CN104221524A - Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Google Patents
Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104221524A CN104221524A CN201410318215.8A CN201410318215A CN104221524A CN 104221524 A CN104221524 A CN 104221524A CN 201410318215 A CN201410318215 A CN 201410318215A CN 104221524 A CN104221524 A CN 104221524A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- straw
- soil
- field
- returning
- nitrogen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Landscapes
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss. The method includes: performing oilseed rape straw application in the paddy rice seasons, to be more specific, cutting oilseed rape straw into small sections 10cm in length a few days before paddy rice planting, plowing the soil in late May and early June, selecting 1/3 amount of the oilseed rape straw to cover the surface of the soil, applying 30kg composite fertilizer to each mu of soil, and using 20kg of urea for topdressing; performing paddy rice straw application in oilseed rape seasons, to be more specific, cutting paddy rice straw into small sections 10cm in length a few days before paddy rice planting, plowing the soil at the beginning of November, selecting 1/3 amount of the paddy rice straw to cover the surface of the soil, applying 30kg composite fertilizer to each mu of soil, using 30kg of urea for topdressing, and using appropriate amount water for irrigation to assist natural rainfall. By the method, the soil properties are controlled, and nitrogen and phosphorus loss is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural technology field, relate to straw-returning and chemical fertilizer and join to execute and control soil property and nitrogen and phosphorus loss method.
Background technology
The fertilizer utilization pattern of China's agricultural production is from initial based on organic manure, and to the transition stage of organic manure and chemical fertilizer compounding application, along with the development of society, the chemical fertilizer developed till now has become the topmost source of manure.China is vast in territory, and chemical fertilizer total amount leaps to No. 1 in the world, and except potash fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer has all accomplished self-sufficiency substantially.But nowadays the average amount of application of China's unit are chemical fertilizer reaches 434.3kg/hm
2, rank first in the world, exceed the upper safety limit (225kg/hm that developed country generally acknowledges
2) 1.93 times.Long-term chemical fertilizer applies, and causes Nitrogen In Soils, phosphorus is had more than needed.Not only loss is economically caused to peasant household, and nutritive element more than needed flows into environment, contaminated environment.Chemical fertilizer production enterprise brings harm to environment equally, it is reported that the phosphide, ammonia nitrogen etc. of China's fertilizer industry discharge occupy national each industrial trade the first.For Nitrogenous Fertilizer Industry, the ammonia nitrogen loading of the big-and-middle-sized fertile enterprise in the whole nation reaches 27kg/t respectively
1ammonia and 49kg/t
1ammonia, far above external discharge capacity, causes serious pollution to environment.First time Pollutant source investigation data display is carried out in the whole nation in 2010, and agricultural sources total nitrogen accounts for total emission volumn 57.2%, and total phosphorus accounts for 67.3% of total emission volumn, and the proportion that the number of dropouts of plant husbandry nitrogen phosphorus accounts for agricultural sources pollutant reaches 59.1% and 38.2% respectively.While chemical fertilizer sowing amount increases year by year, do not bring the simultaneous growth of crop yield, applying on the contrary because of long-term chemical fertilizer, bring soil day by day barren, harden, the fertilizer elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are lost by leaching loss or by soil fixing, the ratio of crop energy good absorption is very low.
After photosynthesis, in crops straw, store a large amount of organic matters and N P and K and other medium trace element.According to experts' analysis, in rice straw, organic matter is 78.6%, nitrogen is 0.63%, phosphorus is 0.11%, potassium is 0.85%, beanstalk is nitrogenous 1.3%, phosphorous 0.3%, containing potassium 0.5%, beans rice stalk is nitrogenous 0.5%, phosphorous 1.4%, containing potassium 0.19%, wheat straw is nitrogenous 0.5%, phosphorous 0.2%, containing potassium 016%, by the crops straw returning field after results, soil organic matter content can be increased, increase soil fertility, change the physical behavior such as porosity, unit weight of soil, alleviate the soil compaction caused because of chemical fertilizer application, under soil fertility general etc. situation.Therefore, while chemical fertilizer application, strengthen fertilizer using as agricultural crop straw, positive improvement result can be played to the use situation of China's chemical fertilizer.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention controls soil property and nitrogen and phosphorus loss method providing straw-returning and chemical fertilizer to join to execute, and solves current soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss and widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area problem.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is carried out according to following steps:
Step 1: in paddy rice season, carry out rape stalk also field; A few days ago rape stalk is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at rice cultivation;
Step 2: anthropogenic soil; The farming time is selected in by the end of May at the beginning of 6 months;
Step 3: 1/3 amount selecting rape stalk;
Step 4: top layer is field also; By the rape stalk Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 5: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 20 kilograms, urea;
Step 6: in rape season, carry out rice straw also field; A few days ago rice straw is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at plantation rape;
Step 7: anthropogenic soil; The anthropogenic soil time is early November;
Step 8: 1/3 amount selecting rice straw;
Step 9: top layer is field also; By the rice straw Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 10: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 30 kilograms, urea, based on natural rainfall, suitably coordinates the irrigation of suitable quantity of water.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows control soil property, reduce the effect that soil nitrogen phosphorus runs off.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the decomposition amount schematic diagram after rape stalk difference amount goes back field;
Fig. 2 is the decomposition speed schematic diagram after rape stalk difference amount goes back field;
Fig. 3 be rape stalk different depth also field decomposition amount change schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is the decomposition speed schematic diagram in rape stalk different depth also field;
Fig. 5 is rice straw also field decomposition rate schematic diagram;
Fig. 6 is the decomposition speed schematic diagram in rice straw also field.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is described in detail.
