CN102986428B - Crop rotation matching and fertilizing method capable of controlling accumulation of rice heavy metal cadmium - Google Patents
Crop rotation matching and fertilizing method capable of controlling accumulation of rice heavy metal cadmium Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a crop rotation matching and fertilizing method capable of controlling accumulation of rice heavy metal cadmium and belongs to the technical field of rice planting. The crop rotation matching and fertilizing method provided by the invention comprises the steps of 1) selecting cruciferae or leguminous crop with high sulphur content as a previous crop; 2) applying sulphur base fertilizer with sulphur ratio of 0.25-5.0kg/666.7m<2> when the previous crop is planted, or spraying 0.05-1.0% of sulphate for at least 1-3 times in a reproductive stage; 3) taking the previous crop as green manure, smashing or directly turning the previous crop into soil to be mixed with the soil 5-15 days before rice transplantation, and carrying out waterflooding on the transplanted rice seedling; and 4) repeating the steps 1)-3) year over year. The previous crop matching mode adopted in the invention roots in the traditional peasant production mode, sulphur fertilizer is also taken as the traditional farming measure, an operation process is simple, price is low, usage cost is low, the crop rotation matching and fertilizing method provided by the invention is universally applicable to heavily, medially and mildly cadmium-polluted rice field and crop production lands in China, and cadmium content in rice can be obviously reduced.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Rice Cropping technical field, be specifically related to a kind of the crops for rotation collocation and the fertilizing method that control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy.
Background technology
Cadmium is as a kind of toxic heavy metal, it is day by day serious to the pollution of crops, farmland pollution area expanding day, having caused extensive cadmium is socially very long toxic heavy metal of a kind of half life period and environmental contaminants, except can cause humans and animals acute and chronic poisoning except, also there is stronger carcinogenesis.In recent years, due to industrial "three wastes", dirty filling and a large amount of reason such as applying pesticides, fertilizer, heavy metals in farmland pollutes aggravation, and security issues become increasingly urgent for rice heavy metal.According to Ministry of Agriculture's rice and quality of item supervision and inspection center 2002 and the result generally investigated safely China's various places quality of rice for 2003, one of quality security problem of rice is the heavy metals exceeding standard such as cadmium, lead, exceeding standard rate is all more than 10%, the rice cadmium content of some contaminated regions is up to 0.4-l.0mg/kg, far exceed the highest permissible levels 0.2mg/kg of cadmium in China's cereal, oneself threatens food security and health, controls and to reduce rice cadmium pollution urgently to be resolved hurrily.By selecting low cadmium-accumulation kind and being two important channels controlling paddy rice Cd accumulation at present by agronomic technique measure reduction soil available Cd level.
For current paddy soil and the day by day serious present situation of rice heavy metal cadmium, carry out a large amount of relevant paddy rice low cadmium-accumulation screening varieties hand mouth agronomic culture technical research both at home and abroad.There is extremely significant kind and ask that difference is the essence of paddy rice low cadmium-accumulation screening varieties and basis in paddy rice (rice, lower same) Cd accumulation.The Differences of right paddy rice Cd accumulation non-stable lasting difference, the metabolic pathway of this species diversity and rice in utilization mineral element is closely related, or even these metabolic pathways determine this species diversity, as paddy rice just determines paddy rice Cadmium accumulation to a great extent to the utilization ways of ferro element.The current screening to low cadmium-accumulation rice varieties is not taken above-mentioned factor into account, and the low cadmium-accumulation kind therefore screened often exists obvious areal variation, even also there is significant difference between year.In current production, also can be used for low cadmium-accumulation eating rice production without any a rice varieties both at home and abroad.
