CN104321926B - 具有提高的冷却效率的电池单元 - Google Patents

具有提高的冷却效率的电池单元 Download PDF

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CN104321926B
CN104321926B CN201380027697.5A CN201380027697A CN104321926B CN 104321926 B CN104321926 B CN 104321926B CN 201380027697 A CN201380027697 A CN 201380027697A CN 104321926 B CN104321926 B CN 104321926B
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battery
battery unit
radiating component
electrode assemblie
electrode
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CN104321926A (zh
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李在宪
郑升铉
郑根昌
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Chemical Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种电池单元，其中一个或多个电极组件嵌入在电池壳体中，电极组件具有包括正电极、负电极以及置于正电极和负电极之间的分隔物的结构，并且其中用于消散在充电/放电或短路的发生时从电极组件的内侧产生的热的一个或多个散热构件被布置成接触电极组件的内部和/或电极组件的外表面，并且其中散热构件的一部分被暴露至电极组件的外侧。

Description

具有提高的冷却效率的电池单元
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有提高的冷却效率的电池单元，并且更加特别地，涉及这样的一种电池单元，该电池单元被构造成使得具有阴极、阳极以及置于阴极和阳极之间的分隔物的结构的至少一个电极组件被安装在电池壳体中，至少一个散热构件被设置在电极组件中且/或接触电极组件的外表面，并且散热构件的一部分从电极组件向外暴露，所述散热构件用于消散在电池单元的充电和放电期间或在短路发生时在电极组件中产生的热。
背景技术
近来，能够充电和放电的二次电池已经被广泛地用作用于无线移动装置的能源。另外，二次电池作为用于电动车辆(EV)、混合动力电动车辆(HEV)以及插电式混合动力电动车辆(Plug-in HEV)的电源已经吸引了相当大的关注，已经开发了上述这些车辆来解决由现有的、使用化石燃料的汽油车和柴油车所引起的问题，例如空气污染。
小型移动装置为每个装置使用一个或多个电池单元。另一方面，诸如车辆的中大型装置使用具有多个电池单元的中大型电池模块，所述多个电池单元彼此串联连接，因为对于中大型装置来说高输出和大容量是必需的。
优选地，中大型电池模块被制造成使得尽可能地具有小的尺寸和重量。为此，能够以高集成度堆叠并且具有小的重量容量比的棱柱状电池或者袋状电池通常被用作中大型电池模块的电池单元(单元电池)。特别地，当前更多的兴趣集中于使用铝层压片作为包覆构件的袋状电池上，因为袋状电池是轻质的，袋状电池的制造成本低，并且容易修改袋状电池的形状。
组成这样的中大型电池模块的电池单元可以是能够被充电和放电的二次电池。当在电池的充电和放电期间，由于电池的内部电阻而从电池产生热时，电池的温度增加。特别地，在电池的放电期间，由于由电池中的发热反应引起的热从电池产生大量的热，因此电池的温度进一步增加。随着电池的温度的增加，由于负反应，电池的寿命特性被劣化并且气体被产生。为此，冷却电池是非常重要的。
此外，在电池模块中广泛地使用的每个袋状电池的层压片具有被涂覆在其表面上的呈现低导热性的高分子材料，因此其难以有效地降低电池单元的整体温度。
特别地，在其中高电流被用于提供高输出的情形中，如在电动车辆中，从电池中产生的大量热进一步增加。如果在电池模块的充电和放电期间从电池模块产生的热没有从电池模块有效地移除，则热积累在电池模块中，因此电池模块的退化被加速。根据情形，电池模块可能着火或爆炸。为此，作为高输出、大容量电池的电池组需要冷却系统以冷却安装在其中的电池单元。
近年来，单个电池的容量已经被增加以增加电池组的整体容量并且减少电池组的成本。结果，从电池产生的热变得严重。