Stalk also field and chemical fertilizer is joined to execute and is controlled soil property and nitrogen and phosphorus loss method:
On research crop-residue incorporation and basis that also field mode affect straw decomposition speed, by straw-returning and the method for joining to fertilize, reach control soil property, reduce the effect of soil nitrogen phosphorus loss.
Step 1: in paddy rice season, carry out rape stalk also field; A few days ago rape stalk is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at rice cultivation;
Step 2: anthropogenic soil; The farming time is selected in by the end of May at the beginning of 6 months;
Step 3: 1/3 amount selecting rape stalk;
Step 4: top layer is field also; By the rape stalk Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 5: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 20 kilograms, urea;
Step 6: in rape season, carry out rice straw also field; A few days ago rice straw is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at plantation rape;
Step 7: anthropogenic soil; The anthropogenic soil time is early November;
Step 8: 1/3 amount selecting rice straw;
Step 9: top layer is field also; By the rice straw Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 10: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 30 kilograms, urea, based on natural rainfall, suitably coordinates the irrigation of suitable quantity of water.
Experimental verification of the present invention:
The experiment executed and affect soil property joined by straw-returning and chemical fertilizer: as shown in table 1, and pot experiment establishes 6 process altogether, and each process repeats for 3 times.Test process is respectively: without straw-returning+traditional fertilization (A1), also field+Optimum (A5), straw-returning+Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus all subtract 20% (A6) all to subtract 20% (A4), straw-returning without straw-returning+Optimum (A2), straw-returning+traditional fertilization (A3), straw-returning+traditional fertilization nitrogen phosphorus
Table 1 pot experiment processing scheme
Field experiment establishes 4 process altogether, and each process repeats for 3 times.Straw-returning mode is the native mulching and returning of table.Test process is respectively: do not apply fertilizer (B1) without straw-returning, all subtract 20% (B4) without straw-returning+Optimum (B2), straw-returning+Optimum (B3), straw-returning+Optimum nitrogen, phosphorus.Result is as shown in table 2.
Table 2 field experiment processing scheme
Straw-returning joins the experiment that fertilise affects loss of soil nutrient: first, be provided with straw-returning and join the experiment controlling nutrient loss to fertilize, test process is respectively, and does not apply fertilizer (B1), all subtracts 20% (B4) without straw-returning+Optimum (B2), straw-returning+Optimum (B3), straw-returning+Optimum nitrogen, phosphorus without straw-returning.Secondly, be provided with the experiment that bionic acid controls nutrient loss, experiment process is respectively, and conventional fertilizer application, Optimum, bionic acid fertilizer+conventional fertilizer application, bionic acid fertilizer+Optimum, bionic acid fertilizer+conventional fertilizer application subtract 20%, bionic acid fertilizer+conventional fertilizer application subtracts 30%.Three, be provided with the experiment of bionic acid control leaching loss of nutrient, respectively, Optimum, bionic acid+Optimum, bionic acid fertilizer+Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus all subtracts 25%.Four, be provided with straw-returning and join the experiment that fertilise controls loss of soil nutrient, experiment process is provided with conventional fertilizer application process respectively, Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus subtracts 20%+ bionic acid fertilizer+straw-returning, Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus subtracts 30%+ bionic acid fertilizer+straw-returning, Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus subtracts 40%+ bionic acid fertilizer+straw-returning.
Experiment shows, the different modes also rape stalk in field and rice straw is all that decomposition speed is fast in early days, and later stage decomposition speed is slow and is tending towards relatively steady gradually.Rape stalk also field amount is negative correlativing relation with its decomposition speed; Concerning rice crop under the same terms, also field decomposition is fastest on rape stalk top layer, is secondly the 20cm degree of depth also field, the 10cm degree of depth also field time straw decomposition speed minimum.From the decomposition speed of stalk, in paddy field, rape stalk should not imbed the 10cm degree of depth also field, but the degree of depth of agro-farming is usually deeply in the majority at 10 ~ 15cm, even if so the straw decomposition speed in the 20cm degree of depth also field is comparatively large, but it is less feasible to promote 20cm degree of depth straw-returning in actual production; Top layer straw-returning decomposition speed is large, best in theory, but during rice cultivation, if the thing such as floating stalk on the water surface of field, rice shoot will be caused to strike the beam by wind is dynamic.Add straw decomposition agent in every stalk, Straw decomposing speed is all the straw decomposition not adding decay agent under being greater than same condition.Result of the test shows, and rape stalk also field not only improves soil physical and chemical property, improves soil nutrient content, and improves the output of rice crop.From tillage method, the rice straw decomposition speed imbedded in anthropogenic soil is higher than to be imbedded in no-tillage soil.
