CN104285573B

CN104285573B - A kind of crops phosphate fertilizer method improving phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency

Info

Publication number: CN104285573B
Application number: CN201410405543.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 何文
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-08-18
Filing date: 2014-08-18
Publication date: 2016-09-14
Anticipated expiration: 2034-08-18
Also published as: CN104285573A

Abstract

The invention belongs to agricultural fertilizer field, be specifically related in crops phosphate fertilizer improve the technology of phosphate fertilizer this season utilization rate.The invention is characterised in that and make full use of soil available phosphorus, minimizing Phosphorus fertilizer usage, reducing higher concentration available phosphorus when executing phosphate fertilizer and hold time, minimizing is fixed, is alleviated loss, it is ensured that maximum needs the supply of fertilizer phase, raising this season utilization rate.Middle high fertility farmland, particularly soil available phosphorus higher than before the farmland planting of 30mg/kg, do not execute phosphate fertilizer base manure in seedling stage after plantation, topdress, only allow a seedling to absorb soil available phosphorus, bud differentiation or ear differentiation initial stage execute phosphate fertilizer P₂O₅30～150kg/hm².In low fertility farmland, particularly soil available phosphorus less than the farmland of 10mg/kg, phosphate fertilizer is divided into base manure, topdresses and use: phosphate fertilizer P executed by base manure₂O₅15～75kg/hm², bud differentiation or ear differentiation initial stage execute phosphate fertilizer P again₂O₅15～75kg/hm².Executing phosphate fertilizer can make topsoil soils available phosphorus theoretical concentration increase by 80～300% than original initial concentration every time.

Description

A kind of crops phosphate fertilizer method improving phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency

Technical field

The invention belongs to agricultural fertilizer field, proprietary code is A01C.It is specifically related to carry in crops phosphate fertilizer applies fertilizer The technology of high phosphate fertilizer this season utilization rate.

Background technology

P elements is one of three big nutrients necessary to growth and development of plants, many important having in involved in plant body The composition of machine compound, the conduction of energy metabolism photosynthesis Repiration redox reaction signal and C N metabolism, to promotion The natural source that growth and development of plants plays an important role in soil is essentially from rock decay, and can be absorbed and used by plants is one The phosphate fertilizer of phosphate anion available phosphorus external source form can increase soil available phosphorus content, but available phosphorus meeting after phosphate fertilizer applies Quickly there is various physics, chemical reaction with the Ca, Mg and Fe aluminum in soil, form a series of new phosphate, make in liquid phase of soil Available phosphorus become the solid form therefore phosphate fertilizer utilization rate then being difficult to utilize often for 10%-25%, phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency is low to be become Improve the restriction factor of crop yield

Generally using the existing 30 or 40 years containing phosphatization fertilizer in Chinese agriculture, soil available phosphorus has promoted more than 70%, averagely It is worth already close to 20 mg/kg, the soil fertility level of nationwide and had bigger lifting before 30 years.Fertile at whole soil When force level is relatively low, advocating phosphate fertilizer always and make base manure and use, through applying fertilizer for many years, major part soil available phosphorus can be expired the most substantially Foot crop nutrition content demand, is changed in a basic balance by original serious deficiency or has a small surplus.Crop growthing development process Mid-early stage seedling fertilizer-sucting quantity is little, initially enter vigorous growth state from flower bud differentiation period (panicle primordium dif ferentiation stage), to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium Absorbtivity increases considerably, and flower bud differentiation period nutrients uptake amounts accounts for the 50% of integral dose.In a basic balance at soil available phosphorus or Making base manure with phosphate fertilizer again when having a small surplus, the phosphorus in being manured into soil is not absorbed instead by soil fixing by seedling, moreover early stage is formed High concentration soil available phosphorus can exceed that soil phosphorus absorption saturation the upper limit, add available phosphorus run off risk.And In the critical period fertilising that fertilizer requirement is maximum, the high concentration available phosphorus of formation comparatively fast can be utilized by crops, reduces high concentration soil Earth available phosphorus is held time, and reduces phosphorus fixed qty again, reduces soil simultaneously and applies the risk of phosphorous loss.

In recent years, body eutrophication impact is become increasingly conspicuous by phosphorus element, and developed country is particularly evident.Phosphorus is that animals and plants are required Nutrient, the phosphorus element of excess enters water body can cause body eutrophication, from the phosphorus in farmland in pollution of area source source Occupy the biggest share, total phosphorus in water and the ratio correlation in agricultural land in basin.Along with containing phosphatization fertilizer and having Being continuously increased of machine fertilizer application, the phosphorus element input in agricultural production is more than output, especially the most flourishing in plant husbandry and aquaculture Area, owing to long-term excess uses phosphate fertilizer and fertilizer, cause agricultural land soil topsoil to be in rich phosphorus state, soil available phosphorus leads to The approach such as rainwash, Soil erosion, drip washing of crossing accelerate to migrate to water body, cause the eutrophication of receiving water body, not only give city City's drinking-water, water for industrial use, aquaculture cause greatly infringement, also affect the industries such as leisure, tourism.Abroad have a lot about soil The research of phosphorous loss, China has mainly carried out the research of soil phosphate fixation ability in the soil types such as red soil, yellow earth.