In soil can the cadmium (available Cd) that absorbs by plant be the key factor affecting paddy rice Cd uptake and accumulation.Therefore, reduce rice Cd accumulation by agronomic culture technical measures reduction paddy soil available Cd content and have its theoretical foundation.Therefore the current research about being reduced rice Cd accumulation by the approach such as the regulation and control of rice field rich water, scholar's earth pH regulation and control, soil redox potential regulation and control oneself at home and abroad extensively carry out.Rich water regulation and control are exactly by reasonably fertilising and moisture irrigation technique reduce rice field available Cd content, its medium-term and long-term drowned rice field is a more effective approach, so long-term drowned rice field at substantial irrigation water, this is unpractical for the day by day serious northern China region of water resource and some southward draught regions, also be unfavorable for paddy growth, its value is very limited.Liming improves soil pH, and reducing paddy soil available Cd content is also a more effective Technology Ways, but this technology exists great drawback.While soil pH value improves, the metal mineral nutrient concentration such as soil available iron, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel decline to a great extent, grievous injury paddy growth and affect yield of brown rice.In view of Cadmium in Soil mainly through the absorption features of the mineral nutrient elements such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc absorb by root system and utilization, by the constituent content such as available iron in regulation and control soil, be control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy important channel.Publication number is that the Chinese patent of CN101133710A has disclosed and utilizes Cadmium in Soil to enter this approach in plant body by the iron Absorption And Metabolism approach of rice root, has invented to be executed by soil and has integrated that state is ferrous fertilely controls the measure of rice Cd accumulation agronomic technique; Publication number is that the Chinese patent of CN101507400A then openly utilizes Cadmium in Soil to be absorbed the process entering in plant body and entered overground part and seed by manganese transporting pathway by rice root by manganese absorption features, has invented utilization soil and has executed Chelating state manganese (divalence) and spray the agronomic technique measure that manganese controls paddy rice Cd accumulation.But, utilize Chelating state divalent metal usage amount relatively bigger than normal, and price is higher, causes high expensive.
Summary of the invention
For prior art Problems existing, the present invention is the most critical factor of rice root Cd uptake and accumulation according to effective cadmium content of soil (concentration), utilize the chemical property of cadmium and different compound solvability etc. in the solution thereof, design provides a kind of and controls the crops for rotation collocation of heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy and the technical scheme of fertilizing method.
Cadmium is a kind of transition elements, and divalent cadmium ion belongs to lewis acid (Lewis Acid, LA), its can with S
2+(or sulfydryl-SH) (lewis base) forms highly stable compound.Cadmium in plant body can with multiple sulfhydryl compound, such as glutathione, phytochelatin (PCs) and cysteine etc. form stable compound, and this mechanism is generally turned out to be the key mechanism of plant cadmium removing toxic substances.
Sulphur is the moderate-element needed for crop, and it can be divided into inorganic sulfur and organic sulfur in soil, and inorganic sulfur exists with sulphate (oxidative soil) and sulphide (anaerobic soil) usually; And organic sulfur exists in microorganism, organic matter and crop straw stubble usually, in paddy soil, organic sulphur can reach more than 80% of soil total sulfur.Straw-returning is the traditional farming measure in agricultural production; Application of organic fertilizers is also the conventional fertilizer practice in agricultural production.Straw-returning and fertilizer are usually used as the increase soil organic matter, and the agricultural practice improving soil structure uses.And in fact, research also shows, straw-returning and fertilizer are also the main sources of organic sulfur in soil.Research shows, organic fertilizer can significantly reduce rice plant Cd accumulation, it has been generally acknowledged that its dominant mechanism may be that the soil organic matter increases, and then improves the cation exchange capacity of soil, thus adsorbed more cadmium ion, reduce the available Cd concentration in the soil solution.And we infer, the organic sulfur content in fertilizer is higher, and organic fertilizer improves the organic sulfur in soil, and the cadmium ion in soil that can be strong is combined, and causes the cadmium ion in soil.Infer from another angle, application of organic fertilizers or utilize sulfur-bearing high front stubble as green manure also field, improve soil organic sulphur, to control after season crop such as the Cd accumulation of paddy rice should be more effective.And produce the higher crop of clear and definite stalk sulfur content at present and have crucifer, as rape, wild cabbage, leguminous plant, as soybean etc., and can significantly improve its sulfur content further by using sulfur fertilizer.Highly stable compound can only be formed as lewis base and cadmium as lewis acid according to sulfydryl, crops straw sulfur content can be significantly improved by using sulfur fertilizer, and then increase these characteristics of soil organic sulphur, by research and practice, finally develop a kind of the crops for rotation collocation and the fertilizing method that control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
1) Cruciferae that selection sulfur content is high or legume are front stubble;
2) apply when front stubble is planted and count 0.25 ~ 5.0kg/666.7 m with sulphur
2sulfenyl fertile, or the fertility Sheng phase spray the sulphate at least 2 times of 0.05 ~ 1.0%;
3) before rice transplanting 5 ~ 15 days, using front stubble as green manure, pulverize or directly turn over into mix with soil, and waterflooding is transplanted to rice seedling;
4) step 1)-3 is repeated between year).