Stalk difference amount goes back the decomposition variation characteristic in field: the decomposition amount change of different amount straw-returning as seen in Figure 1, the different times of rape stalk under different disposal has certain decomposition amount, and As time goes on, stalk accumulative decay amount is increase trend, accumulative decay amount is fast what increase early stage, and it is slow that the later stage increases.Say that this bright straw decomposition aggregate performance goes out the feature that early stage is fast, the later stage is slow, wherein first 30 days decomposition amounts reach about 30%, and after 90 days decompositions, straw decomposition amount can reach more than 50%.Different crop-residue incorporation, they are slightly different in the decomposition cumulant size of different phase stalk, and aggregate performance goes out the relation that straw decomposition cumulant and crop-residue incorporation are inverse correlation.The decomposition amount display of Fig. 1, total crop return < 2/3 amount is field < 1/2 amount also field < 1/3 amount also field also.
The decomposition rate variation of different amount straw-returning: also decomposition amount is in increase behind field for rape stalk on the one hand, and the straw decomposition speed on the other hand also behind field is constantly change, and namely the decomposition speed of Different periods stalk is different (Fig. 2).As can be seen from Figure 2, along with the prolongation of time, the decomposition speed of stalk is reducing gradually, and behind general also field, decomposition is the fastest first half of the month, and the decomposition speed of various process is all more than 1.16%.Wherein, 1/3 amount is and the straw decomposition speed in field even reaches 1.56% in first half of the month.Between 15-30 days, average decomposition speed is more than 1.08%, generally drops to less than 0.35% to the decomposition speed of four month.This meets rape stalk decomposition rule: after stalk enters soil, and early stage decomposes very fast, and then decomposition rate slows down gradually.
Fig. 2 also shows, although the change list of decomposition speed reveals similar feature after straw-returning, the straw decomposition speed of different also fields amount also exists certain difference.Also field is measured large straw decomposition speed and is generally measured little process a little less than going back field: total crop return < 2/3 amount is field < 1/2 amount also field < 1/3 amount also field also.Also large process is measured in field, straw decomposition speed along with the prolongation change of time relatively little, the decomposition speed of such as total crop return from 1.16% of first half of the month become four month 0.30%, changing value is only 0.86%; And also little process is measured in field, straw decomposition speed along with the prolongation change of time relatively large, such as 1/3 amount and also field decomposition speed from 1.56% of first half of the month become four month 0.35%, changing value reaches 1.21%.
The decomposition variation characteristic in stalk different depth also field: the decomposition amount variation characteristic in rape stalk different depth also field, although the rape stalk decomposition amount in different depth also field increases all gradually along with the prolongation of time, but different depth also field straw decomposition change there are differences, as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 shows, the same time section of rape stalk simultaneously also behind field, and the 10cm degree of depth also field straw decomposition amount is minimum, and except the decomposition amount in first half of the month extexine also field is maximum, the straw decomposition amount in the 20cm degree of depth also field is placed in the middle.Time such as by 30 days, the decomposition amount of 10cm, 20cm and top layer also field stalk is 36.76%, 45.37% and 46.30% respectively; Decomposition amount to the also field stalk of three kinds of degree of depth when 120 days is respectively 60.28%, 68.52% and 72.69%.The conditions such as the hydro-thermal of this and each degree of depth soil layer, especially moisture condition has much relations, such as the supersaturation of top layer moisture, rape stalk contact topsoil, higher at summer temp, the easily movement of field surface water, stalk easily contacts active microorganism and decomposes, and decomposition speed is fast; The 20cm degree of depth also field stalk aeration status is relatively poor, and soil temperature is relatively low, but distance rice root is comparatively near, and microbial activity is also comparatively strong, decomposing straw the speed top layer that also compares slow but than 10cm place soon; 10cm degree of depth soil layer water-heat condition is general, and microbial activities is more weak, is not relatively conducive to the decomposition of stalk, thus decomposition amount is relatively minimum.
The decomposition rate variation in rape stalk different depth also field: the rape stalk decomposition speed in different depth also field all reduces all gradually along with the prolongation of time, but the change slightly difference (Fig. 4) of the different depth also straw decomposition speed in field.Generally show, the rape stalk decomposition speed in the 10cm degree of depth also field is the slowest, and the decomposition in also field, stalk top layer is fastest, and the 20cm degree of depth also field straw decomposition speed is placed in the middle.Such as between 15-30 days, the decomposition speed of 10cm, 20cm and top layer also field stalk is 1.18%, 1.32% and 1.89% respectively; At four month, the decomposition speed of three kinds of degree of depth also field stalk was respectively 0.34%, 0.43% and 0.44%.This illustrates the higher and dynamic water layer of skin temperature, is conducive to Straw decomposing, therefore will regulates and controls straw decomposition speed, considers to regulate and control soil water and heat quantity, is exactly important aspect.Fig. 4 also shows simultaneously, stalk 10cm deeply also field decomposition speed along with the change of time relatively more steady, and the straw decomposition speed in the relatively slightly large 20cm of decomposition speed deeply also field is wanted greatly relatively along with the prolongation change of time, both drop to four month 0.34% and 0.43% respectively gradually from 1.54% of initial two weeks and 2.13%.