为了解决上述问题，不是有效的直接空气冷却方法，呈现高效率但是招致更多的成本的使用散热板的间接空气冷却方法以及使用流动通过形成在散热板中的水流通道的冷却剂来执行冷却的水冷却方法。
然而，在其中使用基于通过对流或者传导将热传递到电池的外侧而执行的方法的情形中，如果电池的厚度被增加，则对于从电池单元的中间产生的热被传递到被布置在电池单元的外部处的散热板来说不是容易的，因此不能够均匀地降低电池单元的整体温度。
为了解决上述问题，有必要制造涉及更大成本的冷却系统。结果，电池组的制造成本被增加。
另外，当由于针式导体穿透到电池中而发生内部短路时，不能够均匀地抑制电池的温度的增加。此外，电池抵抗外部冲击的强度是低的，因此难以确保电池的安全性。
因此，存在对于提供这样的二次电池的高度需求，该电池单元能够有效地移除在电池单元的充电和放电期间从电池单元产生的热，同时提供高输出、大容量功率，并且当由于外部冲击和针式导体穿透到电池单元中而发生内部短路时，能够更加有效地执行冷却工艺，从而电池单元的安全性和寿命特性得以改善。
发明内容
技术问题
因此，已经提出本发明以解决上述问题以及仍未解决的其它技术问题。
作为对解决如上所述的问题的各种广泛和深入的研究和试验的结果，本申请的发明人已经发现，在其中电池单元被制造成使得散热构件被设置在电极组件中并且/或接触电极组件的外表面，且散热构件的一部分从电极组件向外暴露的情形中，能够从电池单元有效地排放从电极组件产生的热，从而以低成本改善电池单元的寿命特性。
因此，本发明的目的在于，提供一种电池单元，该电池单元能够从电池单元有效地排放从电极组件产生的热，从而改善电池单元的寿命特性。
本发明的另一目的在于，提供一种电池单元，即使当由于针式导体穿透到电池单元中而发生内部短路时，该电池单元能够从电池单元有效地排放热，从而电池单元的温度的增加被最大地抑制，并且电池抵抗外部冲击的强度是高的。
本发明的又一目的在于，提供一种电池模块或电池组，使用所述电池单元来最大化冷却效率。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面，以上和其它目的能够通过提供一种电池单元来实现，该电池单元被构造成使得：至少一个电极组件被安装在电池壳体中，所述电极组件具有包括阴极、阳极以及置于所述阴极和所述阳极之间的分隔物的结构；至少一个散热构件被设置在所述电极组件中且/或接触所述电极组件的外表面，所述散热构件用于消散在所述电池单元的充电和放电期间或在短路发生时在所述电极组件中产生的热；并且所述散热构件的一部分从所述电极组件向外暴露。
如先前所描述的，散热构件被设置在根据本发明的电池单元中。具体地，能够执行直接热传导的散热构件被设置在电池单元中。因此，与低效的经由电池单元的外表面将热传递到电池单元的外侧的常规方法相比较，能够提高散热。
另外，散热构件的一部分被设置在电极组件中。因此，当由于针式导体穿刺到电池单元中而导致发生内部短路时，能够最大地抑制电池单元的温度的增加。此外，与仅包括电池壳体的常规电池单元相比较，能够改善电池单元的强度。结果，能够进一步提高电池单元的安全性。
在优选示例中，散热构件可以被构造成具有板形结构，其中散热构件被设置在电极组件中并且/或与电极组件的外表面接触。
安装在电池壳体的容纳部中的电极组件不被特别地限制，只要电极组件被构造成具有以下结构即可，即，该结构包括：通过互连多个电极突片形成的阴极；通过互连多个电极突片形成的阳极；以及置于阴极和阳极之间的分隔物。优选地，电极组件被构造成具有卷绕式(果冻卷式)、堆叠式或堆叠/折叠式结构。在已经以本专利申请的申请人的名义提交的韩国专利申请公开No.2001-0082058、No.2001-0082059以及No.2001-0082060中公开了堆叠/折叠式电极组件的细节。上述专利申请的全部内容通过引用而合并在本申请中，如在此完全地阐述。
对于果冻卷状物，散热构件可以被安装在其卷绕中心部分处。散热构件可以在焊接期间安装在果冻卷状物的卷绕中心部分处。可替代地，可以使用芯轴来执行卷绕，并且可以在芯轴被移除之后将散热构件插入到果冻卷状物中。
根据情形，电池单元可以包括两个或更多个电极组件。在这样的情形中，散热构件可以被设置在电极组件之间的界面处。在其中散热构件接触电极组件之间的界面的情形中，在电池单元的充电和放电期间在电池单元中产生的热可以经由散热构件移除。将散热构件安装在电极组件之间的界面处的工艺是非常简单的。
在其中电池单元包括两个或更多个果冻卷状物的情形中，散热构件可以被安装在果冻卷状物之间的界面处。
散热构件的散热效率受散热构件接触电极组件的表面面积的影响。例如，散热构件可以具有相当于电极组件的总厚度的大约0.1至20％的厚度。另外，散热构件可以具有相当于电极组件的宽度的50％或更多的尺寸。如果散热构件的尺寸太小，则从电池单元产生的热可能不被充分地传递到散热构件，这不是优选的。另一方面，如果散热构件的尺寸过大，则电池单元的总尺寸被增加，这不是优选的。然而，散热构件的尺寸没有必要限于在上面限定的范围。