This patent is in the soil available phosphorus testing result to 2006～2013, examines with the soil available phosphorus of nineteen eighty-two Survey result and compare analysis, carry out substantial amounts of crops phosphate fertilizer 0 level 3414 and test, easily consolidated at soil in conjunction with available phosphorus Fixed, soil phosphorus hypersorption saturation runs off, on crop regulation of fertilizer requirement theoretical research foundation, establish the crops of complete set Phosphate fertilizer new theory system, creates " a kind of crops phosphate fertilizer technology improving phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency ", and this technology is in agriculture Crop fertilization can improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency 3～8%.Through retrieving domestic and international pertinent literature: find no and " a kind of raising phosphate fertilizer The crops phosphate fertilizer technology of utilization rate " report of identical content.

Summary of the invention

The feature of this technology: be 1. to determine Seedling Stage phosphate fertilizer method according to farmland fertility state.The agriculture of middle high fertility Seedling stage is not executed phosphate fertilizer in field, and the using in farmland part phosphate fertilizer of low fertility makees base manure.2. crops seedling stages it is based on to P acquisition amount Few feature, high fertility farmland crops utilize available phosphorus in soil, low fertility farmland to be reached by supplementary part phosphate fertilizer seedling stage Crops seedling growth needs fertile requirement.At the crops bud differentiation initial stage, improve the external source quantity delivered of phosphorus element available nutrient, it is ensured that Crops flower bud differentiation period (panicle primordium dif ferentiation stage), boot stage, the period of maturation efficient absorption to phosphorus.3. reduction higher concentration soil has Effect phosphorus is held time, and reduces the available phosphorus fixed qty after phosphate fertilizer is manured into soil, reduces soil available phosphorus loss wind when executing phosphate fertilizer Danger, it is ensured that key needs fertile phase phosphorus element effective supply.Crops phosphate fertilizer this season fertilising utilization rate is improved with this know-why.

For the farmland of middle high fertility, the particularly soil available phosphorus farmland more than 30 mg/kg, in crop seeding, cultivation Plant in the seedling stage of about 2 months after plantation, only allow a seedling to absorb the available phosphorus in soil.Bud differentiation (children Spike development) initial stage, per hectare using in farmland phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 30～150 kilograms, make farming operation layer available phosphorus theoretical concentration ratio former Come soil available phosphorus initial concentration improve 80～300%, thus ensure crops flower bud differentiation period, boot stage, the 2 of the period of maturation ～in 3 months, have sufficient concentrations of soil available phosphorus to utilize, improve and apply phosphate fertilizer this season utilization rate.

In for, the farmland of low fertility, the particularly soil available phosphorus farmland less than 10mg/kg, then be divided into twice by phosphate fertilizer Use.Wherein base manure per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 15～75 kilograms, at bud differentiation (ear differentiation) initial stage, per hectare is again Use phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 15～75 kilograms, twice fertilising can make farming operation layer available phosphorus theoretical concentration at the beginning of than original available phosphorus Beginning concentration increases by 80～300%, it is ensured that crops, in Seedling Stage, flower bud differentiation period, boot stage, period of maturation, have enough soil Available phosphorus can utilize, and improves and applies phosphate fertilizer this season utilization rate.

Detailed description of the invention

Within 2006～2013, analyzing 78862 pedotheque detections, soil available phosphorus meansigma methods is 18.1mg/kg, Soil available phosphorus meansigma methods rises to present 18.1mg/kg from 8.4mg/kg compared with nineteen eighty-two, and absolute number value rises 9.7mg/kg, ascensional range reach 114.5%.Along with the significantly lifting of fertilizer amount over nearly 30 years, soil available phosphorus promotes near 100%, the exogenous phosphorus in being manured into soil is huge to the fertilizer horizontal contribution of soil.Soil available phosphorus is spaced change contrast in 30 years It is shown in Table 1

Table 1 soil available phosphorus is spaced 30 years change contrast statistical tables

2006～2013, to crops such as Oryza sativa L., Semen Tritici aestivi, Semen Maydis, Brassica campestris L, Rhizoma Solani tuber osis, carry out 13959 communities 3414 manure trials.According to the horizontal yield of phosphate fertilizer 0, set up the linear math equation of available phosphorus and fractional yield.According to linear number Learn equation, calculate the available phosphorus theory required for rice under each fractional yield interval theory state, oil, wheat, Semen Maydis, Rhizoma Solani tuber osi production Demand.Result is as shown in table 2:

Table 2 rice, oil, wheat, Semen Maydis, Rhizoma Solani tuber osi fractional yield and available phosphorus demand theory value

Rice, oil, wheat, Semen Maydis, Rhizoma Solani tuber osi fractional yield are analyzed and researched with available phosphorus demand theory value, the conclusion drawn For: the available phosphorus supply under soil natural state at present, substantially can meet the fractional yield demand of staple crops 85%.Make Staple crops fractional yield improve 10% and make fractional yield reach more than 95%, soil available phosphorus average demand must ratio originally Improve 100%～200%, be equivalent to per hectare and use phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 45～90 kilograms.Owing to soil available phosphorus is prone to solid by soil Fixed, the high concentration soil available phosphorus long term maintenance higher than original initial concentration 100%～200% is the most impossible, can only be in agriculture The maximum of crop growth needs fertile phase～flower bud differentiation period (panicle primordium dif ferentiation stage) to use phosphate fertilizer, improves soil available phosphorus concentration.

For the farmland of middle high fertility, the particularly soil available phosphorus farmland more than 30 mg/kg, soil available phosphorus is basic Balance or have a small surplus.In the growth and development process of crops, soil can meet the nutrient demand of crops seedling stage the most substantially.This Time when making base manure with phosphate fertilizer again, crops seedling good absorption can not utilize the exogenous phosphorus applied, and is had by the soil making seedling stage Effect phosphorus is in superfluous state, causes soil fixing waste and potential loss risk, then starts to flower bud differentiation period (panicle primordium dif ferentiation stage), agriculture When the absorbtivity of nutrient is increased considerably by crop, soil available phosphorus aobvious because of the soil fixing of early stage or loss the most no Foot.Therefore for the farmland having irrigation conditions more than 30 mg/kg of the farmland of middle high fertility, particularly soil available phosphorus, in agriculture Crop sowing, be planted to plantation after seedling stage of about 2 months in do not use phosphate fertilizer, only allow a crops seedling to absorb soil Available phosphorus in earth.Do not use phosphate fertilizer and will promote Seedling root growth, increase the crops later stage absorbability to soil nutrient. At bud differentiation (ear differentiation) initial stage, per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 30～150 kilograms, make arable layer available phosphorus theory dense Spend and improve 80～300% than original soil available phosphorus initial concentration, thus ensure that crops are in flower bud differentiation period, boot stage, maturation The 2 of phase～in 3 months, there are enough soil available phosphorus to utilize, improve the crops exogenous phosphorus utilization to applying.

The farmland of low fertility, the particularly soil available phosphorus farmland less than 10mg/kg in for, soil available phosphorus can't Meet the nutrient demand of crops seedling stage.Requiring supplementation with phosphorus nutrients at crops seedling stage, the maximum entering vigorous growth state needs fertilizer Phase is also required to the large supply of phosphorus nutrients.Therefore, in the whole period of duration of crops, phosphate fertilizer is divided into administered twice.Wherein base Fertile per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) 15～75 kilograms, at bud differentiation (ear differentiation) initial stage, per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer again (P₂O₅) 15～75 kilograms, will make farming operation layer available phosphorus theoretical concentration than original soil available phosphorus initial concentration improve 80～ The time of 300% is multiplied, it is ensured that crops, at seedling stage, flower bud differentiation period, boot stage, each period of duration in period of maturation, have enough The soil available phosphorus of concentration can utilize, and improves this season utilization rate of the crops exogenous phosphate fertilizer to applying.

Claims

1. the crops phosphate fertilizer method improving phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency, it is characterised in that:

Soil available phosphorus is higher than 30 mg/kg high fertility farmlands, in crop seeding, is planted to about 2 months seedling stages after planting The most do not use phosphate fertilizer to make base manure, topdress, only allow seedling to absorb the available phosphorus in soil, in bud differentiation or ear differentiation At the initial stage, per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer P₂O₅30～150 kilograms are topdressed；Soil available phosphorus is less than 10mg/kg low fertility farmland, by phosphorus Nutriment in a fertilizer is base manure, administered twice of topdressing, and base manure per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer P₂O₅15～75 kilograms, topdress at bud differentiation or children's fringe At the differentiation initial stage, per hectare uses phosphate fertilizer P again₂O₅15～75 kilograms；Fertilising can make farming operation layer soil available phosphorus manage every time Opinion concentration increases by 80～300% than original available phosphorus initial concentration.