Tillage method is on the impact of rice straw also field decomposition: as shown in Figure 5, tillage method on rice straw also field decomposition rate change impact, As time goes on, in farming or no-tillage soil, stalk accumulative decay rate is all in increase trend, accumulative decay rate increases soon in early stage, and the later stage increases slowly.This illustrates that straw decomposition aggregate performance goes out the feature that early stage is fast, the later stage is slow, and wherein, 30d decomposition rate reaches about 20%, and after 90d decomposition, straw decomposition rate is more than the decomposition rate increasing option of the later stalk of 40%, 150d.With regard to the difference of rice straw decomposition rate under farming and no-tillage, in the soil after rice straw imbeds farming, decomposition rate is higher than the decomposition rate imbedded in no-tillage soil.This illustrates that anthropogenic soil air capacity of soils is better than no-tillage soil, has more oxygen to promote microbial activities, accelerate straw decomposition in soil.From 30d, in anthropogenic soil, the decomposition rate 20.16% of stalk is just higher than 19.52% in no-tillage soil; During to 180d, in anthropogenic soil, the decomposition rate of stalk rises to 59.03%, and the degree higher than no-tillage soil 54.52% is more obvious.
Tillage method shows the impact of rice straw also field decomposition rate variation: Fig. 6, and the decomposition speed of period rice straw is large in early days, and late period, decomposition speed was little.1st month decomposition behind general also field is the fastest, decomposition speed is all at more than 0.65%/d, within 2nd month, decomposition speed is at more than 0.60%/d, and the 3rd, 4,5 monthly average decomposition speed, at 0.26 ~ 0.49%/d, generally drop to below 0.25%/d to 6th month decomposition speed.This meets after stalk enters soil, decomposes fast, later stage early stage and decomposes slow decomposition rule.As can be seen from Figure 5, in the same time section after straw-returning, the rice straw decomposition speed imbedded in anthropogenic soil is higher than to be imbedded in no-tillage soil.Wherein, within 6 periods, straw decomposition speed in anthropogenic soil is 0.67 respectively, 0.63,0.49,0.37,0.34,0.24%/d, the straw decomposition speed in no-tillage soil is then 0.65 respectively, 0.60,0.41,0.32,0.26,0.20%/d.This also illustrates, because anthropogenic soil air capacity of soils is good, is more conducive to straw decomposition.
Straw-returning and chemical fertilizer join to execute to be affected soil property: under table 3 represents that stalk different also field measure and process, the soil property respectively processed after four months.First, straw-returning improves soil physical and chemical property, relative comparison process, and the bulk density of soil reduces, and it is more obvious that the bulk density of soil that also field amount is more reduces degree; Soil organic matter content also has increase to a certain degree, and wherein the soil organic matter of total crop return reaches 20.13g.kg
-1, than control treatment content of organic matter 17.31g.kg
-1, height is three one-tenth of a percentage point nearly.Secondly, straw-returning improves soil nutrient N-P-K content, wherein full nitrogen, full phosphorus and full potassium content change are more stable, totally increase along with crop-residue incorporation and increase, although and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and effectively potassium totally increase, the degree increased and also field measure between correlation relatively weak.3rd, straw-returning reduces the pH value of soil to a certain extent.Totally present crop-residue incorporation larger, soil pH value reduces degree more significantly feature, show contrast, 1/3 amount, 1/2 amount, 2/3 amount, full dose pH value be 6.35,6.30,6.27,6.25,6.15 respectively.
Table 3 stalk difference goes back the soil property under the amount of field
Stalk different depth also field on the impact of soil property: table 4 represents that stalk is under different depth also field process, the soil property of each process after four months.As can be seen from Table 4, stalk on top layer also field be more prone to the reduction causing the bulk density of soil, illustrate that the structure to improving topsoil is more obvious.In other nutrient affects, although each degree of depth straw-returning adds the content of the soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium all to a certain extent, but the impact effect slightly difference in each degree of depth also field, aggregate performance goes out 10cm, and deeply also field is the most obvious on the impact of the soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, and increase rate is maximum.In the reason that top layer nutrient increase rate is relatively little, may affect by water layer, easily export caused by nutrient outside field; Bottom 20cm place may affect by the vertical woods of paddy field water body is molten, and the easy woods of some nutrient is molten to deeper side, cause this degree of depth also field to soil nutrient raising effect neither be best.10cm degree of depth straw-returning then can not to top layer outside like that output nutrient, though there is the downward leaching of part nutrient, directly can not goes to the dark following place of 20cm by leaching, between 10cm to 20cm, at least go back the nutrient of a part of leaching of receivability.
