好,且能预防并发症,另外,配料合理,取长补短,相生相克。本发明还涉及降血脂的甜茶食品的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及高血脂,具体是降血脂的甜茶食品及其制备方法。
背景技术
高脂血症是指血脂水平过高,血浆总胆固醇浓度>5.17mmol/L(200mg/dl)可定为高胆固醇血症,血浆三酰甘油浓度>2.3mmol/L(200mg/dl)为高三酰甘油血症。高脂血症可直接引起一些严重危害人体健康的疾病,如动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、胰腺炎等。
高脂血症可分为原发性和继发性两类。原发性与先天性和遗传有关,是由于单基因缺陷或多基因缺陷,使参与脂蛋白转运和代谢的受体、酶或载脂蛋白异常所致,或由于环境因素(饮食、营养、药物)和通过未知的机制而致。继发性多发生于代谢性紊乱疾病(糖尿病、高血压、黏液性水肿、甲状腺功能低下、肥胖、肝肾疾病、肾上腺皮质功能亢进),或与其他因素年龄、性别、季节、饮酒、吸烟、饮食、体力活动、精神紧张、情绪活动等有关。
高脂血症的临床表现主要是脂质在真皮内沉积所引起的黄色瘤和脂质在血管内皮沉积所引起的动脉硬化。尽管高脂血症可引起黄色瘤,但其发生率并不很高;而动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展又是一种缓慢渐进的过程。因此在通常情况下,多数患者并无明显症状和异常体征。不少人是由于其他原因进行血液生化检验时才发现有血浆脂蛋白水平升高。
为了降血脂,首先应该进行诊断并进行药物治疗。然而绝大多数高脂血症者选择食疗或者选择了保健品,因为的确有很多高血脂症者不需要就医而只需要控制。但是自我食疗随意性很大,而大部分保健品只是强调某些方面,比如深海鱼油就只是具有不饱和脂肪酸方面的优势。但是实际上,高脂血症者治疗需要顾及到很多方面,如先天性和遗传因素以及代谢性紊乱疾病等。典型的例子如肥胖,许多流行病学资料显示,肥胖人群的平均血浆胆固醇和三酰甘油水平显著高于同龄的非肥胖者。除了体重指数(BMI)与血脂水平呈明显正相关外,身体脂肪的分布也与血浆脂蛋白水平关系密切。一般来说,中心型肥胖者更容易发生高脂血症,肥胖者的体重减轻后,血脂紊乱亦可恢复正常。
所以降血脂是一个系统的问题,保健品或者食品也需要从多方面入手。
发明内容
本发明为了解决上述问题,从系统概念出发,提供一种降血脂的甜茶食品。
本发明的降血脂的甜茶食品,由下列重量份的物料制成:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:10~40,肉桂提取物:1~10,蜂胶:3~10;环糊精:10~20;
所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=2~10/10~30/1~10/3~10/10~30/10~30混合物的提取物;
所述大蒜和洋葱先整颗进行微波处理30~60秒。
作为优选,本发明中各物料的重量份为:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:20~30,肉桂提取物:5~8,蜂胶:5~8;环糊精:12~15。
进一步,所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=2~10/10~30/1~10/3~10/10~30/10~30混合物的50~80%乙醇水溶液提取物;
所述肉桂提取物为无水乙醇提取物。
更进一步,所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=5/20/3/8/15/15混合物的50~80%乙醇水溶液提取物。
本发明还提供所述的降血脂的甜茶食品的制备方法。
所述的降血脂的甜茶食品的制备方法,包含下述步骤:
(1)将大蒜、洋葱整颗进行微波处理30~60秒,然后与甜茶、苦瓜、灵芝、香菇、大蒜、洋葱破碎后一起放入提取罐中;
(2)使用50~80%7醇水溶液提取;
(3)提取液浓缩干燥;
(4)将蜂胶、肉桂提取物一起用乙醇溶解,加入饱和的环糊精水溶液中,搅拌均匀后冷却使结晶,过滤,干燥;