2. a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that in described step 1), Cruciferae is rape, wild cabbage, cabbage mustard, tender flower stalk, root-mustard, leafy mustard, many lobed leaf mustard, cauliflower or leaf mustard, legume is soybean, kidney bean, French beans, clover, Chinese milk vetch, sesbania or sweet potato.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that described step 2) in before stubble plantation time apply and count 0.5 ~ 4.0kg/666.7 m with sulphur
2sulfenyl fertile; Or in giving birth to the sulphate that the Sheng phase sprays 0.1 ~ 0.75%.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that described step 2) in before stubble plantation time apply and count 1.0 ~ 2.0kg/666.7 m with sulphur
2sulfenyl fertile; Or in giving birth to the sulphate that the Sheng phase sprays 0.25 ~ 0.5%.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that described step 2) in sulfenyl fertilizer be one or more mixtures in gypsum, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate; Sulphate is one or more mixtures in ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that described step 2) in during sulfenyl fertilizer is directly manured into soil, more fully to mix with soil.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, is characterized in that described step 2) in sulphate be first dissolved in water, then carry out executing spilling with spray pattern.
Described a kind of crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method controlling heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, to is characterized in that front stubble stalk in described step 3) as green manure.
The front stubble collocation mode that the present invention uses derives from the peasant convention mode of production, sulfur fertilizer is also traditional farming measure, operating process is simple, cheap, use cost is low, the method is generally applicable to rice field and the production estimation land used of China's all heavy, medium and light degree cadmium pollution, significantly can reduce the cadmium content in rice.Meanwhile, the method can also improve the soil organic matter, for paddy growth provides thionin, can also improve paddy soil, and then promotes paddy growth and improve rice yield.Compared with prior art, the present invention meets rice field height cropping index, the various crop collocation rotation system of agricultural completely, traditional farming process of operating process also complete compound peasant, also more environmental protection, can be accepted extensively by vast farmers.
Embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with embodiment.
Experimental example 1:
1. experimental design
1.1 experiment collocation modes: collocation mode is set to rape-paddy rice, Chinese milk vetch-paddy rice, with free time-paddy rice pattern collation.
Before 1.2 different sulfur contents, stubble stalk is cultivated: by rape, Chinese Milk Vetch Seeds sowing, in after planting, 0,0.01,0.05 g/kg sulphuring treatment (gypsum) is set, in rice transplanting first 15 days results rape (being in the Sheng phase of blooming), Chinese milk vetchs, sampling and measuring plant sulfur content;
1.3 straw-returning process: soil is potted plant, are equipped with 9kg dry ground, and Cd content (full dose) is 5.70 mg/kg 10L, and upper bore is 35 cm.(amount of ploughing under is 0.39 g/kg) is ploughed under in soil and waterflooding, to rice transplanting respectively as green manure according to the rape of equivalent dry weight and Chinese milk vetch.Each process repeats for 3 times.
1.4 seedling cultivation of rice and transplanting: with early 22 research materials in early rice.Seed through seed soaking Lingshui Spring solution seed soaking 48 hours, and in 30-35 DEG C of vernalization 24 hours.Bud paddy is seeded in the husky bed cleaned through dilute sulfuric acid, and band rice shoot grows to 4 leaf 1 hearts, chooses the consistent rice shoot of growth and carries out transplanting potted plant experiment.Every pot transplanting 4 cave, every cave 3 strain.
2. measure project
In the sampling of rice harves phase, determination and analysis; Species test
Plant sample is divided into seed (polished rice) and overground part two parts.
Sample dries 3 days to constant weight through 80 DEG C.Dry sample, through pulverizing, takes 0.5000g and to disappear by 1:3 proportioning concentration with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) and perchloric acid and boil, and disappears to boil rear redistilled water and be settled to 50 ml, utilizes entirely to compose direct-reading inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and measure cadmium content.
3. results and analysis
Rice yield characteristic under 3.1 different disposal
No matter front stubble is rape or Chinese milk vetch, stalk is all gone back after field, total the number of middle morning 22, examples explain and thousand kernel weight increase all to some extent, and every basin rice yield also significantly improves (table 1), this illustrate straw-returning as a kind of agricultural practice to rear season rice yield raising there is obvious effect.In preceding crop, along with the raising of sulphuring treatment, before corresponding after stubble straw-returning, the yield traits of middle morning 22 have also been obtained better improvement, this show on the one hand the later front stubble stalk of sulfur fertilizer process to rear season paddy rice production advantageously; But this effect is also likely that this enlightens from another point of view because front stubble production process uses the cause of sulfur fertilizer, and this is tested, and soil used may effectively sulphur be not enough.
