CN104343512A - 用于确定排气净化装置的效率的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于确定排气净化装置的效率的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN104343512A
CN104343512A CN201410368385.7A CN201410368385A CN104343512A CN 104343512 A CN104343512 A CN 104343512A CN 201410368385 A CN201410368385 A CN 201410368385A CN 104343512 A CN104343512 A CN 104343512A
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nox sensor
catalyst converter
efficiency
control unit
reduction catalyst
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CN104343512B (zh
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A.普法芬格
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MAN Truck and Bus SE
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/146—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration
    • F02D41/1463—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration of the exhaust gases downstream of exhaust gas treatment apparatus
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    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机(1)的排气净化装置(2)的效率的方法，排气净化装置(2)具有布置在氧化催化器(3)和/或颗粒过滤器(4)的前面的第一NOx传感器(7)，以及布置在还原催化器(5)的下游的第二NOx传感器(8)，并且具有对还原剂进行计量供应的装置(10)，其中来自两个NOx传感器的信号馈送到控制单元(9)，借助于此来规定还原剂的至少一个进料量。根据本发明，设想到，为了确定至少氧化催化器(3)和/或颗粒过滤器(4)的效率、特别是NO2形成效率，通过控制单元仅借助于两个NOx传感器获得的信号值来确定第二NOx传感器的测量位置处和/或还原催化器(5)的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO2/NO比率。此外提供了用于执行这种方法的适当的设备。

Description

用于确定排气净化装置的效率的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及根据专利权利要求1的前序部分的用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机的排气净化装置的效率的方法，以及根据专利权利要求11的前序部分的用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机的排气净化装置的效率的设备。
背景技术
特别是机动车辆中的柴油内燃机的所讨论的类型的排气净化装置使用两个NOx传感器，以便进行系统控制和监测，其中一个布置在氧化催化器上游，而第二个布置在还原催化器的下游，传感器的信号值允许对排气中的NO、NO2和NH3浓度进行推断。
已知的是，氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器的转化速率可由于老化或者(在相关的情况下)由于硫污染(在不适当的燃料的情况下)而降低，其中，监测这个降低将有利于规定构件的更换或调节电子发动机控制单元中的控制单元特征值、曲线或图。
DE 10 2011 101 174 A1公开了将第一NOx传感器布置在氧化催化器的上游，将第二NOx传感器布置在氧化催化器之后布置的颗粒过滤器的下游，以及将第三NOx传感器布置在颗粒过滤器之后布置的SCR催化器的下游。各个布置在SCR催化器上游的第一和第二NOx传感器具有NO2横向灵敏度(Querempfindlichkeit)，以便确定排气中的NO/ NO2浓度，而不受到下游的还原剂供应的损害。通过在电子控制单元中比较两个NOx传感器的信号值，可行的是推断氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器的转化速率的降低，并且如果合适的话，产生故障信号。相反，布置在SCR催化器下游的第三NOx传感器应当仅具有NH3横向灵敏度，以便能够检测还原剂穿透量。构件的花费在这里较高，评价的花费也较高。