(5)将(3)、(4)所得混合、制粒;
(6)干燥;
(7)内分装和外包装。
在步骤(2)使用70%乙醇水溶液,加热至不超过60度,提取2~3次,每次时间为1~3小时。
在步骤(3)和(6),温度不超过60度,真空浓缩、真空干燥。
在步骤(4),溶解蜂胶、肉桂提取物时,乙醇用量为完全溶解量的1.5倍至3倍体积。
在步骤(5),制粒粒径为0.1~2mm。
在步骤(6),干燥至产品含水0.1~5%。
蜂胶的降血脂作用,改善了血液循环,并有抗氧化、保护血管效果,这是控制糖尿病及一切并发症的重要原因。
灵芝治疗高血脂:是利用灵芝特殊解毒的功效,清除血中毒素,净化血液,达到降低血粘稠度的效果。
灵芝及其所含多糖可降低高血脂症者的血清胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白(LDL),降低肝脏中三酰甘油含量,相反,可升高血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL),并明显提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性,减低血清脂质过氧化物(LPO)的浓度。证明灵芝多糖能调节高血脂症的代谢和增强抗脂过氧化的作用。一些细胞分子生物研究所结果还证明,灵芝能显著降低LDL的氧化,减轻由氧化型LDL和人糖白蛋白诱导的单核细胞。
灵芝还明显抑制氧化型LDL与人糖化白蛋白诱导的内表皮细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)的表达,并因此影响单核细胞-内皮细胞相互作用,从而防止动脉硬化的形成。此外,灵芝或含三萜类可抑制胆固醇吸收,并抑制人体胆固醇合成过程中的现速酶-3羟-3-甲戊单酰辅酶A(HMG-COA)还原酶,并因此抑制胆固醇合成,从而使血脂固醇降低。
灵芝单用或与降血脂药合用可降低血清胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白,升高高密度脂蛋白。还能降低全血粘度和血浆粘度,改善血液流变学障碍。灵芝的保肝作用可防止或减轻化学合成调节血脂药引起的肝损伤。灵芝的调节血脂作用是其对心脑血管保护作用的基础。
总之,灵芝可降低血清胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白,升高高密度脂蛋白。同时,还能降低全血粘度和血浆粘度,改善血液流变学障碍。灵芝的保肝作用可防止或减轻化学合成调节血脂药引起的肝损伤。
灵芝对高血脂症临床疗效特点如下:
1.灵芝可不同程度地减低血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、β-脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白(LDL);可升高高密度脂蛋白(HDL)。
2.灵芝还能降低全血黏度和血浆黏度,改善血液流变学障碍。
3.灵芝与常规的降血脂药合用,有协同作用,可相互增强疗效。
4.灵芝治疗高血脂症的疗效与病情轻重、用药剂量及疗程长短等有关,一般病情属轻、用药剂量及疗程长短有关,一般病情属轻、中度患者疗效好,剂量较大,疗程较长者疗效较好。
5.常用的化学合成抗高血脂症药常能引起肝损伤,合用时,由于灵芝有保护肝脏作用可防止或减轻这些药物引起的肝损伤。
6.用药后尚见食欲增加、睡眠改善、体力增强等效果。
香菇是一种高蛋白质、低脂肪、富含天然维生素的健康食品。具有独特的保健作用,具有降胆固醇的作用,可防止脂质在动脉壁沉积。
大蒜具有明显的降血脂和预防动脉硬化的作用,并能有效防止血栓形成。经常食用大蒜,能够对心血管产生显著的保护作用。大蒜又被称为“药用植物中的黄金”。
美国研究人员发现,每天吃半颗蒜头(整颗更好),可帮助某些人降低10%的胆固醇,而且还能降低血压。蒜头里最有益健康的活性成分是蒜氨酸。
蒜氨酸:中文别名:(S)-3-(烯丙基亚磺酰)-L-丙氨酸,英文名称:Alliin。