The same stubble of table 1. and sulfur fertilizer process thereof in rear season paddy rice early 22 yield effect
Rice plant cadmium content under 3.2 different disposal
No matter front stubble is rape or Chinese milk vetch, stalk is all also after field, and in middle plant above ground morning 22 portion and polished rice, cadmium content all significantly reduces (table 2).And the increase of process along with front stubble sulfur fertilizer, no matter be that rape makees green manure, or Chinese milk vetch to rear season rice plant overground part and seed in cadmium content to have be very obvious inhibitory action.Wherein the rape stalk of 0.05 g/kg sulphuring treatment also after field in the cadmium content of early 22 overground parts to be only stubble be idle 17.48%, and the cadmium content in polished rice is only 0.19 mg/kg; Chinese milk vetch also shows similar phenomenon, but is obviously not so good as rape to the control effects of plant Cd accumulation.On the whole, front stubble, by using sulfur fertilizer, increases stalk sulfur content, after straw-returning, has remarkable result to control paddy rice Cd accumulation.
Table 2.. the same stubble and sulfur fertilizer process thereof are on the impact of early 22 plant Cd accumulation in rear season paddy rice
Test example 2
1, experimental scheme:
This was tested in 2011 and 2012, and in Fuyang City of Zhejiang Province, Huan Yi village, town surrounded by mountains carries out.This town throughout the year with abandoned mine copper metallurgy for through Jiyuan.Because waste water measures discharge very much, local paddy soil heavy metal cadmium is very serious, and the total cadmium content of scholar's earth is that 4.13 mg/kg. DTPA extract state cadmium content 1.29 mg/kg, is unsuitable for Rice Production.
Experiment adopts great Qu comparative trial, do not establish repetition, great Qu area is 0.5 mu, before Setup Experiments, stubble is rape, rape+sulphur sprays process, rape+sulphur does base manure process, winter free time+that sulphur does base manure process, CK(winter is idle), 2011 in April 18 rape in flowering stage turned over into make green manure.Rice varieties is sowing on 22,2012 middle morning in April 5, and April 29 transplanted.Rape+sulphur sprays process: spray 0.2% ammonium sulfate (in sulphur) totally 3 times March 25, April 5,15 days; Rape+sulphur does base manure process: before rape broadcasts sowing, and is to be sprinkled into 1.25 kg calcium sulphate wholely; Winter free time+sulphur does base manure process: do not plant preceding crop, but simulate and spread fertilizer over the fields 1.25 kg calcium sulphate wholely.Other is with conventional.Within 2012, repeat this experiment (operating process is consistent).
Harvest time, measure the actual rice yield of great Qu and Cd concentration of brown rice.For the sample that Cd concentration of brown rice measures, adopt the sampling of great Qu 5 point sampling.Polished rice sample dries 3 days to constant weight through 80 DEG C.Dry sample, through pulverizing, takes 0.5000g and to disappear by 1:3 proportioning concentration with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) and perchloric acid and boil, and disappears to boil rear redistilled water and be settled to 50ml, utilizes entirely to compose direct-reading inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and measure cadmium content.
2, results and analysis:
2.1 not the same stubble collocation and sulfur fertilizer use the impact on rice yield traits
Compared with the free time in winter (CK), no matter be execute sulfur fertilizer or rape and sulfur fertilizer to combine and all have a significant effect to the output of paddy rice and correlated traits parameter as front stubble process.Winter free time+process of sulfenyl fertilizer causes number of productive ear, Defined daily doses all obviously increases, but do not affect thousand kernel weight, this shows to apply in soil the production that sulfenyl fertilizer can promote the early rice of season afterwards winter.Rape makes green manure, usually also improves number of productive ear and Defined daily doses, and then facilitates the raising of per unit area yield, this show equally rape do green manure can promote after season early rice growth.Use when the plantation of green manure rape in sulfenyl fertilizer or growth of rape process and spray sulfur fertilizer, the raising of number of productive ear and Defined daily doses can be promoted, and then improve rice yield.In rape respectively processes, sulfur fertilizer process has no significant effect rice yield traits and output.Result shows, and rape does green manure or front stubble and uses sulfur fertilizer and all have obvious facilitation to the growth of paddy rice and output.These results were consistent in 2011 with 2012.