Table 4 stalk difference goes back the soil property under the degree of depth of field
Rice straw also field on the impact of soil property: as can be seen from Table 5, relative comparison process, the bulk density of soil of straw-returning process reduces, the soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content are all higher than the soil not having straw-returning, and the increase effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium full dose is more stable than bio-available Zn concentration.This illustrates that straw-returning improves soil physical and chemical property, soil of having fostered and apply fertilizer.
The also change of soil property behind field of table 5 rice straw
The result of contrast farming and no-tillage rear straw-returning can be found out, after farming, carry out straw-returning, the unit weight of soil is starkly lower than the unit weight of no-tillage soil, and in raising soil nutrient, anthropogenic soil is carried out straw-returning and is better than no-tillage soil.This is on the one hand because anthropogenic soil is conducive to improving the air capacity of soils of soil, facilitates the decomposition active of microorganism, is conducive to the decomposition of stalk; Be because the maintenance suction-operated of no-tillage soil to Straw decomposing nutrient is only limitted to surface soil on the other hand, and anthropogenic soil have thicker upper layer of soil to participate in adsorbing the maintenance of nutrient.Therefore, concerning relatively glutinous heavy drab soil, carry out after farming straw-returning be better than no-tillage under straw-returning, after farming, stalk is imbedded 10cm and is deeply also better than Surface mulch also field in field.
In the field trial in rape stalk also field, the rice yield of mensuration.Result shows, and carries out rape stalk also field, can improve the output (table 6) of paddy rice.Draw from table 6, straw-returning can make rice yield higher than the rice yield without straw-returning (contrast), between per hectare amount of increase in production 180kg-1635kg; But the straw-returning mode of different disposal is to the effect of increasing production of paddy rice slightly difference.First from the also field degree of depth, stalk different depth also field is also different to the effect of increasing production of paddy rice, and the effect of increasing production in also field and the 20cm degree of depth also field, top layer is better than 10cm; Secondly, stalk difference also field amount also has certain difference to the effect of increasing production of paddy rice, just test display, the per unit area yield that crop-residue incorporation is large is higher than the little per unit area yield of crop-residue incorporation, and the returning total stalks into fields in experiment, 2/3 amount go back field, 1/2 amount goes back field, 1/3 amount goes back field, the paddy rice output per hectare of contrast is 8490kg, 8340kg, 8190kg, 7905kg and 7725kg respectively.
Table 6 rape stalk is rice yield behind field also
Rice straw also field to the production-increasing function of cole crop: in the field trial in rice straw also field, the yield of rape display of mensuration, carries out rice straw and also can improve the output of rape in field.Wherein, under tillage condition, rice straw imbeds that 10cm is dark, the yield of rape of Surface mulch also field and contrast (without straw-returning) is respectively 2751.30,2653.05 and 2367.45kg/hm
2, after straw-returning, amount of increase in production reaches 383.85 and 285.60kg/hm respectively
2.Under no-tillage, the yield of rape of rice straw Surface mulch also field and contrast (without straw-returning) is respectively 2581.35 and 2140.95kg/hm
2, after straw-returning, amount of increase in production reaches 440.40kg.Therefore, advocate straw-returning, especially regional soil is under no-tillage, and more should advocate straw-returning, its effect of increasing production is better than the straw-returning under tillage condition.Carry out straw-returning, for Promote rural Development of Recycle Agriculture, promote that the stable high yield of agricultural has great importance.
Straw-returning joins fertilise to be affected loss of soil nutrient: biological humic is in control nitrogen loss, all better to the effect of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer process, reduction by 34.51% and 29.78% being reached, also having the range of decrease of 29.28% and 26.35% when not applying fertilizer and use common fertilizer; Biological humic can control phosphorous loss preferably, to not applying fertilizer, common fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer process time can reach 21.20 ~ 34.42% reduction effect, can reduce reach 37.42% to using chemical fertilizer process.
Indoor leaching test: biological humic is in control Nitrogen Leaching, and to not applying fertilizer, the effect of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer process is all better, can reach reduction by 28.20 ~ 33.32%; But add 13.12% when common fertilizer process Nitrogen Leaching.Biological humic can control Phosphorus leaching when not applying fertilizer and use chemical fertilizer preferably, can reduce by 16.22% and 18.65% respectively, is using the range of decrease that common fertilizer also can have 23.00%.
Straw-returning joins the experiment that fertilise affects loss of soil nutrient: Optimum amount nitrogen phosphorus decrement 30%+ bionic acid fertilizer+straw-returning, relatively traditional conventional fertilizer application, can reduce nitrogen discharge more than 25%, reduce phosphorus loss more than 20%, crop yield is all more than 10%.
The impact executed and run off on soil nitrogen phosphorus joined by straw-returning and chemical fertilizer: from October, 2012 field seeding, December 15, January 22, March 10 carried out three simulated rain trailss respectively.The change of different disposal rainwash full nitrogen concentration is as shown in table 7.