蒜氨酸(alliin)半水合物,无臭味,从稀丙酮中析出针晶束。熔点164℃~166℃(起泡)。旋光度+63.5℃(c=2)易溶于水,不溶于无水乙醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙醚、苯。经大蒜酶作用分解后,产生大蒜气味的裂解产物,有类似大蒜素的抗菌作用。
蒜氨酸(alliin)-2-烷基半胱氨酸亚砜,在鲜蒜中含量为0.3%-0.6%。
生蒜中原来存在的是无臭的蒜氨酸和分解蒜氨酸用的蒜氨酸酶,这两种物质之间通过薄细胞膜隔开分别存在着。但是生蒜遭到损坏后,细胞膜破裂,这两种物质碰在一起发生了化学反应,蒜氨酸被蒜氨酸酶分解后生成蒜素这种拥有特殊气味的化合物。但是,蒜素非常不稳定,在空气中极容易被迅速分解,会变化成大蒜挥发油的主要成分硫化烯丙基类(二烯丙基二硫醚等)、硫醇类有机硫化物,产生让人不舒服的气味。最后,全部分解后生成的多硫化物并没有什么药效,也没有任何气味。
现代医学研究证实,以蒜氨酸为代表的大蒜含硫氨基酸具有独特的药理活性。长期服用在降血脂、提高身体免疫力、杀菌、抑菌、抗感冒、抗衰老、促进血液循环、防癌抗癌等方面功效显著。
大蒜含有丰富的硒和锗,是预防肿瘤的重要成分。硒是重要的抗氧化剂,对维护细胞的正常代谢起重要作用。
研究显示,用微波加热大蒜30秒~60秒,蒜氨酸酶将被全部破坏,从而可以保护蒜氨酸不被分解。
洋葱是极少数含有前列腺素A的蔬菜,前列腺素A是一种较强的血管扩张剂,能够软化血管,降低血液黏稠度,增加冠状动脉血流量,促进引起血压升高的钠盐等物质的排泄,因此既能调节血脂,还有降压和预防血栓形成的作用。更难能可贵的是,洋葱中含有一种洋葱精油,不仅可降低胆固醇,改善动脉粥样硬化,还能升高“好胆固醇”——高密度脂蛋白的含量。洋葱也可以降低胆固醇和血压,并有降低血液粘度的功效,作用和药物阿司匹林颇类似。
洋葱含有和大蒜中同样蒜氨酸,也具有与大蒜相类似的功效。
苦瓜性凉味苦,含有较多的苦瓜皂甙,可刺激胰岛素释放,有非常明显的降血糖作用,苦瓜中维生素B1、维生素C和多种矿物质的含量都比较丰富,能调节血脂、提高机体免疫力的作用,又有“植物胰岛素”的美称。
苦瓜是一种典型的减肥植物,不仅热量超低,而且还可以抑制脂肪吸收。每100g的苦瓜只有18卡,更有饱足感。苦瓜来源于葫芦科植物苦瓜的果实。性味:苦、寒。功能:清暑清热、明目、解毒。治热病、中暑、痢疾、赤眼疼痛、肿痛丹毒、恶疮。苦瓜中所含的苦瓜素,能够降火消肿、去热解毒。苦瓜能除邪热、解劳乏、清心明目,夏季食用,可清凉消暑。而且还能快速排除毒素,避免体内毒性的堆积。
苦瓜主含有苦瓜甙、类蛋白活性物质(即-苦瓜素,β-苦瓜素、MAP30)、类胰岛素活性物质(即多肽-P)及多种氨基酸。苦瓜甙溶于热水,乙醇和乙酸乙酯,稍溶于乙醚,难溶于苯和石油醚。
苦瓜,味苦涩,但是一根苦瓜里含有0.4%贵如黄金的减肥特效成分-高能清脂素。1998年,美国凯里博士从苦瓜中提取了极具生物活性的成分-高能清脂素。实验证实,每天服用一毫克该成分,可阻止100克左右的脂肪吸收,并使腰围瘦小2毫米之多。苦瓜中“高能清脂素”的发现,使西方国家的减肥发生了历史性转折,专业人员从一种非常普通的蔬菜——苦瓜中发现了一种贵如黄金的特殊成分:高能清脂素,即苦瓜素(RPA),这种被誉为“脂肪杀手”的特效成分能使摄取的脂肪和多糖减少40%-60%左右。据统计,仅美国俄州,就有13个大型的药厂生产苦瓜素,全美国每天有300-600万人恢复了迷人的苗条身材,而且对血脂、血压、血糖、动脉硬化的作用也引起了广泛关注。在日本,花上三万日元可以买到美国维灵生物科技公司生产的一瓶FDA认证的“苦瓜素”。在中国香港,“苦瓜素”正在成为女士们、先生们的热门话题。
药理研究证实,高能清脂素不进入人体血液,只作用于人体吸收脂肪的重要部位——小肠,通过改变肠细胞网孔,阻止脂肪、多糖等高热量大分子物质的吸收,从而加速体内小分子营养的吸收,又不参与人体代谢,所以无任何毒副作用。
甜茶(学名:Rubus Suatrssimus S.Lee,英文名Sweet tea)系蔷薇科悬钩子属植物,又名甘叶悬钩子,为多年生有刺灌木,广西民间常作茶饮用,叶味甜,故名甜茶。主产于广西桂林、柳州、梧州等地区,是广西特有植物。甜茶性凉、味甘平,具有清热、润肺利咽、祛痰止咳等功效。甜茶素有降血压、降血糖、促进新陈代谢、治疗胃酸过多等作用。甜茶素还是一种高甜度低热值的非糖甜味剂,甜度是蔗糖的300倍,热值仅为蔗糖的1%,可作为糖精和蔗糖的替代品,用于食品、医药等行业。心血管、肥胖、糖尿病等患者均可饮用。