如先前所描述的，散热构件的一部分从电极组件向外暴露，以提高散热效率。散热构件的暴露部分可以具有相当于散热构件的总尺寸的1至50％，优选地5至40％，更加优选地10至30％的尺寸。可以基于电极组件来设定散热构件的暴露部分的尺寸。例如，散热构件的暴露部分可以具有相当于电极组件的平面面积的2至30％的尺寸。
在优选示例中，散热构件的至少一个侧端可以与电池壳体接触。在其中散热构件的一个侧端接触电池壳体的情形中，经由电池壳体消散在电池单元中产生的热，从而有效地实现散热。
该结构被优选地应用于使用由金属材料制成的圆柱形容器作为电池壳体的圆柱形电池单元或者使用由金属材料形成的棱柱形容器作为电池壳体的棱柱形电池单元。
在另一优选示例中，散热构件的至少一个侧端可以经由电池壳体从电池壳体向外延伸。
在其中散热构件的至少一个侧端从电池壳体向外延伸的情形中，在电池单元的充电和放电期间在电池单元中产生的热经由散热构件传递到电池单元的外侧，从而实现更加有效的冷却。该结构优选地在其中电池壳体由呈现导热性稍微低的材料形成或者被构造成具有导热性稍微低的结构的情形中使用。
例如，在电池壳体由包括树脂层和金属层的层压片形成的情形中，层压片具有涂覆在其表面上的呈现低导热性的聚合物材料，结果难以有效地降低电池单元的整体温度。另一方面，如上所述在其中散热构件的至少一个侧端从电池壳体向外延伸的结构中，能够解决在上面提及的冷却问题。
在该情形中，层压片可以在其中散热构件的至少一个侧端被设置在层压片中的状态下被热焊接。具体地，在其中电极组件被安装在由层压片例如铝层压片形成的袋形壳体的容纳部并且散热构件的至少一个侧端被布置在相应的片材之间的状态下，包括树脂层和金属层的层压片和与所述层压片分离或者从所述层压片延伸的另外的片材可以彼此热焊接。
如前面所描述的，从电池壳体向外暴露的散热构件的一部分是散热构件的至少一个侧端。例如，在其中散热构件在平面上被形成为四边形的情况下，可以暴露一个侧边缘、两个侧边缘、三个侧边缘或四个侧边缘。可替代地，可以暴露每个侧边缘的整体或一部分。
优选地，散热构件的至少一个侧端可以从电池壳体的与电极端子位于其处的电池壳体的另一侧相对的一侧向外延伸，或者从电池壳体的与电极端子位于其处的电池壳体的另一侧相邻的一侧向外延伸。
具体地，设置在电极组件之间的界面处的散热构件可以与用于充电和放电的电极端子相对地定位，或者与用于充电和放电的电极端子相邻地定位。在该结构中，防止了短路的发生。
用于散热构件的材料不被特别地限制，只要散热构件由导热材料形成即可。例如，散热构件可以由呈现高导热性的金属材料形成。
从电池壳体向外暴露的散热构件的部分的尺寸不被特别地限制。特别地，在其中另外的构件或者装置被添加到散热构件以便于最大化散热构件的冷却特性的情形中，从电池壳体向外暴露的散热构件的部分的尺寸可以大于设置在电池单元中的散热构件的部分的尺寸。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供一种包括两个或更多个具有上述结构的电池单元的电池模块。
在优选示例中，电池模块可以进一步包括热交换构件，其中从相应的电池单元向外突出的散热构件可以与热交换构件接触。通过这样的散热构件和热交换构件的组合有效地实现热传递。可以使用诸如焊接和机械紧固的各种方法来实现在散热构件和热交换构件之间的接触。
热交换构件的结构不被特别地限制。优选地，热交换构件设有一个或多个流动通道，冷却剂流动通过该流动通道。例如，在其中诸如水的液体冷却剂流动通过的冷却剂流动通道被形成在热交换构件处的情形中，与常规的空气冷却结构相比较，能够以高可靠性实现优异的冷却效果。
具体地，热交换构件可以被构造成具有以下结构，该结构包括：基部，该基部与散热构件紧密接触；相对的侧部，该相对的侧部连接到基部，所述相对的侧部具有在其纵向方向上穿过所述相对的侧部的冷却剂流动通道；以及多个散热翼片，所述多个散热翼片在其中散热翼片从基部向上延伸的状态下设置在相对的侧部之间。
因此，从电池单元传递到散热构件的热被传导到散热构件的基部的底部，并且通过基于形成通过热交换构件的相对的侧部的冷却剂流动通道的水冷却结构以及通过基于散热翼片的空气冷却结构被去除，从而有效地实现来自于电池单元的热的消散。
可替代地，冷却剂流动通道不可以被形成在热交换构件处，以仅基于空气冷却结构实现来自于电池单元的热的消散。
根据本发明的又一方面，提供一种通过基于输出和容量来组合一个或多个电池模块来制造的电池组和包括所述电池组的装置。
根据本发明的装置包括多个电池组以便于提供高输出和大容量。根据本发明的电池组被优选地用作电动车辆、混合电动车辆、插电式混合电动车辆或蓄电装置的电源，在这些装置中，在电池组的充电和放电期间产生的高温热量是严重的安全问题。
特别地，在长时间内散热高对于要求来自于电池组的高输出的电动车辆和插电式混合电动车辆来说是必需的。在这样的情况下，在这样的电动车辆和插电式混合电动车辆中优选地使用根据本发明的电池组。
电池模块、电池组件以及如上所述装置的结构和制造方法在使用电池单元的本领域中是公知的，并且因此其详细描述将会被省略。
附图说明
根据以下结合附图的详细描述，将会更加清楚地理解本发明的上述以及其它目的、特征和其它优势，其中：
图1是示出其中根据本发明的实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部的典型视图；
图2是示出其中根据本发明的另一实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部的典型视图；
图3是图2的平面图；
图4是示出其中根据本发明的又一实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部的典型视图；
图5是图4的平面图；
图6是示出示例性的热交换构件的典型视图；并且
图7是示出根据本发明的实施例的电池组的结构的典型视图。
具体实施方式
现将参考附图详细地描述本发明的优选实施例。然而，应注意的是，本发明的范围不受到所示意的实施例的限制。
图1典型地示出其中根据本发明的实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部。
参考图1，电池单元100包括两个或更多个电极组件150和160；电极突片130和140，该电极突片130和140从相应的电极组件150和160延伸；电极引线110，该电极引线110被焊接到电极突片130和140；散热构件180，该散热构件180置于电极组件150和160之间；以及电池壳体170，该电池壳体170覆盖包括电极突片130和150的电极组件150和160和散热构件180的外表面。电池壳体170是由棱柱状金属容器形成。
散热构件180的至少一个侧端从电极组件150和160向外暴露。散热构件180的暴露尺寸l是电极组件150和160中的每个电极组件的总尺寸L的大约10％。
此外，暴露的散热构件180接触电池壳体170的内侧。为此，从电极组件向外暴露的散热构件180的一个侧端被弯曲以增加在散热构件180的暴露末端和电池壳体170之间的接触面积。因此，散热构件180的暴露末端接触电池壳体170，导致在电池单元中产生的热经由电池壳体170向外消散。
另外，散热构件180被设置在电极组件之间的界面处。因此，在电池单元中产生的热被更加有效地传导到散热构件180，并通过散热构件180的一个侧端向外消散。
通常，从电极组件产生的热通过电池壳体向外排放。因此，当从电极组件产生热时，电极组件中的每一个电极组件的内侧温度比电极组件中的每个电极组件的外侧温度高。为此，两个电极组件被安装在电池壳体中，并且散热构件置于电极组件之间，以从与电池壳体不相邻的电极组件的内侧部分有效地移除热。
图2典型地示出其中根据本发明的另一实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部，并且图3是图2的平面图。
参考图2和图3，散热构件180的一个侧端181从电池壳体172向外延伸。电池壳体172由包括金属层和树脂层的层压片形成。在其中散热构件180设置在电池壳体172中的状态下，所述层压片被热焊接，使得散热构件180的一部分从电池壳体172向外暴露，以组成电池单元200。例如，堆叠式或者堆叠/折叠式电极组件150和160安装在电池壳体172中。
因此，在电池单元的充电和放电期间在电池单元中产生的热经由散热构件180从电池单元向外传递，从而实现更加有效的冷却。即，从电池壳体170向外暴露散热构件180的一部分，不仅在正常条件下消散在电池单元的充电和放电期间产生的热，而且大大地抑制在针穿刺测试期间由于内部短路而导致的温度突然增加。此外，由于电极组件150和160的机械强度的增加，电池单元的刚性得以改善。
散热构件180的侧端181从与电池壳体的另一侧相对的电池壳体的一侧向外延伸，以防止短路的发生，其中电极端子112和114位于该电池壳体的所述另一侧处。
图4典型地示出其中根据本发明的又一实施例的散热构件置于电极组件之间的电池单元的内部，并且图5是图4的平面图。
参考图4和图5，散热构件180的至少一个侧端81从与电极端子112和114位于其处的电池壳体的端部相邻的电池单元的一侧向外延伸。散热构件180的侧端181从电池壳体172向外延伸。因此，在电池单元的充电和放电期间在电池单元中产生的热经由散热构件180从电池单元向外传递，从而实现更加有效的冷却。
图6典型地示出可以在本发明中使用的示例性散热构件，并且图7示例性地示出其中热交换构件被连接到根据本发明的实施例的散热构件的电池组的结构。
参考图6和图7，电池组700被构造成具有以下结构，其中多个电池单元200被堆叠，使得电池单元200在横向方向上彼此面对，并且热交换构件600被设置在每个散热构件的一个侧端181处，每个散热构件的所述一个侧端181从相应的电池壳体的与电极端子112和114位于其处的电池壳体的另一侧相对的一侧向外暴露。
散热构件600被构造成具有以下结构，该结构包括基部610，该基部610在其中基部610与散热构件的侧端181的底部紧密接触的状态下连接到从相应的电池单元向外突出的散热构件的侧端181；连接到基部610的相对的侧部620和620’，所述相对的侧部620和620’具有在其纵向方向上穿过所述相对的侧部620和620’形成的冷却剂流动通道621和622；以及多个散热翼片630，所述多个散热翼片630在其中散热翼片630从基部610向上延伸的状态下设置在所述相对的侧部620和620’之间。
在如上所述的上述结构中，冷却剂流动通道621和622被设置成使得诸如水的冷却剂流动通过冷却剂流动通道621和622，并且散热翼片630以预定间隔D布置，使得空气能够流动通过在相应的散热翼片630之间限定的空间。因此，可以在高可靠性和优异的冷却效率的情况下移除从散热构件180传递的热。
尽管已经为了说明性目的公开了本发明的优选实施例，但本领域的技术人员将会认识到，在不背离如所附权利要求书中公开的本发明的精神和范围的情况下，各种修改、添加和替代是可能的。
工业实用性
从上面的描述显而易见的是，根据本发明的电池单元被构造成使得加速来自于电池单元的热的消散的散热构件被设置在电极组件中并且/或者在其中散热构件接触电极组件的外表面的状态下从电极组件向外暴露。因此，从电池单元有效地排放在电池单元中产生的热，从而改善电池单元的寿命特性。
另外，从电池单元向外突出的散热构件与热交换构件接触。因此，冷却结构被简化，并且电池模块或者电池组的安全性被进一步改善。

Claims (14)

1.一种电池单元，所述电池单元被构造成使得：
至少一个电极组件被安装在电池壳体中，所述电极组件具有包括阴极、阳极以及置于所述阴极和所述阳极之间的分隔物的结构；
至少一个散热构件被设置在所述电极组件中且/或接触所述电极组件的外表面，所述散热构件用于消散在所述电池单元的充电和放电期间或在短路发生时在所述电极组件中产生的热；并且
所述散热构件的一部分从所述电极组件向外暴露，
其中，所述散热构件的至少一个侧端与所述电池壳体的内侧接触，从所述电极组件向外暴露的所述散热构件的所述至少一个侧端被弯曲，
其中，所述电池壳体是由金属材料制成的圆柱形或棱柱形壳体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述散热构件被构造成具有板形结构。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述电极组件被构造成具有卷绕式结构，所述卷绕式结构即为果冻卷状物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述电极组件被构造成具有堆叠式结构或堆叠/折叠式结构。
5.根据权利要求3所述的电池单元，其中，所述散热构件被安装在所述果冻卷状物的卷绕中心部分处。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述电池单元包括两个或更多个电极组件，并且所述散热构件被设置在所述电极组件之间的界面处。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述散热构件由导热材料形成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电池单元，其中，所述散热构件由金属材料形成。
9.一种电池模块，包括两个或更多个根据权利要求1至8中的任一项所述的电池单元。
10.一种电池组，基于输出和容量，所述电池组包括一个或多个根据权利要求9所述的电池模块。
11.一种装置，所述装置包括根据权利要求10所述的电池组。
12.根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，所述装置是电动车辆或蓄电装置。
13.根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，所述装置是混合动力电动车辆。
14.根据权利要求11所述的装置，其中，所述装置是插电式混合电动车辆。
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