WO 2010/097292 A1描述另一种方法，用于估计氧化催化器的效率，其在氧化催化器上没有测量探头或NOx传感器的情况下进行，并且为此，借助于温度传感器测量还原催化器的效率或温度谱，并且在特征曲线记录中评价它。例如随着氧化催化器的转化速率的降低，SCR催化器中的温度谱可向上转移。
本发明的目标提供一种方法和设备，用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机的排气净化装置的效率，借助于此，可以关于构件涉及较少费用但是却特别是对于氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或布置在还原催化器之后的氨滑移催化器(Ammoniak-Sperrkatalysator)而言可靠且在功能上可靠的方式确定效率。
此目标借助于独立专利权利要求的特征来实现。本发明的有利发展是相应的从属权利要求的主题。
发明内容
根据权利要求1，提供一种方法，用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机的排气净化装置的效率，排气净化装置具有布置在氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器前面的第一NOx传感器，以及布置在还原催化器下游的第二NOx传感器，以及用于对还原剂、特别是含水尿素溶液进行计量供应的装置，其中来自两个NOx传感器的信号馈送到电子控制单元，借助于此，规定还原剂的至少一个进料量。根据本发明，设想到，为了确定至少氧化催化器和/或至少颗粒过滤器的效率、特别是NO2形成效率，通过控制单元仅借助于两个NOx传感器获得的信号值(其特别是NOx信号值)确定第二NOx传感器的测量位置处或测量位置的区域中和/或还原催化器的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度或至少 NO2/NO比率。对于氨滑移催化器布置在还原催化器之后的优选的情况，通过控制单元仅借助于两个NOx传感器获得的信号值(其特别是NOx信号值)确定第二NOx传感器的测量位置的区域中和/或氨滑移催化器的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度或至少 NO2/NO比率。照这样确定的值在这个情况下优选彼此比较和/或与规定期望值比较，以确定氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的效率、特别是NO2形成效率。
借助于这种解决方案，第二NOx传感器或其在任何情况下存在的NO2横向灵敏度可以双重功能的方式用于确定效率，从而显著减少构造费用。相对于开始提到的DE 10 2011 101 174 A1的主题的显著差异在于，没有采用第三NOx传感器和没有相关联的控制和评价费用。因而，这允许在没有额外的构造费用的情况下，以简单和功能可靠的方式在电子控制单元中获得两个NOx传感器的信号值，并且评价它们的NO和NO2浓度或NO/ NO2比率，以便照这样推断氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的效率。
在这里，第一NOx传感器的信号值然后优选输送“正确的”NOx信号值或与第二NOx传感器的NOx信号值相比较少受NO2和/或NH3影响的NOx信号值。第一NOx传感器获得的这个第一NOx信号值然后还参照第二NOx传感器获得的第二NOx信号值而在控制单元中用作计算第二NOx传感器的区域中和/或还原催化器下游或氨催化器下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率的基础。这些值可然后与存储的期望值相比较，例如，如上面描述的那样。
根据特别优选的实施例，设想到，在确定效率(诊断)时所处或所在的限定时间和/或内燃机和/或排气净化装置的限定运行状态，还原剂供应、特别是当前运行状态本质上所需的计量的量的还原剂的供应至少被减少、特别是完全切断达规定时间段、特别是达确定效率的持续时间，以及/或者清空还原催化器的还原剂存储量、特别是作为还原催化器的SCR催化器的氨存储量。从而有利地能够消除还原催化器中的NOx转化对氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的效率的确定的影响。
换句话说，这表示，在根据本发明的优选的解决方案中，在控制单元中使用两个NOx传感器信号值来计算在至少一个还原催化器之后或至少一个氨滑移催化器之后或在第二NOx传感器的测量位置的区域中的排气流中的NO和NO2浓度或至少NO/ NO2比率。由于使用仅两个传感器，特别地，在诊断的持续时间里，在还原催化器或SCR催化器处不进行NOx还原对于特别有信息的结果而言是前提条件。因此，还原剂的计量供应应当临时切断，并且还原催化器的还原剂存储量、特别是SCR催化器的氨存储量应当清空，以进行诊断。
在这时，此外可提到的是，在要确定NO/ NO2比率的情况下，当然可确定NO2/NO比率，而非NO/ NO2比率。
作为特定优选的选项，两个NOx传感器的信号值的评价可在内燃机的稳态运行期间、特别是在静态再生期间和/或在维修时间段期间进行。在这个情况下，例如在静态再生之前和之后和/或在足够的时间段之后可执行检查；选择后者，以确保通过操作清空了存储在还原催化器或SCR催化器中的还原剂或NH3，并且排除了信号的失真。
在本发明的有利的实施例中，两个NOx传感器的实际信号值和/或基于两个NOx传感器的实际信号值确定的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率可作为在排气净化装置的新状态中的期望值存储在电子控制单元中，并且可与在内燃机的运行期间分别获得和/或确定的实际值相比较，其中在实际值相对于存储的期望值有的限定偏差的情况下，调节学习值和/或产生指示或故障信号。
作为备选方案，两个NOx传感器的期望信号值可作为特征图存储在电子控制单元中。这个实施例是适合的，特别是在当允许在机动车辆中的非稳态或过渡发动机运行期间的时间段处检查排气净化装置时。
两个NOx传感器的期望值此外可通过计算来确定，特别是当NOx传感器的确切规范已知，并且其对NO2的横向灵敏度(如果合适的话)通过测量限定的运行状态或排气浓度被适当地界定时。
此外有利的是能够测量实际信号值相对于期望值的偏差程度，以及使用该偏差程度来描绘氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的老化程度和/或硫污染程度。这导致进一步改进信号评价，其优点是，能够推断出氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的转化速率降低的原因。
特别地，根据本发明的设备的特征在于，控制单元包括评价装置，借助于此，第二NOx传感器的区域中和/或还原催化器下游和/或布置在还原催化器之后的氨滑移催化器下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率可仅基于两个NOx传感器的实际信号值确定，并且照这样确定的NO和NO2浓度和/或照这样确定的NO/ NO2比率可彼此比较和/或与规定期望值比较，以便确定氧化催化器和/或颗粒过滤器和/或氨滑移催化器的效率。得到的优点已经在上面详细解释。
使用具有显著不同于NO横向灵敏度的为特别是至少90%、优选为大约75至90%的NO2横向灵敏度的NOx传感器作为第一和第二NOx传感器是特别有利的(也结合根据本发明的方法)。这表示在缺乏NH3的情况下，例如在其中在发动机控制单元中或由发动机控制单元采用为80%的优选NO2横向灵敏度的情况下，利用NOx信号获得的测量信号由下者构成：NOx_Sens=NO + 0.8 NO2。
最终，提供了一种机动车辆、特别是商用车辆，其具有根据上面的阐述的柴油内燃机、排气净化装置和电子控制单元。
附图说明
借助于所附框图在下面更详细地描述本发明的示意性实施例，所附框图显示内燃机，其具有排气净化装置和连接到电子控制单元上的两个NOx传感器。
部件列表：
1内燃机
2排气系统
3氧化催化器
4柴油颗粒过滤器
5还原催化器
6排气管线
7NOx传感器
8NOx传感器
9控制单元
10计量供应装置
11氨滑移催化器。
具体实施方式
在简化的形式，单个图显示商用车辆的柴油内燃机1，其具有排气系统2，其中，氧化催化器3(DOC)，柴油颗粒过滤器4(cDPF)和还原催化器5(SCR)，并且如果合适的话，沿排气流的方向布置在还原催化器5之后的氨滑移催化器11设置成排气净化装置。在氧化催化器3和柴油颗粒过滤器4中以及在还原催化器5中，NO氧化成NO2。
在氧化催化器3的上游，存在NOx传感器7，并且在还原催化器5或氨滑移催化器11的下游，存在插入排气管线6中的NOx传感器8，借助于NOx传感器7和NOx传感器8，特别地，测量排气中的NO浓度，并且在当前情况下，两者具有限定或特定的NO2横向灵敏度，从而允许NO和NO2的排气浓度借助于排气流中的NOx传感器7、8测量，并且作为信号值馈送到电子发动机控制单元9。
控制单元9此外用来控制计量供应装置10，借助于此，将呈例如含水尿素溶液的形式的还原剂定量供应到还原催化器5上游进入排气中。
定位在氧化催化器3上游的NOx传感器7检测来自柴油内燃机的未处理的排放，由于系统的天性(过量空气)，其具有高NO浓度和低NO2水平。
NO浓度在氧化催化器3和颗粒过滤器4中以及在氨滑移催化器11中经历氧化，其中，存在以下反应：
2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2。
第二NOx传感器8检测在添加还原剂之后和还原剂在热的排气中的热解或水解而形成NH3之后的经净化的排放，其中对应地在还原催化器5中还原NOx。
与排气构件的迄今描述的转换不同的是，控制单元9参数化成使得，为了氧化排气净化装置或氧化催化器3和颗粒过滤器4的诊断，第一步，选择性地减少或优选完全中断计量供应装置10供应的还原剂的量。
在中断还原剂供应之后，允许经过限定的、特别是短的时间段，在此期间NH3存储量或还原催化器5被清空或运行到清空，在此之后，获得两个NOx传感器7、8的实际信号值，并且将其馈送到控制单元9的评价装置，其中第一NOx传感器7的信号值输送“正确”NOx值，因为它受NO2和NH3影响最少。在还参照第二NOx传感器8获得的第二NOx信号值的同时，第一NOx传感器7获得的这个第一NOx信号值然后在控制单元9中用作计算第二NOx传感器8的区域中或还原催化器5下游或氨滑移催化器11下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度或NO/ NO2比率的基础。这些值然后可与例如存储的期望值相比较。例如，可行的是在确定的值之间形成差，并且将差的值与规定期望值相比较。作为备选方案，还可行的是将分别确定的实际值与期望值相比较，以及然后基于单独的偏差或基于相对于彼此产生的偏差推断相对于(可能额外的)期望值的相关或不相关偏差。这里，评价的可能性是多的，并且对于本领域技术人员本质上是已知的。在检测到确定的实际值(一个或多个)相对于至少一个期望值有限定的偏差的情况下，则可设定可读的故障记录和/或可产生指示或故障信号和/或可调节学习值。
由于中断对还原催化器5的还原剂供应，所以排气中的NOx浓度在所述催化器中不会减少。因此，有利地能够通过比较两个NOx传感器7、8的实际信号值与存储在控制单元9中的期望信号值，以确定氧化催化器3和颗粒过滤器4的效率以及(如果合适的话)氨滑移催化器11的效率是否仍然满足需要的标准或可能是由于构件的老化或硫污染而降低到不可接收的程度，以及可能需要更换构件。
诊断可优选在稳态状况下在对商用车辆进行维护工作期间和/或在氧化催化器3和/或颗粒过滤器4和/或氨滑移催化器11的静态再生期间或之后在规定时间段或行进了规定千米数之后执行。
还可设想到，例如在静态再生之前和之后，执行诊断不止一次。特定是在静态再生之前，应当清空NH3存储量。
NOx传感器7、8的期望信号值可通过以经验的方式通过在新的状态下的测量来确定且存储在控制单元9中，以及然后适当地与实际信号值相比较。
作为备选方案，还可行的是针对NOx传感器7、8的信号值确定排气中的NO2成分的修正值，这个修正值然后允许计算NO2成分且因此允许推断氧化催化器3和/或颗粒过滤器4和/或氨滑移催化器11的效率。
此外，期望信号值可存储在控制单元9的特征图记录中，随着内燃机1的运行状态和其它参数而变化，所述信号值适当地与在限定的时间段下、特别是在维护工作期间或者(如果合适的话)在内燃机1或机动车辆的非稳定或过渡运行中的NOx传感器7、8的实际信号值比较。
最终，利用两个NOx传感器7、8的实际信号值，可为可行的是，使用之前的、可能是经验性的信号评价和其特征，以借助于形成适当的信号差异推断氧化催化器3和/或颗粒过滤器4和/或可能存在的氨滑移催化器11的老化或硫污染。
借助于控制单元9的描述的修改，可行的是以功能可靠的方式监测氧化催化器3和柴油颗粒过滤器4和/或可存在于排气净化装置中的任何氨滑移催化器11的效率，而没有额外的构造费用。

Claims (13)

1. 一种用于确定特别是机动车辆的内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机(1)的排气净化装置(2)的效率的方法，所述排气净化装置(2)具有布置在氧化催化器(3)和/或颗粒过滤器(4)的前面的第一NOx传感器(7)，以及布置在还原催化器(5)的下游的第二NOx传感器(8)，并且具有用于对还原剂进行计量供应的装置(10)，其中来自所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)的信号馈送到控制单元(9)，借助于此来规定所述还原剂的至少一个进料量，其特征在于，为了确定至少所述氧化催化器(3)和/或所述颗粒过滤器(4)的效率、特别是NO2形成效率，通过所述控制单元(9)仅借助于所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)获得的信号值来确定所述第二NOx传感器(7)的测量位置处和/或所述还原催化器(5)的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO2/NO比率。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，氨滑移催化器(11)布置在所述还原催化器(5)之后，这导致，为了确定效率、特别是NO2形成效率，通过所述控制单元(9)仅借助于所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)获得的信号值来确定所述第二NOx传感器(7)的测量区中和/或所述氨滑移催化器(11)的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO2/NO比率。
3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一NOx传感器(7)的信号值输送第一NOx信号值，所述第一NOx信号值还参照所述第二NOx传感器(8)获得的第二NOx信号值而在所述控制单元(9)中用作计算所述第二NOx传感器(8)的区域中和/或所述还原催化器(5)的下游和/或氨滑移催化器(11)的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率的基础。
4. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述控制单元(9)所确定的值彼此比较和/或与规定的期望值比较，以便确定所述氧化催化器(3)和/或所述颗粒过滤器(4)和/或氨滑移催化器(11)的效率、特别是NO2形成效率。
5. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在确定效率时所处或所在的限定时间和/或所述内燃机(1)和/或所述排气净化装置(2)的限定运行状态，还原剂的供应、特别是当前运行状态在本质上需要的计量的量的还原剂的供应至少被减少、特别是完全切断达规定时间段、特别是达确定效率的持续时间，以及/或者清空所述还原催化器(5)的还原剂存储量、特别是作为还原催化器(5)的SCR催化器的氨存储量。
6. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述内燃机(1)的稳态运行期间、特别是在静态再生期间对所述NOx传感器(7，8)的实际信号值进行评价。
7. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)的实际信号值和/或基于所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)的实际信号值确定的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率作为在所述排气净化装置的新状态中的期望值存储在所述电子控制单元(9)中，并且与在所述内燃机(1)的运行期间分别获得和/或确定的实际值相比较，其中在实际值相对于存储的期望值有限定偏差的情况下，调节学习值和/或产生指示或故障信号。
8. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述期望值作为特征图存储在所述电子控制单元(9)中。
9. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过计算来确定所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)的期望值。
10. 根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，测量实际信号值相对于所述期望值的偏差程度，并且使用所述偏差程度来描绘所述氧化催化器(3)和/或颗粒过滤器(4)和/或所述氨滑移催化器(11)的老化程度或/或硫污染程度。
11. 一种设备，用于确定内燃机、特别是柴油内燃机(1)的排气净化装置(2)的效率，特别是用于执行根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中所述排气净化装置(2)具有氧化催化器(3)、颗粒过滤器(4)、还原催化器(5)、在所述还原催化器(5)的上游供应还原剂的计量供应装置(10)、布置在所述氧化催化器(3)前面的第一NOx传感器(7)、布置在还原催化器(5)下游的第二NOx传感器(8)和至少控制还原剂的供应量的电子控制单元(9)，其特征在于，所述控制单元(9)包括评价装置，借助于此，可仅基于所述两个NOx传感器(7，8)的实际信号值确定所述第二NOx传感器(8)的区域中和/或所述还原催化器(5)的下游和/或布置在所述还原催化器(5)之后的氨滑移催化器(11)的下游的排气流的NO和NO2浓度和/或NO/ NO2比率，并且照这样确定的NO和NO2浓度和/或照这样确定的NO/ NO2比率可彼此比较和/或与规定期望值比较，以确定所述氧化催化器(3)和/或所述颗粒过滤器(4)和/或氨滑移催化器(11)的效率。
12. 根据权利要求11所述的设备，其特征在于，所述第一和第二NOx传感器(7，8)具有至少90%、优选大约75至90%的NO2横向灵敏度。
13. 一种机动车辆，特别是商用车辆，其具有根据权利要求11或12所述的设备。
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