甜茶具备普通绿茶的功效外同时还具有防治心血管疾病、预防中风、防癌作用、预防牙齿疾病等药效,具有清热解毒、防癌抗癌抗过敏、润肺化痰止咳、减肥降脂降压、降低血胆固醇、抑制和延缓血管硬化、防治冠心病和糖尿病等众多的保健功能,能够分解黑色素,抑制黑斑和黄褐斑的形成。
甜茶茶多酚有明显抗氧化、抗突变、防癌、降低胆固醇、降低血液中低密度脂蛋白、抑制血压上升、抑制血糖上升、抑制血小板凝集、抗菌、抗食物过敏、改善肠胃微生物环境、消臭的作用。
甜茶黄酮能强化微血管、抗氧化、降血压,具有清除自由基能力,是防治心脑血管疾病和抗癌防癌的佳品。
甜茶中富含18种氨基酸,每100克干品含氨基酸总量331.54毫克,特别是甜茶中富含人体必须的、人体不能生成,只能从食物中吸收的8种氨基酸。甜茶含丰富的营养物质和人体所必需的微量元素,主要有钙0.84%、锌105.5mg/kg、锗5.5μg/kg、硒17.94μg/kg,及钾、镁、磷、铁、钠、铜、铬、锶、锂等多种元素,不含砷铝等有毒物质,除上述所含微量元素外,还富含维生素C、B1、B2、B3、超氧化物岐化酶,鲜甜茶中维生素C的含量高达115mg/100g。硒能消除对人体有害的自由基,改变致癌物质的代谢方向,减少人体细胞和细胞膜成分的氧化损伤,提高机体抵抗能力,从而能够延缓人的寿命。锗能增强红细胞的带氧能力,从而保证机体的供氧量,有利于新陈代谢的进行。生物类黄酮能强化微血管、抗氧化、降血压,是防治心脑血管疾病和防癌抗癌的佳品。
综合以上诸多功效,甜茶主要是消炎、抗过敏、抑菌,清除体内过剩自由基,较好地调理心血管、消化系统、内分秘系统功能,达到降脂、减肥、通便、养颜美容的目的。
桂皮(也叫肉桂)有助于改善II型糖尿病患者的血糖和血脂水平,桂皮可使胰岛素活性升高3倍,有助于机体更好地利用糖类,桂皮能大大增进胰岛素代谢葡萄糖的功效。因而肉桂可以助治糖尿病。肉桂含有的有效成分,能够加速糖分的分解达二十倍,可帮助II型糖尿病患降低血糖、胆固醇与三酸甘油酯,并改善胰岛素功能。
肉桂气芳香,药理上具有散寒止痛,活血通经的功效,具有降血糖、降血脂的作用。
综上所述,本发明中将上述各种组份配伍而成的降血脂的甜茶食品,降血脂效果良好,兼具治疗糖尿病、高血压、肥胖的作用,修复改善单基因缺陷或多基因缺陷,使参与脂蛋白转运和代谢的受体、酶或载脂蛋白恢复正常,并可以预防如动脉粥样硬化(脂质在动脉壁沉积)、冠心病(冠状动脉血流量)、胰腺炎等并发症。
本发明中,甜茶、苦瓜、灵芝、香菇、大蒜、洋葱、肉桂、蜂胶均有降血脂的作用,特别是各成份从不同的角度和机理上发挥作用,如灵芝可降低血清胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白,升高高密度脂蛋白。同时,还能降低全血粘度和血浆粘度,改善血液流变学障碍。灵芝的保肝作用可防止或减轻化学合成调节血脂药引起的肝损伤;蜂胶改善了血液循环,抗氧化、保护血管;香菇可防止脂质在动脉壁沉积;大蒜具有明显的降血脂和预防动脉硬化的作用,并能有效防止血栓形成;洋葱含有前列腺素A,是一种较强的血管扩张剂,能够软化血管,降低血液黏稠度,增加冠状动脉血流量,洋葱精油可降低胆固醇,改善动脉粥样硬化,还能升高“好胆固醇”——高密度脂蛋白的含量,还具有与大蒜相类似的功效;苦瓜对血脂、血压、血糖、动脉硬化具有作用,更有非常好的减肥效果;甜茶高甜度低热值,降脂、减肥、通便,又为身体较好地调理心血管、消化系统、内分秘系统功能,并提供大量的氨基酸和微量元素,还能消除对人体有害的自由基,有明显抗氧化、抗突变、防癌、降低胆固醇、降低血液中低密度脂蛋白、抑制血压上升、抑制血糖上升、抑制血小板凝集、防治心脑血管疾病;桂皮有助于改善II型糖尿病患者的血糖和血脂水平,可帮助II型糖尿病患降低血糖、胆固醇与三酸甘油酯。因而本发明的降血脂的甜茶食品,克服了现有降血脂食品的不足,符合系统性和科学原理,对不同原因产生的高血脂症均有效,而且能够预防并发症。