Not the same stubble collocation of table 3. and sulfur fertilizer use the impact on rice yield traits
2.2 the same stubble collocation and sulfur fertilizer use the impact of centering 22 Cd accumulation morning
When winter, rice field was in free time (CK), the cadmium in 2011 early in 22 paddy is up to 0.892 mg/kg; 2012 then up to 0.977 mg/kg, all far above GB 0.2 mg/kg.When winter rice field use fertile or plantation rape (or using sulfur fertilizer) of sulfenyl and all significantly reduce cadmium level in seed.When only executing sulfenyl fertilizer, the seed cadmium content of 2011 and 2012 is all only about 50% of contrast.And only plant rape when making green manure, the seed cadmium content of 2011 and 2012 is then only about 1/3 of contrast.And sulfur fertilizer is executed or sprayed to soil in front stubble rapeseed cultivation process, all extremely significantly reduce rice cadmium level, all lower than 0.2 mg/kg, wherein soil execute sulfenyl fertile time remarkable in spraying sulfur fertilizer again.Result shows, and rape makees green manure or uses sulfur fertilizer and can significantly reduce cadmium content in rice, and shows think over impact mutually when rape is made green manure and used sulfur fertilizer combined treatment, more obvious to the inhibitory action of rice Cd accumulation.
The same stubble collocation of table 4. and sulfur fertilizer use the impact of centering 22 Cd accumulation morning
Before in test example 2, stubble adopts wild cabbage, cabbage mustard, tender flower stalk, root-mustard, leafy mustard, many lobed leaf mustard, cauliflower, leaf mustard, soybean, kidney bean, French beans, clover, Chinese milk vetch, sesbania or sweet potato; Apply when front stubble plantation in sulphur 0.25,1,3 or 5kg/666.7 m
2gypsum, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, ammonium sulfate or magnesium sulfate; Or adopt front stubble to spray breeding time 0.05%, 0.5%, 0.8% ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulfate or magnesium sulfate 3 times, it finally also can reach the technique effect identical with test example 2.
Claims (6)
1. control crops for rotation collocation and the fertilizing method of heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy, it is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
1) Cruciferae selecting sulfur content high is front stubble, and described Cruciferae is rape, wild cabbage, cabbage mustard, tender flower stalk, root-mustard, leafy mustard, many lobed leaf mustard, cauliflower or leaf mustard;
2) apply when front stubble is planted and count 0.5 ~ 4.0kg/666.7 m with sulphur
2sulfenyl fertile, or the fertility Sheng phase spray sulphate 1-3 time of 0.1 ~ 0.75%;
3) before rice transplanting 5 ~ 15 days, using front stubble as green manure, pulverize or directly turn over into mix with soil, and waterflooding is transplanted to rice seedling;
4) step 1)-3 is repeated between year).
2. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method, it is characterized in that described step 2) in before stubble plantation time apply and count 1.0 ~ 2.0kg/666.7 m with sulphur
2sulfenyl fertile; Or in giving birth to the sulphate that the Sheng phase sprays 0.25 ~ 0.5%.
3. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method, it is characterized in that described step 2) in sulfenyl fertilizer be more than one mixtures in gypsum, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate; Sulphate is more than one mixtures in ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.
4. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method, it is characterized in that described step 2) in during sulfenyl fertilizer is directly manured into soil, more fully to mix with soil.
5. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method, it is characterized in that described step 2) in sulphate be first dissolved in water, then carry out executing spilling with spray pattern.
6. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of control heavy metal cadmium accumulation of paddy crops for rotation collocation and fertilizing method, to it is characterized in that front stubble stalk in described step 3) as green manure.
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| CN104025921B (en) * | 2014-06-04 | 2016-01-20 | 农业部环境保护科研监测所 | NaHS is as the application of the leaf surface conditioning agent of resistance control paddy rice Cadmium Accumulation |
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| CN107926583A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-04-20 | 四川农业大学 | A kind of method that Flue-cured tobacco Quality is improved by crop rotation |
| CN109526624A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-03-29 | 澧县泰溥生态水果种植专业合作社 | It is a kind of to produce the big red heart dragon fruit method for planting fruit trees of fruit |
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| CN113133396A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-07-20 | 扬州大学 | Method for reducing cadmium content in rice |
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