CN104248891A - 用于空气净化设备的滤芯 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于空气净化设备的滤芯,所述滤芯包括确保保持过滤介质的结构(20),所述过滤介质包括在活性炭或沸石中选择的传统吸收材料,所述滤芯的特征在于,所述过滤介质还包括纳米孔专用吸收材料,所述纳米孔专用吸收材料通过探针分子被功能化,以便允许捕获醛类型的化学污染物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及空气净化设备的一般领域,并且更具体地涉及用于该类型设备的并且具有尤其吸收乙醛和甲醛的吸收能力的滤芯。
背景技术
醛指的是任何具有末端羰基官能团的有机分子,优选地在甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丁醛、丙烯醛、戊醛、己醛和苯醛中选择。
在家庭化学污染物中,醛是最丰富的家庭化学污染物。所述污染物的来源极其多。所述来源可尤其地与外部生产相关,例如甲烷的光致氧化。然而,醛的发散的主要来源位于住宅的内部,并且非常多样:用于制造压缩木料、木屑板和胶合板的树脂和粘合剂,通过注入墙和隔板中、注入织物覆盖物、壁纸、油漆、皮革等中而被用作隔热的脲醛隔热泡沫。
甲醛还是防腐剂、消毒剂和干燥剂。出于这些原因,甲醛被大量地作为溶剂而在医院场所使用,用于外科器具的消毒,然而也使用在丧葬服务的行业中,进行防腐。
考虑到这种化学污染物对公共健康的有害作用,显然需要通过减少醛、尤其是甲醛的含量并且提供新的去污设备来确保在住宅房屋周围的空气的净化。
根据已知的现有技术,存在于空气中的气体化学污染物的净化方式分为两类:
-消灭污染物,通过毁坏有机化合物直到完全矿化,也就是说通过氧化或光致氧化直到将污染物转化为CO2和H2O。
-通过多孔吸收材料的捕获,所述多孔吸收材料留住污染物,但是不将其毁坏。这些材料是沸石或活性炭类型,并且通常使用在空气处理中,以便捕获挥发性有机化合物及气味。
第一类别利用设备而实现,所述设备使用诸如臭氧的氧化剂,或者所述设备有助于诸如等离子体或光催化的氧化。
第二类别使用具有大的比表面积(>100m2/g)的多孔材料的吸收能力,所述多孔材料不能破坏分子,所述多孔材料将分子留在在多孔介质上。
第一类别具有复杂和相对昂贵的缺点。另外,第一类别可产生分解的产品,所述产品可被证实比所消除的化合物更危险。
第二类别的缺点是在待消除的化学化合物之间具有非常不同的捕获率。因此,例如活性炭非常有效地吸收芳香族化合物,但是对于吸收醛并且尤其是甲醛是非常低效的。
吸收材料的制造商尝试通过功能化吸收材料来改善其材料的吸收能力。不幸地,该功能化通过浸渍而进行,所述浸渍具有的缺点是如果期望设置足够量的吸收材料,那么孔被堵住,并且因此限制捕获能力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过在滤芯中添加吸收介质来改善用于空气净化设备的滤芯的性能,所述吸收介质对于一些物质吸收空气中的化学污染化合物,目前的吸收材料对于这些物质,具体地是醛且尤其是甲醛是没有效率的。如此构成的滤芯确保了对所有大气污染物的大部分的最终且大量的捕获。
该目的是通过用于空气净化设备的滤芯达到的,所述滤芯包括确保保持过滤介质的结构,所述过滤介质包括在活性炭和沸石中选择的传统吸收材料,其特征在于,所述过滤介质还包括纳米孔专用吸收材料,所述纳米孔专用吸收材料通过探针分子被功能化,以便允许捕获醛类型的化学污染物。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述专用吸收材料通过溶胶-凝胶法而制造,用于在金属氧化物的纳米孔结构中加入能够捕获醛的探针分子。
根据另一个实施变型例,承载可与醛基起反应的反应官能团的所述探针分子在烯胺酮和对应的β-二酮/胺对,亚胺和联氨,或这些化合物的盐衍生物中选择。
根据另一个实施变型例,确保保持过滤介质的结构是蜂窝状的刚性结构,所述蜂窝容纳所述过滤介质。
根据另一个实施变型例,微穿孔膜被组装在蜂窝状的刚性结构的上游面和下游面上。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述蜂窝的过滤介质填充率大于40%。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述专用吸收材料呈颗粒形式,所述颗粒的尺寸介于0.8mm和2mm之间。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述颗粒的形状是具有比例L/D>1的圆柱形,其中,L对应于颗粒的长度,并且D对应于颗粒的直径。
根据另一个实施变型例,确保保持过滤介质的所述结构是多个膜的组合体,所述传统吸收材料和所述专用吸收材料浸渍/喷撒在所述多个膜上。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述专用吸收材料的重量相当于所述传统吸收材料的重量的5%和95%之间。
根据另一个实施变型例,所述专用吸收材料的比表面积介于600m2g和1200m2g之间。
本发明还涉及一种空气净化设备,所述空气净化设备包括诸如上面所限定的滤芯。
附图说明
通过阅读以非限定性示例方式给出的且由附图示出的本发明的实施方式的详细的说明,将更清楚地了解本发明的其它的特征和优点,在附图中:
-图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的滤芯的第一结构;
-图2A和2B分别示出根据本发明的滤芯的第二结构的正视图和立体图;
-图3示出在使用根据本发明的滤芯的第一实施变型例的房间中的甲醛浓度的变化图;
-图4示出在使用根据本发明的滤芯的第二实施变型例的房间中的甲醛浓度的变化图。
具体实施方式
本发明主要涉及包括过滤介质(média filtrant)的滤芯。过滤介质包括一层或多层组合在一起或分开的吸收材料,所述吸收材料允许通过吸收来消除存在于室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物。根据本发明,被吸收的挥发性有机化合物尤其是醛和/或溶剂(solvant)。滤芯被用于插入环境空气净化设备中,该设备以从几个m3/h到几千个m3/h的流量而工作。
图1、2A和2B示出能够在本发明的范围内使用的滤芯的结构的示例。
根据本发明,这些结构允许在穿过空气净化设备的空气流中保持过滤介质。
图1示出(已知的)结构20,该结构包括一组膜21。在该变型例中,过滤介质浸渍在一个或多个膜21中。所有的膜随后被组装在一起(例如通过胶合或焊接),以便形成滤芯。
膜21的尺寸和数量主要取决于所期望的空气净化设备的性能。
根据附图2A和2B,滤芯包括蜂窝状的刚性结构12。根据该实施变型例,结构是蜂窝类型的。过滤介质安置在结构12的蜂窝11中。为了确保将过滤介质保持在蜂窝11中,微穿孔膜(micro-perforé)被安置在蜂窝状的刚性结构12的下游面14和上游面15这两个面上。膜例如面对空气流是完全通透的,并且不具有过滤功能。
对于滤芯的结构的两个变型例,滤芯垂直于空气流F被安置在空气净化设备中。
根据本发明的滤芯的几何形状可为不同形状,平坦的或立体的。滤芯包括容纳一种或多种吸收材料的颗粒的混合物和/或连续层。
根据本发明,过滤介质包括至少一种传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料的结合,所述传统吸收材料可消除住宅内部空气的大部分挥发性有机化合物,所述专用吸收材料用于捕获传统吸收材料很难消除的化合物,例如醛类型的化合物,且更具体地是甲醛。
根据本发明,传统的吸收材料在活性炭和沸石中选择。
专用吸收材料是能够专门地捕获一种污染物或一类污染物的材料。例如过滤介质可通过装配且内置在纳米孔结构中的探针分子(或有效成分)而捕获醛类。对探针分子的清楚地选择可允许更专门地捕获例如甲醛的污染物。溶胶-凝胶类型的专用吸收材料的制造方法允许在制作该材料(在反应过程中)时插入有效成分,而不是通过浸渍。因为没有浸渍,专用吸收材料的制作方法允许插入许多有效成分而不堵住孔。因此避免了通过浸渍而阻塞孔。
因此,通过适当地选择探针分子,可消除传统吸收材料不能消除或少量消除的诸如甲醛的有害污染物。
在溶胶-凝胶专用吸收材料的情况下,污染物与反应成分起反应,以便产生具有更大分子重量且不太有害的第三主体,该第三主体保持被捕获在专用吸收材料的纳米孔网中。与其它的吸收材料相反,该专用吸收材料进行最终的捕获。
作为示例,专用吸收材料在专利申请FR2890745所描述的材料中选择,该专利申请作为参考被引入本说明书中。
尤其且非限定性地,材料包括金属氧化物的溶胶-凝胶纳米孔基质(matrice),所述基质包括至少一个探针分子,该探针分子承载至少一个可与醛基起作用的反应官能团。
承载可与醛基起作用的反应官能团的探针分子在烯胺酮和对应的β-二酮/胺对,亚胺和联氨,或这些化合物的盐衍生物中选择。
烯胺酮满足以下化学式:
在该化学式中:
-R1对应于氢、烷基或芳基,
-R2对应于氢,
-R3对应于氢、烷基或芳基,
-R4对应于氢、烷基或芳基,
-R5对应于氢。
另外,β-二酮/胺对满足以下化学式:
在该化学式中:
-R1对应于氢、烷基或芳基,
-R2对应于氢,
-R3对应于氢、烷基或芳基,
-R4对应于氢、烷基,
-R5对应于氢、或对应的盐。
另外,胺是在吖啶黄、甲基黄或二甲基黄中选择的席夫碱(base deSchiff)。
联氨满足以下化学式:
在该化学式中:
-R6对应于氢,C1-C20烷基,优选的是C1-C10烷基,更优选的是甲基、乙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基和戊烷基,C3-C16芳基,尤其是苯基和磺酰芳基,
-R7对应于C13-C16芳基,尤其是苯基和磺酰芳基。
根据本发明,金属氧化物的溶胶-凝胶纳米孔基质由至少一种金属氧化物建立,该金属氧化物的分子式如下:
M(X)m(OR8)n(R9)p
在该分子式中:
-M对应于在硅、铝、钛、锆、铌、钒、钇和铈中选择的金属,
-R8和R9单独对应于烷基或芳基,
-n,m和p是整数,诸如它们的和等于M的化合价,并且n大于或等于2,
-X是卤素。
诸如上面所述的允许专门地捕获醛且尤其是甲醛的专用吸收材料拥有面对甲醛的捕获能力的效率,专用吸收材料的该效率至少大于专用于所有挥发性有机化合物的活性炭的效率的100倍,并且大于专用地经浸渍的用于捕获气态甲醛的活性炭效率的10倍。专用吸收材料的最终的捕获能力是每克材料至少0.01g甲醛。另外,即使一旦饱和,该专用吸收材料通过吸附而具有与专用地经浸渍的用于捕获气态甲醛的活性炭相同的捕获能力。
根据现有技术,活性炭或沸石非常差地消除醛且尤其是甲醛,然而该气体一方面在室内空气中大量存在,另一方面对健康有害。因此,通过结合传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料,对于醛且尤其是甲醛尤其有效,根据本发明的滤芯,由于具有探针分子的功能化的纳米孔专用吸收材料的存在,允许消除醛且尤其是甲醛,同时由于活性炭或沸石,允许消除其它挥发性有机化合物尤其是单环芳香烃族(苯、甲苯、乙烯、二甲苯、……)。
传统吸收材料与专用吸收材料的结合通过材料的混合而构成,或者通过单材料的连续层的结合而构成。
传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料可预混合,以便均匀地导入过滤装置中,或者通过喷撒分开地被导入到多层上或者导入到物理地被分开的不同平面上。
根据本发明,滤芯的去污/过滤性能尤其通过以下参数而确定:
-传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料之间的质量之比,
-专用吸收材料的比表面积,
-专用吸收材料的形状,
-传统吸收材料的物理和化学特性。
传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料之间的质量之比可从95/5变化到5/95:具体的选择是按照存在于室内空气中的污染物的性质和量以及期望达到的结果而实现的。
作为示例,对于包含20μg/m3甲醛和200μg/m3其它挥发性有机化合物的空气,优选地使用10/90的专用吸收材料/活性炭质量比。然而,可以通过使专用吸收材料的量增加双倍、四倍等,来使根据本发明的过滤介质的效率增加双倍,四倍等。
因此,在被甲醛严重污染的空气的情况下,例如含有比其它挥发性有机化合物多10倍的甲醛的情况下,使用具有90/10的专用吸收材料/活性炭比的过滤装置。
对于专用吸收材料来说,寻求的比表面积与孔的尺寸成反比。因此,比表面积约大,孔的尺寸越小。因此,为了具有约1000m2/g的比表面积,孔的直径典型地约在纳米附近。
因此,在允许增加捕获能力和效率的最大比表面积和不能超过的界限之间寻求最佳的折衷,以便具有足够尺寸的孔,使得污染物可进入孔中。期望的比表面积的范围介于100m2/g和1500m2/g之间,这取决于待消除的污染分子的尺寸。例如对于甲醛,优选地介于600m2/g和1200m2/g之间。
对于专用吸收材料来说,颗粒形状的选择被确定以便具有精加工的(léchage)最大面积(颗粒的外表面),以便增加捕获效率,同时具有最小的负载损失,从而最小化去污所需的能量。
例如在圆柱形颗粒的情况中,已知精加工的面积与颗粒的平均直径呈反比。因此,颗粒的直径的减小增强了性能,因为捕获面积增加。相反地,该减小引起负载损失和所需能量的增加。事实上,颗粒的层对穿过颗粒层的气流来说更紧密并且因此不太通透。典型地,约为毫米(0.2mm至8mm)的颗粒具有在更好的效率和不太大的负载损失之间的更好的折衷。
加长形的,即具有L/D比>1(L长度,D直径)的圆柱体的形状是非常引人注意的,因为该形状容易通过模制或压制而制造。其加长的形状避免了平坦的表面连接在一起,从而不减少精加工的面积,并且不增加负载损失和能量损失。在该情况下,约为毫米(0.2mm至8mm)的尺寸(长度)也导致更好的折衷。
根据另一个实施方式,颗粒可具有研磨的形状,该形状导致约毫米(0.2mm至8mm)尺寸的微粒。该形状还具有好处,因为对于大致相等的微粒的直径,该形状给予比球形微粒的情况大的精心加工的面积。
尺寸小于毫米的颗粒也可在使用颗粒之间的支撑物(纤维)的条件下被使用,该支撑物允许分散颗粒,以便减少负载损失。在该情况下,可考虑束缚在组织中的传统吸收材料/专用吸收材料的混合颗粒的膜,这允许增加过滤装置的面积,以便减小负载损失。
另外,诸如蜂窝状的刚性结构的尺寸以及蜂窝的填充率的其它标准还可被调整,以便获得根据本发明的滤芯的所期望的性能。因此,结构的蜂窝的尺寸介于专用吸收材料的颗粒的最大尺寸的1倍和10倍之间。该尺寸允许获得颗粒在蜂窝中的良好的分配,并且允许可通过蜂窝状刚性结构的蜂窝接收至少1个颗粒。
同样地,传统吸收材料和专用吸收材料的混合物在蜂窝中的填充率例如至少是40%。这允许限定根据本发明的滤芯的体积。
根据本发明的滤芯不影响已知的空气净化设备的一般结构。事实上,只需将根据本发明的滤芯插入位置来替代现有技术的滤芯。根据本发明的滤芯的组成和特性按照空气净化设备的特性,尤其按照空气流量和滤芯的尺寸被调整。
根据本发明的滤芯的尺寸的示例:
第一示例被确定,以便实现房间的去污,该房间具有以下特征:
-体积:12m3,
-新鲜空气的更换:5m3/h,
-甲醛发射率:70.6μg/m3。
使用根据本发明的滤芯的净化设备的特征如下:
-空气流量:140m3/h,
-蜂窝状滤芯(蜂窝):宽21cm,长53cm,深1cm(即通过的总面积为0.068m2),
-专用吸收材料的质量:20g。
图3示出在房间中甲醛浓度的变化。
曲线A示出不使用根据本发明的空气净化设备时的范例值为70.6μg/m3。
曲线B示出当根据本发明的空气设备在工作中时,浓度的变化。
因此,注意到,通过几个小时的工作,甲醛的发射率下降到20μg/m3之下(小于在公共机构中的推荐率30μg/m3)。
第二示例被确定,以便实现房间的去污,该房间具有与上一示例相同的特征,但是使用根据本发明的滤芯的空气净化设备的特征如下:
-空气流量:70m3/h,
-蜂窝状滤芯(蜂窝):宽24cm,长29cm,深1cm(即通过的总面积为0.042m2),
-专用吸收材料的质量:10g。
图4示出在房间中甲醛浓度的变化。
曲线A’示出不使用根据本发明的空气净化设备时的范例值为70.6μg/m3。
曲线B’示出当根据本发明的空气设备在工作中时,浓度的变化。
因此,注意到,通过几个小时的工作,甲醛的发射率约为30μg/m3。
应理解地是,在不超出由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的范围的情况下,对本领域的技术人员来说,可对在本说明书中所描述的本发明的实施方式赋予各种明显的更改和/或改进。
因此,两个实施例被给出用于家用(具有几个m3的房间)的空气净化设备。根据本发明的滤芯在(例如适合于公众机构的)更大尺寸的空气净化设备中的应用可被考虑。只需使用多个滤芯或者更大尺寸的滤芯。
Claims (12)
1.一种用于空气净化设备的滤芯,所述滤芯包括确保保持过滤介质的结构(12,20),所述过滤介质包括在活性炭或沸石中选择的传统吸收材料,其特征在于,所述过滤介质还包括纳米孔专用吸收材料,所述纳米孔专用吸收材料通过探针分子被功能化,以便允许捕获醛类型的化学污染物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述专用吸收材料通过溶胶-凝胶法而制造,用于在金属氧化物的纳米孔结构中加入能够捕获醛的探针分子。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,承载可与醛基起反应的反应官能团的所述探针分子在烯胺酮和对应的β-二酮/胺对,亚胺和联氨,或这些化合物的盐衍生物中选择。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,确保保持所述过滤介质的结构是蜂窝状的刚性结构(12),所述蜂窝(11)容纳所述过滤介质。
5.根据上一权利要求所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,微穿孔膜被组装在所述蜂窝状的刚性结构(12)的上游面(15)和下游面(14)上。
6.根据权利要求4所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述蜂窝的过滤介质填充率大于40%。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述专用吸收材料呈颗粒形式,所述颗粒的尺寸介于0.8mm和2mm之间。
8.根据权利要求7所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述颗粒的形状是具有比例L/D>1的圆柱形,其中,L对应于颗粒的长度,并且D对应于颗粒的直径。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,确保保持所述过滤介质的所述结构(20)是多个膜(21)的组合体,所述传统吸收材料和所述专用吸收材料浸渍/喷撒在所述多个膜上。
10.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述专用吸收材料的重量相当于所述传统吸收材料的重量的5%和95%之间。
11.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的用于空气净化设备的滤芯,其特征在于,所述专用吸收材料的比表面积介于600m2g和1200m2g之间。
12.一种空气净化设备,其特征在于,所述空气净化设备包括至少一个根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的滤芯。
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FR3007668B1 (fr) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-07-03 | Seb Sa | Cartouche filtrante pour appareil de purification d’air |
EP3274075A4 (en) | 2015-03-23 | 2018-11-21 | BASF Corporation | Carbon dioxide sorbents for indoor air quality control |
JP2019507674A (ja) | 2016-02-12 | 2019-03-22 | ビーエーエスエフ コーポレーション | 大気質管理のための二酸化炭素吸着剤 |
CN110719805B (zh) | 2017-06-16 | 2022-12-27 | 3M创新有限公司 | 包含用于醛的聚合物吸附剂的空气过滤器 |
CN111068457A (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-04-28 | 杭州昕华信息科技有限公司 | 一种带有过滤功能的除醛净化装置的安装组件 |
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US9427486B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
ES2914054T3 (es) | 2022-06-07 |
PT2826539T (pt) | 2022-05-11 |
JP6807913B2 (ja) | 2021-01-06 |
JP2015051261A (ja) | 2015-03-19 |
KR102225310B1 (ko) | 2021-03-09 |
CN104248891B (zh) | 2019-06-28 |
US20150004065A1 (en) | 2015-01-01 |
EP2826539B1 (fr) | 2022-04-27 |
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FR3007668A1 (fr) | 2015-01-02 |
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