Reflected from upper table, in simulated rainfall process on December 15 in 2012, the full average nitrogen concentration of rainwash is followed successively by from high to low: B2>B3>B4, full average nitrogen concentration is respectively 7.19,6.72,6.53mg/L. straw-returning optimizes decrement fertilizer treatment (B4) and straw-returning Optimum process (B3) is compared with without straw-returning Optimum process (B2), the amplitude of the full nitrogen concentration reduction of rainwash is respectively: 9.18% and 6.54%.In the sampled data on January 22nd, 2013, on March 10th, 2013, treatments B 4, B3 are compared with treatments B 2, and the amplitude that the full nitrogen concentration of rainwash reduces is respectively: 8.38% and 5.90%, 13.45% and 10.53%.And the difference between contrast all reaches significance level.Can illustrate that straw-returning can play larger effect to minimizing soil loss of nitrogenous fertilizer.
Can be drawn by the sampled data analyzing three times, straw-returning Optimum nitrogen phosphorus all subtracts the full nitrogen concentration of 20% process (B4) rainwash lower than straw-returning Optimum process (B3), and between two process, difference reaches significance level.Treatments B 4 compares with treatments B 3, and the ratio that three sub-sampling rainwash total nitrogen contents reduce is respectively: 2.83%, 2.64% and 3.05%.The suitable optimization of nitrogenous-phosphatic manure can be described, total soil nitrogen can be reduced and run off.Relatively being illustrated of test treatments B 2, B3, B4, straw-returning and reasonably decrement fertilising, can reduce soil loss of nitrogenous fertilizer.
From the analysis data of three simulated rain trailss, along with the growth of crop is to the absorption of soil nutrient elements, respectively processes after simulated rainfall full nitrogen concentration in runoff water sample and all present the trend of reduction.
The full nitrogen concentration change of table 7 different disposal rainwash
Note: remarkable at 0.05 level difference with the expression indicating different letter after column data, the expression difference indicating same letter is not remarkable.The impact executed the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash joined by straw-returning and chemical fertilizer: the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash is shown in Table 8.Within 2012, the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash on December 15 is example, and in three process, full phosphorus concentration is descending is arranged as B2>B3>B4.Straw-returning Optimum process (B3) and straw-returning are optimized decrement fertilizer treatment (B4) and are contrasted without compared with straw-returning Optimum process (B2), and the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash is relatively low.Between three process, difference reaches significance level.Sampled data and on December 15th, 2012 on March 10th, 2013 show same rule.In sampling process January 22 in 2013, full phosphorus concentration size is all B2>B3>B4, but the difference between B2 and B3 reaches significance level, and the difference between B3 and B4 does not reach significance level.Therefore can illustrate that straw-returning significantly can reduce the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash, but under the condition of straw-returning Optimum, the decrement of chemical fertilizer applies and whether can have an impact to the reduction of the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash, this test also cannot prove.This mainly may be present in soil particle relevant with the form of ADSORPTION STATE with P elements.By to December 15, January 22, the sampled data analysis in 10 three period of March, can draw growing along with wheat, and the full phosphorus concentration of rainwash exists the trend reduced gradually.Day by day vigorous along with wheat growth, stronger to the demand of fertilizer, the P elements therefore in soil is absorbed by plants gradually, is also just reduced gradually by the nutrient of Loss in Runoff.
The full phosphorus concentration change of table 8 different disposal rainwash
Note: remarkable at 0.05 level difference with the expression indicating different letter after column data, the expression difference indicating same letter is not remarkable.The impact executed loss silt nitrogen and phosphorus loss joined by straw-returning and chemical fertilizer: while the water sampling of simulated rainfall runoff, and getting is once wherein that the loss silt on January 22nd, 2013 is for analyzing the change of each process the content of nitrogen and phosphorous.Test data is as shown in table 9.As shown in Table 9, three process loss silt total nitrogen contents are respectively from big to small: B2>B3>B4.Three parallel processing averages are respectively 1.64g/kg, 1.54g/kg, 1.43g/kg.Comparatively without straw-returning Optimum process (B2), the total nitrogen content that decrement fertilizer treatment (B4) of optimizing straw-returning Optimum process (B3) and straw-returning reduces is respectively 6.10% and 12.80%, and difference all reaches significance level.This is because after improving straw mulching, soil particle is more difficult to be run off by rain drop erosion, therefore can play the effect that certain guarantor stores soil fertility.Fertilizer in soil is mainly derived from chemical fertilizer and applies, reasonable adjusting fertilizer amount, significantly can reduce loss of soil nutrient.By com-parison and analysis, loss soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content also presents same rule.
Soil phophorus element mainly exists with ADSORPTION STATE form.Can be found out by table 9 test data, three process loss silt content of tatal phosphorus are descending to be followed successively by: B2>B3>B4.When fertilizer application condition is identical, straw-returning process (B3) is compared and is reduced without straw-returning process (B2) loss silt content of tatal phosphorus, and reduction amplitude reaches 16.13%, and difference reaches significance level.Under the condition that also field pattern is identical.Optimum nitrogen phosphorus all subtracts 20% process (B4) and compares Optimum process (B3) loss silt content of tatal phosphorus reduction by 17.31%, and difference reaches significance level.Straw-returning Optimum fat-reducing process is optimum to the reduction effect of loss silt content of tatal phosphorus.Visible, make soil erosion more difficult by straw-returning on the one hand, decrement fertilising reduces from root aspect the chemical fertilizer content that is manured into soil, and run off under can reducing condition of raining silt content of tatal phosphorus.Drawn by test data and analysis software research, loss content of soil available phosphor variation tendency is identical with content of tatal phosphorus.
