CN104294233A - 经表面处理的形状记忆材料及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请涉及经表面处理的形状记忆材料及其制造方法。本发明提供一种例如由NiTi合金制造表面处理过的形状记忆材料的方法,该方法使用等离子浸没离子注入和沉积法以及相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术来改变那些主要用于生物医学应用的材料的表面特性。所述表面用氮、氧和碳处理,但在注入其他成分例如硅后变成生物惰性。
Description
本申请是申请日为2006年1月11日,申请号为200680002225.4,国际申请号为PCT/CN2006/000038,发明名称为“经表面处理的形状记忆材料及其制造方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本申请要求在2005年1月13日递交的美国临时申请第60/643,744号的优先权,该临时申请的内容通过引用合并到此文中。
背景技术
形状记忆材料例如镍钛(NiTi)合金由于其具有其他普通整形外科用材料如不锈钢和钛合金所不具备的独特的形状记忆效应(SME)和超弹性(SE),所以是整形外科中外科植入物的有前景的材料。相比较于不锈钢和钛合金,它们的机械性能也更接近于骨皮质的机械性能。这些材料显示出比用于骨外伤固定的CoCrMo合金更高的耐磨性。也有人研究了这些材料的其他几种良好的性质,且也有报导过其良好的生物相容性。但是,也指出了一些负面效应。例如,Berger-Gorbet等人已发现,相比较于不锈钢和钛合金,NiTi合金不利于骨生成过程和骨连接素合成活动1。Jia等人在他们的研究中发现NiTi合金引起的细胞死亡率是很高的2。
人们认为这些问题是由这些材料的低耐腐蚀性引起的,该低耐腐蚀性可导致它们的细胞毒性增加。很有可能是一些从基底释放出的有毒成分而非细胞凋亡导致了细胞死亡3。Shih等人报导称,从NiTi得到的上清液和腐蚀性产物可导致平滑肌细胞的死亡4(特别是当释放出的镍的量高于9ppm时)。一些其他研究也报导称,从该合金沥滤的镍离子5,6在对镍过敏的患者体内引起过敏反应7-10。然而这些材料的微结构和表面形态学的均一性可改变NiTi合金的抗腐性能,无疑地,所述材料在其被广泛地临床应用前,特别是在认为有腐蚀存在处作为具有联结作用的整形外科植入物使用前,必须增强所述材料的耐腐蚀性和抗磨损性。
碳化钛和氮化钛具有极好的机械性能和化学性质,例如,良好的耐磨性,对许多化学物质的惰性以及突出的硬度[11-16]。已知二氧化钛能与活组织良好地相容[17-20]。他们对于许多化学反应也是惰性的。在表面涂层工业中,这些成分通过各种方法[21-25]被应用于改善基底的机械性能和腐蚀性能已有一段时间了。
发明概述
本发明提供改变镍钛合金部分表面组成以增加其生物相容性的方法,包括通过等离子浸没离子注入法或沉积法,或离子束浸没法或注入法,在镍钛合金部分的表面注入氮、氧或碳。所述表面也可通过等离子浸没离子注入和沉积或相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术来改变,例如等离子增强的气相沉积法(PECVD)、物理气相沉积法(VPD)和化学气相沉积法(CVD)。
本发明还提供由前述材料制造的整形外科植入物、血管植入物和食管植入物。
附图简述
图1是从氮、乙炔和氧PIII表面处理过的样品以及对照品获得的Ni深度曲线图。
图2包括了在细胞培养两天后,处理的NiTi和未处理的NiTi(对照)的显微照片,显示有表达EGFP的鼠成骨细胞。(A)表面未被处理的NiTi合金,(B)经过氮PIII注入的NiTi合金,(C)经过乙炔PIII注入的NiTi合金,和(D)经过氧PIII注入的NiTi合金。
本发明优选实施方案的详细描述
形状记忆材料例如镍钛合金(NiTi)由于其独特的性质,故在生物医学应用中是有用的材料。但是,对于其在人体内的长期使用来说,因为可能从基底释放有害离子到活组织中,所以所述材料的耐腐蚀性的衰退成为了关键的问题。所以,我们建议使用等离子浸没离子注入和沉积法以及相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术将一些其他成分,例如C2H2、N2和O2,注入NiTi基底以改变所述合金的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。我们已经成功地证实,镍钛形状记忆合金的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性可通过将氮、碳和氧注入到该基底表面而得到增强。另外,由于使用等离子浸没离子注入法和沉积法,其生物学性质如骨传导性和亲水性也可得到减小或增强。