另外,本发明的技术方案配料合理,,取长补短,相生相克。甜茶素甜度极高,可以掩盖各种不良味道,提高了人们对产品的接受程度;另外环糊精包合增溶,且可以掩饰有气味的物质,还起到缓释的作用。桂皮性热活血,而苦瓜性味苦、寒,清热,蜂胶性味苦、辛、寒,甜茶性凉、味甘平,清热,正好互相抵消中和;甜茶中的茶多酚作为优良的抗氧化剂,可以有效防止各种有效成分在生产和储存过程中的氧化变质。
具体实施方式
(1)将大蒜、洋葱整颗进行微波处理40秒,然后与甜茶、苦瓜、灵芝、香菇、大蒜、洋葱破碎后一起放入提取罐中;
(2)使用70%乙醇水溶液提取;加热至不超过60度,提取3次,每次时间为2小时。
(3)提取液浓缩干燥;温度不超过60度,真空浓缩、真空干燥。
(4)将蜂胶、肉桂提取物一起用乙醇溶解,加入饱和的环糊精水溶液中,搅拌均匀后冷却使结晶,过滤,干燥;溶解蜂胶、肉桂提取物时,乙醇用量为完全溶解量的2倍体积。
(5)将(3)、(4)所得混合、制粒;制粒粒径为1mm。
(6)干燥;温度不超过60度,真空干燥。干燥至产品含水5%。
(7)内分装和外包装。
各物料的重量份为:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:25,肉桂提取物:5,蜂胶:5;环糊精:12。
甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=5/20/3/8/15/15混合物的70%乙醇水溶液提取物。
肉桂提取物为无水乙醇提取物。
Claims (8)
1.降血脂的甜茶食品,由下列重量份的物料制成:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:10~40,肉桂提取物:1~10,蜂胶:3~10;环糊精:10~20;
所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=2~10/10~30/1~10/3~10/10~30/10~30混合物的50~80%乙醇水溶液提取物;
所述大蒜和洋葱先整颗进行微波处理30~60秒;所述肉桂提取物为无水乙醇提取物;
所述的降血脂的甜茶食品按包含下述步骤的方法制备:
(1)将大蒜、洋葱整颗进行微波处理30~60秒,然后与甜茶、苦瓜、灵芝、香菇、大蒜、洋葱破碎后一起放入提取罐中;
(2)使用50~80%乙醇水溶液提取;加热至不超过60度,提取2~3次,每次时间为1~3小时;
(3)提取液浓缩干燥;
(4)将蜂胶、肉桂提取物一起用乙醇溶解,加入饱和的环糊精水溶液中,搅拌均匀后冷却使结晶,过滤,干燥;
(5)将(3)、(4)所得混合、制粒;
(6)干燥;
(7)内分装和外包装。
2.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物:20~30,肉桂提取物:5~8,蜂胶:5~8;环糊精:12~15。
3.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:所述甜茶苦瓜灵芝香菇大蒜洋葱混合提取物为干甜茶/鲜苦瓜/干灵芝/干香菇/大蒜/洋葱=5/20/3/8/15/15混合物的50~80%乙醇水溶液提取物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:在步骤(2)使用70%乙醇水溶液。
5.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:在步骤(3)和(6),温度不超过60度,真空浓缩、真空干燥。
6.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:在步骤(4),溶解蜂胶、肉桂提取物时,乙醇用量为完全溶解量的1.5倍至3倍体积。
7.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:在步骤(5),制粒粒径为0.1~2mm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的降血脂的甜茶食品,其特征在于:在步骤(6),干燥至产品含水0.1~5%。
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