Table 9 different disposal loss silt nitrogen and phosphorus content changes
Note: remarkable at 0.05 level difference with the expression indicating different letter after column data, the expression difference indicating same letter is not remarkable.
Stalk directly burning can cause the serious wasting of resources and environmental pollution, applying in a large number of chemical fertilizer, not only causes soil productivity to decline, but also can pollute underground water and rivers and lakes, is the important sources of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area.The present invention is by arranging 6 process pot experiments and 4 process field experiments, and experimental result is as follows:
(1) straw-returning+Optimum and straw-returning+optimization decrement fertilizer treatment can improve 0-20cm soil moisture in layer, not obvious on the impact of 20-40cm soil moisture in layer.Straw-returning two process contrasts with without straw-returning process, significantly can reduce the 0-20cm soil layer bulk density of soil, not obvious on the impact of 20-40cm soil layer.Without straw-returning+do not apply fertilizer and obvious in 0-20cm soil layer bulk density of soil difference without straw-returning+Optimum process.
(2) straw-returning+Optimum and straw-returning+optimization decrement fertilizer treatment can improve total soil nitrogen, full phosphorus, full potassium, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, rapid available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium content.With compared with straw-returning process, although total potassium content of soil difference is remarkable, increase rate is less.In straw-returning process, full total soil nitrogen, phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus contents are all increase trend with wheat growth, the full potassium of soil and quick-acting potassium content reach maximum on December 28th, 2012, reduce gradually subsequently.
(3) straw-returning four Treating straws also field+traditional fertilization process, straw-returning+Conventional abatement fertilizer treatment, straw-returning+Optimum process, straw-returning+optimization decrement fertilizer treatment comparatively can significantly improve soil organic matter content without straw-returning process.
(4) straw-returning process can significantly reduce rainwash total nitrogen content, and straw-returning+Optimum process and straw-returning+optimization decrement fertilizer treatment rainwash total nitrogen content difference also reach significance level.Straw-returning can reduce rainwash content of tatal phosphorus simultaneously, but under straw-returning condition, the difference of chemical fertilizer amount affects without significance content of tatal phosphorus.Straw-returning process contrasts with without straw-returning process, significantly can reduce the full nitrogen of loss silt, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, full phosphorus, available phosphorus contents.Under straw-returning condition, the consumption of chemical fertilizer is different, and in loss silt, above-mentioned substance content also reaches the significance level of difference.
(5) agrochemical pollutes is the important pollution source of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area, and the nitrogen phosphorus nutrient density of field experiment the loss of surface runoff has all exceeded lake and nutrient laden critical concentration occurs.
Claims (1)
1. straw-returning and chemical fertilizer are joined to execute and are controlled soil property and nitrogen and phosphorus loss method, it is characterized in that carrying out according to following steps:
Step 1: in paddy rice season, carry out rape stalk also field; A few days ago rape stalk is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at rice cultivation;
Step 2: anthropogenic soil; The farming time is selected in by the end of May at the beginning of 6 months;
Step 3: 1/3 amount selecting rape stalk;
Step 4: top layer is field also; By the rape stalk Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 5: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 20 kilograms, urea;
Step 6: in rape season, carry out rice straw also field; A few days ago rice straw is cut into the segment of 10 centimeter length at plantation rape;
Step 7: anthropogenic soil; The anthropogenic soil time is early November;
Step 8: 1/3 amount selecting rice straw;
Step 9: top layer is field also; By the rice straw Surface mulch also field of 1/3 amount chosen;
Step 10: fertilising Shi Meimu composite fertilizer 30 kilograms, topdresses with 30 kilograms, urea, based on natural rainfall, suitably coordinates the irrigation of suitable quantity of water.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410318215.8A CN104221524A (en) | 2014-07-03 | 2014-07-03 | Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410318215.8A CN104221524A (en) | 2014-07-03 | 2014-07-03 | Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104221524A true CN104221524A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
Family
ID=52211151
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410318215.8A Pending CN104221524A (en) | 2014-07-03 | 2014-07-03 | Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104221524A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105532110A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-05-04 | 河南农业大学 | Method for improving sandy soil without tillage with straw in cooperation with biochar |
| CN106165585A (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2016-11-30 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | The method utilizing charcoal preventing and treating region, Rice-rape rotation farmland phosphorus loss |
| CN106665223A (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2017-05-17 | 上海市农业科学院 | Method for paddy-upland rotation rice and vegetable planting |
| CN108990459A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2018-12-14 | 安徽农业大学 | Promote rotten method suitable for the direct returning to farmland along Huaihe River area rice stubble wheat straw |