根据一个优选实施方案,本发明提供改变镍钛合金部分表面组成以增加其生物相容性的方法,包括通过等离子浸没离子注入法或沉积法,或离子束浸没法或注入法,将氮、氧或碳注入到所述镍钛合金部分的表面上。所述镍钛合金优选为形状记忆合金,且其中含约20-80%的镍和80-20%的钛。所述成分的表面注入增强了所述合金的机械性能如亲水性、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。所述镍钛合金部分可被减小或增强。在本发明的实践中,所述等离子浸没离子注入和沉积法或相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术例如等离子增强的气相沉积法(PECVD)、物理气相沉积法(VPD)和化学气相沉积法(CVD)可减少、终止或防止有害离子从所述形状记忆材料的基底释放出来。所述材料可为用于整形外科、泌尿科、血管外科、肝胆外科或食管外科的生物材料。这些用于所述材料表面处理的各类方法的能量为:沉积法为1eV到1keV,注入和沉积法为500eV到100keV,束流离子注入法为500eV到10MeV。优选地,所述材料表面处理的能量为:沉积法为1eV到500eV,注入和沉积法为500eV到1000eV,束流离子注入法为1000到1000MeV。使用直流电,参数为“无限”脉冲持续时间的0Hz重复到5000Hz。所述注入的材料为气体、液体或固体形式的氮源、碳源或氧源。所述氮源为氮气。所述碳源为乙炔或其衍生物。所述氧源为氧气。
所述方法可用于制造整形外科植入物、血管植入物或食管植入物。
为了促进理解所述等离子浸没离子注入和沉积法或相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术如等离子增强的气相沉积法(PECVD)、物理气相沉积法(VPD)和化学气相沉积法(CVD)在形状记忆材料例如Ti-50.8%Ni合金的表面的作用原理,将描述本发明的具体的优选实施方案。
图1显示了经PIII表面处理的样品的Ni浓度曲线图和未经PIII表面处理的样品的Ni浓度曲线图。在氮等离子注入样品、乙炔等离子注入样品和氧等离子注入样品中的注入区域的Ni浓度相比较于未涂布(non-coated)的对照样品低很多。相比较于氧PIII,氮PIII产生了最高的Ni抑制。
乙炔、氮和氧注入的处理方法为,将所述样品磨、抛光成发光表面质地,随后用丙酮和乙醇进行超声波清洗,再在等离子浸没离子注入器中进行沉积或注入。乙炔、氮和氧注入样品的沉积和注入参数如表1所示。图1所示的元素深度曲线是由X射线光电子能谱(XPS)(Physical Electronics PHI 5802,Minnesota,USA)测定的。
表1-等离子浸没离子注入和沉积法处理参数
在五个区域进行纳米压痕试验(MTS Nano Indenter XP,USA)来测定经处理的样品和对照样品的平均硬度和杨氏模量。对照样品的硬度为4.5GPa,杨氏模量为57GPa。
表2列出了用纳米压痕试验测定的未处理的对照样品和处理过的样品表面的硬度(H)和杨氏模量(E)的结果。
表2-对照样品表面和经处理的样品表面的杨氏模量和硬度
所有的表面处理过的样品都具有比对照样品更高的表面硬度和杨氏模量。这意味着所述处理过的表面比在其下面的NiTi基底有更大的机械强度,且可以更有效地经受机械冲击。在所述经处理的表面中,氮注入层具有最大的H和E,接着是乙炔注入层和氧注入层。
表3列出了在电化学试验后从表面处理过和未处理过的样品沥滤出的Ni的量,其数值是由电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)测定的。基于ASTM G5-94(1999)和G61-86(1998)的电化学试验是使用pH为7.42、温度为3770.5 1C(37.5℃)的标准模拟体液(SBF)通过恒电位仪(VersaStat II EG&G,USA)完成的。所述SBF中的离子浓度如表4所示。以600mV/h的扫描速度使用-400mV到+1600mV的循环电势跨度(cyclic potential spanning)。在所述电化学试验之前,该介质用氮气吹扫1h以清除其中的溶解氧,且氮气吹扫持续贯穿整个测试过程。在腐蚀试验后,对来自各样品的SBF使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)(Perkin Elmer,PE SCIEX ELAN6100,USA)分析Ni和Ti。从所有处理过的样品沥滤出的Ni的量显著减少。其量只是对照样品的约0.03%到0.04%。SBF中的离子浓度如表4所示。
表3-电化学试验后由ICPMS检测的SBF中Ni和Ti离子含量
表4-SBF溶液的离子浓度
图2证实了氮、乙炔和氧等离子注入样品被表达EGFP的成骨细胞很好地耐受。从2天大的小鼠颅盖骨中分离出的成骨细胞,其普遍地表达增强的绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP),该成骨细胞用来在添加有10%(v/v)胎牛血清(Biowest,France)、抗生素(100U/ml的青霉素和100μg/ml的链霉素)和2mM L-谷氨酰胺的Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle Medium(DMEM))(Invitrogen)中,于37℃下并在由5%CO2和95%空气组成的环境中培养。样品(厚1mm,直径5mm)用1%(w/v)琼脂糖固定在24孔组织培养板(Falcon)底部。具有5,000个细胞的细胞悬液被接种在未被处理的NiTi样品和所述三种等离子注入的样品(氧、氮和乙炔)的表面。细胞在1ml的培养基中生长且每两天更换一次。在培养的第二天后检查细胞附着和细胞增殖。在培养两天后,细胞开始附着到所有样品上并在其上增殖。我们的结果明确地证实了在所有表面处理过的样品上没有发生直接的细胞毒效应。
通过本发明获得的改良合金可用于各种各样的应用,如用作生物材料和其他这种合金可能显示出优势时的应用,这对本领域普通技术人员来说应是显然的。例如,所述合金可用于制造整形外科植入物包括置换关节,如髋、膝、肩、肘、指,或者所述合金可用于为整形外科目的的棒条体、螺丝、钉和脊椎植入物等等。它们也可被用于制成薄匹配物(thin matches),所述薄匹配物用于制造在泌尿科、心脏外科、脊髓外科、脑脊髓外科、胃肠外科、肝胆外科、血管外科或食管外科中有用的补片(patches)、管状材料(tubing)以及器械。
虽然本发明已在附图及之前描述中详细地说明和描述,但该说明应被认为是举例性的且并非限制性的,理应认为本发明只揭示和描述了优选的实施方案,并且所有在本发明本质范围内的改变和修改都希望得到保护。
引用的文献:
下列文献通过引用合并到此文中:
1.Berger-Gorbet,M.等,″Biocompatibility Testing of NiTi ScrewsUsing Immunohistochemistry on Sections Containing MetallicImplants(使用关于含金属植入物部分的免疫组织化学进行的NiTi螺丝的生物相容性试验),″Journal of Biomedical Materials Research,1996;32(2):243-8.
2.Jia,W.等,″Nickel Release from Orthodontic Arch Wires andCellular Immune Response to Various Nickel Concentrations(正牙线的镊释放和对不同镊浓度的细胞免疫反应),″Journal of BiomedicalMaterials Research,1999;48(4):488-95.
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Claims (16)
1.一种改变镍钛合金部分表面组成以增加生物相容性的方法,该方法包括通过等离子浸没离子注入和沉积在所述镍钛合金部分的表面上注入氮或氧,其中对于等离子浸没离子注入和沉积,该材料的表面处理所用的入射物的能量为500eV至100keV。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述镍钛合金是形状记忆合金,且含有20%至80%的镍和80%至20%的钛。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中表面注入元素增强所述合金的机械性能。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述表面机械性能包括亲水性、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。
5.权利要求2的方法,其中所述镍钛合金的生物活性被减小或增强。
6.权利要求2的方法,其中所述等离子浸没离子注入和沉积或者相关的基于离子束和等离子的技术,例如等离子增强的气相沉积法(PECVD)、物理气相沉积法(VPD)和化学气相沉积法(CVD),减少Ni离子从所述形状记忆材料的基底释放。
7.权利要求2的方法,其中所述材料是用于整形外科、泌尿科、血管外科、肝胆外科或食管外科的生物材料。
8.权利要求6的方法,其中用于所述材料表面处理的入射物的能量如下:注入和沉积法为500eV到1000eV。
9.权利要求6的方法,其中使用直流电,参数为无限脉冲持续时间的0Hz重复到5000Hz。
10.权利要求2的方法,其中注入的材料为氮源或氧源。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述氮源为氮气。
12.权利要求10的方法,其中所述氧源为氧气。
13.根据权利要求1的方法制造出的整形外科植入物。
14.根据权利要求1的方法制造出的血管植入物。
15.根据权利要求1的方法制造出的食管植入物。
16.权利要求9的方法,其中所述元素是气体形式、液体形式、固体形式或其组合物。
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