| CN111010914A (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2020-04-17 | 辽宁省农业科学院 | Farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland |
| CN112586157A (en) * | 2020-12-14 | 2021-04-02 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Method for controlling nitrogen and phosphorus loss in early spring period of rice field in cold and cool areas |
| CN114946310A (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-30 | 兰州大学 | Method for improving low-quality loess by returning high-volume waste vegetables to field |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103172465A (en) * | 2011-12-25 | 2013-06-26 | 陕西新华农物资有限公司 | Special enhancing fertilizer for potatoes |
| CN103703951A (en) * | 2012-09-29 | 2014-04-09 | 玉林市逸兴农业科技发展总公司 | Organic planting method for bayberries |
| CN103797952A (en) * | 2012-11-09 | 2014-05-21 | 李征 | Surface source pollution control method of agriculture fertilizer |
-
2014
- 2014-07-03 CN CN201410318215.8A patent/CN104221524A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103172465A (en) * | 2011-12-25 | 2013-06-26 | 陕西新华农物资有限公司 | Special enhancing fertilizer for potatoes |
| CN103703951A (en) * | 2012-09-29 | 2014-04-09 | 玉林市逸兴农业科技发展总公司 | Organic planting method for bayberries |
| CN103797952A (en) * | 2012-11-09 | 2014-05-21 | 李征 | Surface source pollution control method of agriculture fertilizer |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 曹继华等: ""不同秸秆覆盖耕作方式对稻－油轮作土壤理化性状的影响"", 《西南农业学报》 * |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105532110A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-05-04 | 河南农业大学 | Method for improving sandy soil without tillage with straw in cooperation with biochar |
| CN106165585A (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2016-11-30 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | The method utilizing charcoal preventing and treating region, Rice-rape rotation farmland phosphorus loss |
| CN106665223A (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2017-05-17 | 上海市农业科学院 | Method for paddy-upland rotation rice and vegetable planting |
| CN108990459A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2018-12-14 | 安徽农业大学 | Promote rotten method suitable for the direct returning to farmland along Huaihe River area rice stubble wheat straw |
| CN111010914A (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2020-04-17 | 辽宁省农业科学院 | Farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland |
| CN112586157A (en) * | 2020-12-14 | 2021-04-02 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Method for controlling nitrogen and phosphorus loss in early spring period of rice field in cold and cool areas |
| CN114946310A (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-30 | 兰州大学 | Method for improving low-quality loess by returning high-volume waste vegetables to field |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Su et al. | Influence of rice straw mulching on seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in intensive rice–oilseed rape cropping system | |
| Dabin et al. | Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China | |
| CN104221524A (en) | Method for using straw application and fertilizer combined application to control soil properties and nitrogen and phosphorus loss | |
| Chen et al. | Recovery efficiency and loss of 15N-labelled urea in a rice-soil system under water saving irrigation in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China | |
| Guo et al. | Coupling effects of irrigation amount and nitrogen fertilizer type on grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize | |
| CN104756699B (en) | Take into account the Henan north Summer Maize in Meadow Soil high-yield culturing fertilizing method of environmental carrying capacity | |
| CN103891568B (en) | A kind of production method of rich Organic Selenium zinc-iron nutrition rice | |
| CN101485272B (en) | Rice plating method | |
| CN103011946A (en) | Seedling growing matrix special for melons | |
| CN102992840A (en) | Special seedling medium for solanaceous vegetables | |
| Thakur et al. | Impact of crop and nutrient management on crop growth and yield, nutrient uptake and content in rice | |
| CN104255420A (en) | Melon disease prevention and growth promotion seedling cultivation matrix and preparation method thereof | |
| CN107793264A (en) | A kind of Nano Carbon water-retention fertilizer and its preparation method and application | |
| CN105123067A (en) | Fertilizing method in relay intercropping planting of potatoes and soybeans | |
| Meena et al. | Evaluation of hydrogel and salicylic acid application effect on yield, quality, economics and water-use efficiency of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in restricted irrigation condition of SE Rajasthan | |
| Priyadharshini et al. | Influence of spacing and organic manures on growth, yield and economics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) | |
| Wang et al. | Organic farming decreases nitrate leaching but increases dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in greenhouse vegetable production systems | |
| Chen et al. | Use of clinoptilolite to enhance rice sink–source traits and water productivity under alternate wet–dry irrigation | |
| CN110178513A (en) | A kind of corn fertilizing method improving sloping upland Red Soil Fertility | |
| CN103518504B (en) | Super High-yielding Maize produces implantation methods | |
| Ren et al. | Influences of split application and nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen losses, grain yield, and net income for summer maize production | |
| Zhang et al. | Review on effects of biogas slurry application on crop growth | |
| CN104529594A (en) | Method for using solid waste compost for overcoming defect of insufficient nitrogen of wormcast as seedling culture matrix | |
| Radwan et al. | Effect of potassium fertilization and humic acid application on plant growth and productivity of potato plants under clay soil | |
| CN102893777A (en) | Method of using domestic sewage for corn irrigation to improve soil fertility |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20141224 |
|
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |