CN105532110A - Method for improving sandy soil without tillage with straw in cooperation with biochar - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving sandy soil without tillage with straw in cooperation with biochar. The method comprises the steps that firstly, after corn is harvested, half of corn straw by mass is removed, the other half of the corn straw by mass is chopped into small sections with the length ranging from 4 cm to 6 cm to obtain corn straw fragments, small furrows with the depth being 5 cm are directly formed through a furrower for sowing wheat, and then the corn straw fragments and biochar with the carbon amount equal to that of the corn straw fragments are evenly spread; secondly, after wheat is harvested, half of wheat straw by mass is removed, the other half of the wheat straw by mass is chopped into small sections with the length ranging from 4 cm to 6 cm to obtain wheat straw fragments, the wheat straw fragments and biochar with the carbon amount equal to that of the wheat straw fragments are evenly spread, and corn is directly sown through a seeder; thirdly, the first step and the second step are repeated three times. According to the method for improving sandy soil without tillage with straw in cooperation with biochar, the total no-tillage mode is adopted, half full-dose straw and half biochar with the equal carbon amount are used for covering after seeding, and through improvement tests of six turns in three years, the physical and chemical structures of sandy soil are effectively improved, and the nutrient of sandy soil and the crop yield are increased.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of land improvement, be specifically related to a kind of method that stalk coordinates the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal.
Background technology
Plain of Huanghua Area sand ground area 203.1 × 10
4hm
2, be the main low productive soil type in the Plain of Huanghua Area.The sandstone area soil texture is light, and fertilizer conservation water retention capacity is poor, have a strong impact on liquid manure utilization ratio, and then affects wheat/corn high-yield and high-efficiency.Therefore, seek suitable improvement method, promote sandstone area soil nutrient content and crop yield, theory and practice meaning can be provided for the improvement of sandstone area.
Straw-returning is the well stimulation of a culture fertility of most attention in the world today, while having stopped the atmospheric pollution that crop straw burning causes, also have getting fat production-increasing function.Agricultural crop straw is the important sources of agricultural land soil organic matter.The nutritive elements such as the nitrogen containing crop growth needs in stalk, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur, can as manure resources important in agricultural production.Also field is not only and is recycled a kind of important way of stalk, can also reduce the problems such as the waste resources and environment pollution that field crop straw burning occurs.Decompose in soil after straw-returning, can effectively improve soil organic matter content and utilization rate of fertilizer, improvement soil structure and physical behavior, make loosing soil, porosity increases, capacity alleviates, and promotes the growth of microbial activity and crop root, comprehensively improves the ecological benefits of the aspects such as the soil water, fertilizer, gas, heat.Therefore, straw-returning can improve the physicochemical character of sandstone area, and then improves crop yield.
Charcoal (biochar) is the living beings slow organic substances being rich in carbon that obtain of pyrolytic under anaerobic.Two characteristics of charcoal are very valuable: 1, biological carbon has special physico chemistry structure, has comparatively stiff stability and ionic adsorption switching performance, are difficult to decompose, and 2, compare the soil organic substance of other form, charcoal can keep soil nutrient.Due to these two characteristics, charcoal produces three environmental benefits: (1) mitigation of climate change, and (2) increase soil fertility, and improves crop yield, and (3) reduce environmental pollution.So this material causes the attention of researcher day by day in application agriculturally, become the focus of current research, be improvement soil, fertilizer conservation volume increase provides new approach.
No-tillage as an important Conservation tillage; retaining and conserveing soil moisture, fertilizing soil, protection of the environment, cost-saving synergistic, to increase farmers' income etc. in show the irreplaceable effect of other tillage methods; create good society, economy and ecological benefits, become the focus of current research.For a long time, Huang-Huai-Hai plain adopts returning total stalks into fields always, and after harvesting wheat, corn season is no-tillage and field, and also field of turning in wheat season, belongs to a kind of half no-tillage mode.But at present about tillage free remains in dispute the impact that is good and bad and crop yield of this region middle-and-low-yielding fields soil physico-chemical property.
Summary of the invention
For problems of the prior art, the invention provides a kind of method that stalk coordinates the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, sandstone area adopts tillage free pattern, after planting cover the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as half stalk and this stalk, through the improved test in 3 years 6 seasons, effectively improve sandstone area physicalchemical structure, improve sandstone area nutrient and crop yield.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention by the following technical solutions:
Stalk coordinates a method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, and step is as follows:
(1) after harvest corn, the maize straw of half quality removes, the maize straw of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain maize straw broken, directly opens 5cm dark ditch sowing wheat with plough, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and maize straw of maize straw is broken;
(2) after harvesting wheat, the wheat stalk of half quality removes, and the wheat stalk of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain wheat stalk broken, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and wheat stalk of wheat stalk is broken, the direct seeding corn of seeder;
(3) step (1) and step (2) three times is repeated.
The total carbon content 510.6gkg-1 of described charcoal, C/N are 68.1, pH is 9.7.
Corn is consistent with wheat applying quantity of chemical fertilizer, is pure N180kg/hm
2, P
2o
5120kg/hm
2, K
2o60kg/hm
2phosphorus potash fertilizer all after wheat, emergence of corn between ridge disposable trench digging apply, base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses to topdress ditch spread at wheat during jointing stage and corn typhon mouth phase, topdress and pour water immediately, other cultivation in farmland control measures and local farmers manage be accustomed to consistent.
Described wheat breed is all wheats 17, and corn variety is Zheng Dan 958.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: sandstone area adopts tillage free pattern, after planting cover the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as half full dose stalk and half, through the improved test in 3 years 6 seasons, effectively improve sandstone area physicalchemical structure, improve sandstone area nutrient and crop yield.Stalk and charcoal are two kinds of different carbon forms, and the two mixes and executes the variation that improve field carbon source input form.The main component of stalk is the lignocellulose polysaccharide material of relatively easy decomposition, can be decomposed by the microorganisms fast and Releasing nutrient, and charcoal is the product after straw under high temperature charing, stable in properties, its specific surface area is large, cation replacement ability is strong, and carbon form comparatively difficult degradation wherein, charcoal is used and can be improved soil physics structure.Sandstone area physical state is not good, and clay content is low, and soil pore space is large, not water conservation not fertilizer conservation.Stalk mixes to join with charcoal to be executed, and what also field stalk embodied is biological chemistry action, and charcoal embodies is its improvement to sandstone area physical property.The readily degradable matter of stalk makes stalk self nutrient element can be released to crop utilization fast, stalk provides carbon source for edaphon breeds in addition, replicating microorganism can promote again turnover and the validation of nutrient element in soil, meet plant growth needs, and charcoal use the accumulation that effectively can increase soil total organic carbon, improve the physical indexs such as the bulk density of soil, absorption property, aggregate structure, hole and water-holding capacity, so the mixing of the two equal proportion is used better than independent application effect, the two is joined to execute and promotes soil fertility best results.For a long time, no-tillage measure can reduce water and soil loss, and the guarantor being conducive to soil moisture stores, so under no-tillage, straw biological charcoal also field has significant effect to improvement sandstone area.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal mulching and returning to reduce sandstone area unit weight.
Fig. 2 is that under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal to reduce sandstone area aggregate somatotype dimension D.
Fig. 3 is that under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal mulching and returning to increase soil moisture content.
Fig. 4 is that under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal to cover lifting soil organic matter content.
Fig. 5 is that under no-tillage, stalk coordinates charcoal also sandstone area biological community structure under field.
Fig. 6 is CK process sandstone area structure of soil microbial community.
Embodiment
Test is arranged in the North China Wheat Maize Rotation nutrition of air harbor district of Xinzheng City of Henan Province and fertilising scientific observation experiment station to be carried out.This area is located in the Huanghe valley, and the whole year has a moderate climate moistening, makes a clear distinction between the four seasons.Mean temperature of air 14.2 DEG C, the highest 42.5 DEG C, minimum-12.9 DEG C.Frost-free season annual 233 days, average annual rainfall 676.1mm, maximum precipitation 1083mm, 6 ~ September, rainfall accounted for 64% of annual rainfall.Adopt two-cropping for wheat and corn in one year planting patterns.Soil types is sandstone area, its basic soil physico-chemical property position: organic carbon content 10.1g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 32.62mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus 19.4mg/kg, available potassium 75.0mg/kg, pH are 7.2,0-60cm soil mechanical composition, sand grains 81.28%, powder 12.94%, clay 5.77%.
Test charcoal is purchased from the sharp bioenergy Co., Ltd in Shangqiu three, and raw material is wheat stalk, forms through anaerobism 500 DEG C of charings.Its fundamental property is: total carbon content 510.6gkg-1, C/N are 68.1, pH is 9.7.
Reference examples
Conventional full dose straw-returning operation (CK): after harvest corn, whole stalk is cut into about 5cm segment also field, and routine is turned over, sowing wheat.After harvesting wheat, stalk is cut into about 5cm segment uniform fold, and seeder is seeding corn between wheat stubble ridge directly.In Huang-Huai-Hai plain sandy fluvo-aquic soil area, mainly adopt the half non-tillage measure that this corn season is no-tillage, turn in wheat season.
Embodiment
The stalk of the present embodiment (NT+1/2B+1/2S) coordinates the method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, and step is as follows:
(1) after harvest corn, the maize straw of half quality removes, the maize straw of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain maize straw broken, directly opens 5cm dark ditch sowing wheat with plough, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and maize straw of maize straw is broken;
(2) after harvesting wheat, the wheat stalk of half quality removes, and the wheat stalk of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain wheat stalk broken, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and wheat stalk of wheat stalk is broken, the direct seeding corn of seeder;
(3) step (1) and step (2) three times is repeated.
Carried out in Wheat and maize rotation experiment station, North China, Xinzheng of Henan Muncipal Airport district in 2012.In June, 2013 carries out division of cells, whole ground after harvesting wheat.Plot area is 6m × 3m=18m
2, the arrangement of completely random district group is taked in the arrangement of field, community, repeats 3 times, and be the movement of blocks moisture and nutrient, the minizone plastic plate of thick 3mm separates, and the dividing plate degree of depth is 60cm.Adopt serpentine sampling method acquisition test point 0 ~ 20cm and 20-40cm soil layer soil specimen, each community gathers 10 and bores as testing sample, then preserves with sterile bag sealing and takes back the Treatment Analysis that the later stage is done in laboratory.Each community applying quantity of chemical fertilizer is consistent, is pure N180kg/hm
2, P
2o
5120kg/hm
2, K
2o60kg/hm
2, phosphorus potash fertilizer is all disposable after wheat, emergence of corn to be applied, and base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses to topdress ditch spread at wheat during jointing stage and corn typhon mouth phase, topdresses and pours water immediately.Wheat breed is all wheats 17, corn variety is Zheng Dan 958.Other cultivation in farmland control measures and local farmers manage be accustomed to consistent.
(1) mensuration of the bulk density of soil: bulk density of soil core cutter method measures.
At wheat harvest, carry out bulk density of soil mensuration (Fig. 1) to each community 0-20cm soil layer, under analyzing no-tillage mode, stalk joins the difference executing the bulk density of soil between charcoal and contrast.Through location, the field improved test of continuous 3 years, between different disposal, the bulk density of soil there occurs change, conventional straw-returning unit weight is 1.43g/cm3, and no-tillage stalk coordinates the bulk density of soil of charcoal Mulching treatment to be reduced to 1.33g/cm3, better to the improved effect of sandstone area unit weight.
(2) soil aggregate structure classification: take 0 ~ 20cm topsoil with spade multiple spot, avoids extruding, with the soil structure that maintains the original state as far as possible.Break into along natural structure the small clod that diameter is about 1cm gently, removing plant residue, stone and earthworm etc. in indoor.Take a morsel soil for measuring soil labile organic matter, and remaining soil dry sieve method isolates >5mm, 5-2mm, 2-1mm, 1-0.5mm, 0.5-0.25mm, <0.25mm6 level aggregate.
Under no-tillage, stalk is joined and is executed the quantity that charcoal effectively improves the large reunion of sandstone area, the especially quantity (table 1) of > 5mm aggregate, higher by 16% than contrast.Soil aggregate fractal characteristic is shown in Fig. 2.The soil aggregate fractal dimension D of no-tillage process NT+S+B reduces than the contrast of conventional farming, but the two difference is not remarkable.
Under table 1 no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates the impact of charcoal covering on soil aggregate grain class distribution
(3) fractal dimension: the fractal dimension of soil aggregate and microaggregate can show the quality of soil physical properties to have the porous media of analog structure according to it, the calculating of fractal dimension adopts the formulae discovery of the derivations such as Yang Pei ridge.Research about Fractal features of soils is thought, the fractal dimension of domain size distribution is less, soil structure and stability better.
(4) mensuration of the readily available nutrient of soil: take fresh soil sample, after soil sample air-dry, crosses 20 mesh sieves, full nitrogen determination Kjeldahl method; Quick-acting phosphorus yield adopts 0.5molL
-1naHCO
3lixiviate, molybdenum blue colorimetric method; Spectrophotometry; The mensuration of available potassium adopts 1molL
-1nH
4oAC lixiviate, flame spectrophotometric determination.
1, on the impact of sandstone area moisture
In the harvest corn phase, the soil moisture content of sandstone area 0-20cm and 20-40cm two soil layers is measured, sees Fig. 3.As shown in Figure 3, no-tillage mode stalk coordinates charcoal also significantly to increase 0-20cm and 20-40cm soil moisture in layer in field, respectively than contrast increase by 32.6% and 23.4%.
2, on the impact of sandstone area nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Under no-tillage and cover charcoal join execute stalk on Soil Available potassium content impact in table 2.Draw from table 2, compare with conventional farming straw-returning contrast, this process effectively can increase total nitrogen content of soil, and especially the total nitrogen content of 20-40cm soil layer increases significantly; This process effectively can increase 0-20cm and 20-40cm Soil Available potassium content, significantly increases 0-20cm soil layer available phosphorus contents, increases effect not remarkable to 20-40cm soil layer available phosphorus contents.
Under table 2 no-tillage mode, stalk is joined and is executed latter two soil layer rapid available phosphorus potassium content (unit: mg/kg) of charcoal
3, on the impact of sandstone area organic matter and aggregate at different levels to its contribution rate
Under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal covering effectively can promote the soil organic matter, sees Fig. 4.The content of organic matter reaches 16.6gg/kg, higher by 29.7% than contrast.
Under table 3. no-tillage mode, stalk is joined and is executed the impact (%) of charcoal on the organic Relative Contribution rate of sandstone area aggregate at different levels
As can be seen from Table 3, under no-tillage mode, stalk is joined the increase executing the charcoal also field content of organic matter and is mainly reflected in 2-5mm aggregate position, and the contribution of the organic matter in 0.5-0.25mm aggregate structure reduces.
(5) structure of soil microbial community: adopt Miseq high throughput sequencing technologies, analytic statistics microbiologic population composition is carried out to soil bacteria 16SV3-V4 district.
Compared with the contrast of conventional farming, no-tillage stalk cooperation charcoal also field structure of soil microbial community there are differences, and sees Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.From data, there is very big-difference in main dominant microflora, and stalk coordinates the quantity of charcoal process α mycetozoan to account for 17%, significantly more than contrast; Both the quantity difference of bacillus is maximum, and the ratio that contrast accounts for total bacteria count is 25%, and the quantity of no-tillage straw biological charcoal process Bacillus reduces to 15%; Quantity addicted to fiber bacterium significantly increases and accounts for 3.5%, than contrast increase by 1 times.
(6) mensuration of crop yield: at wheat aging time, chooses 1m in each community
2sample prescription, investigation spike number, then total spike number × 666.67 of mu spike number=sample prescription; Again in 1m
2randomly draw 20 fringe wheatears in scope, investigation grain number per spike, then grain number per spike just equals the mean of these 20 wheatear grain number per spikes; Get 1000 seeds at random, weigh and obtain thousand kernel weight.Ultimate output presses 1m
2the paid meter of sample prescription produces.In the corn maturing stage, choosing 2 row in each community, for the yield by estimation, then randomly drawing 20 fringes for investigating grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight.
Under replace mode, stalk coordinates charcoal significantly to increase wheat yield, and the CK every mu reaching 542.3 kgs/acre of conventional farming of ratio increases production 24 kilograms (see table 4); Corn yield reaches 497.2kg/ mu, and increase production 56 kilograms (see table 5) than CK, year increases in grain production amount to 80 kilograms.
Under table 4 no-tillage, stalk is joined and is executed the impact of charcoal on wheat yield and constituent element thereof
Under table 5 no-tillage, stalk is joined and is executed the impact of charcoal on corn yield and constituent element thereof
As shown in Table 4, wheat grains per spike significant difference, affects output mainly through affecting wheat grains per spike, and as shown in Table 5, corn improves output mainly through increasing thousand kernel weight.
Note: gained test data adopts Excel2007 software to carry out tabulation, mapping, significance test of difference analysis (LSD method, 5% significance level) between employing DPS7.05 statistical software processes.
The farming that this research generally uses with Huang-Huai-Hai and also field pattern are contrast, and second amount stalk of research replace mode partly measures charcoal (3t/hm
2s+2.4t/hm
2) NT+S+B also field, to the improved effect of low-yield land sandstone area.Through the improved test of 3 years, have detected soil physico-chemical index, biological indicator and crop yield.
Result shows: the improvement of (1) soil physical properties: compared with CK, no-tillage stalk is joined and is executed charcoal process and significantly reduce sandstone area unit weight, increase water content and reach 32.6%, significantly increase > 5mm macro aggregate quantity, reduce granular fractal dimension D.
(2) for the improvement of soil chemical properties: under no-tillage, stalk coordinates charcoal process to significantly improve the sandstone area content of organic matter to reach 16.6g/kg, than contrast lifting 29.7%; And effectively increase the accumulation of total soil nitrogen, available potassium, rapid available phosphorus.
(3) on the impact of wheat and maize output: under no-tillage mode, stalk coordinates charcoal significantly to increase wheat yield, reaches 542 kgs/acre, than CK every mu volume increase 24 kilograms; Corn yield reaches 497 kgs/acre and increases production 56kg than CK, and year increases in grain production add up to 80kg.
To sum up, sandstone area adopts tillage free pattern, after planting covers the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as half full dose stalk and half, through the improved test in 3 years 6 seasons, effectively improves sandstone area physicalchemical structure, improve sandstone area nutrient and crop yield.
More than show and describe general principle of the present invention and principal character and advantage of the present invention.The technical staff of the industry should understand; the present invention is not restricted to the described embodiments; what describe in above-described embodiment and specification just illustrates principle of the present invention; without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; the present invention also has various changes and modifications, and these changes and improvements all fall in the claimed scope of the invention.Application claims protection domain is defined by appending claims and equivalent thereof.
Claims (4)
1. stalk coordinates a method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, it is characterized in that step is as follows:
(1) after harvest corn, the maize straw of half quality removes, the maize straw of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain maize straw broken, directly opens 5cm dark ditch sowing wheat with plough, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and maize straw of maize straw is broken;
(2) after harvesting wheat, the wheat stalk of half quality removes, and the wheat stalk of half quality is cut into 4 ~ 6cm segment, and to obtain wheat stalk broken, then evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields the charcoal of the carbon amounts such as the broken and wheat stalk of wheat stalk is broken, the direct seeding corn of seeder;
(3) step (1) and step (2) three times is repeated.
2. stalk according to claim 1 coordinates the method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, it is characterized in that: the total carbon content 510.6gkg of described charcoal
-1, C/N is 68.1, pH is 9.7.
3. stalk according to claim 1 coordinates the method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, it is characterized in that: corn is consistent with wheat applying quantity of chemical fertilizer, is pure N180kg/hm
2, P
2o
5120kg/hm
2, K
2o60kg/hm
2phosphorus potash fertilizer is all disposable between ridge after wheat, emergence of corn to be applied, and base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses to topdress ditch spread at wheat during jointing stage and corn typhon mouth phase, topdress and pour water immediately, other cultivation in farmland control measures and local farmers manage be accustomed to consistent.
4. stalk according to claim 1 coordinates the method for the no-tillage improvement sandstone area of charcoal, it is characterized in that: wheat breed is all wheats 17, and corn variety is Zheng Dan 958.
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| CN110012691A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-07-16 | 山东省水利科学研究院 | A kind of soil erosion method for blocking and controlling based on charcoal |
| CN111410590A (en) * | 2020-05-03 | 2020-07-14 | 新苑阳光农业有限公司 | Fertilizer applied by combining wheat straw biochar with straw and application method |
| CN112088735A (en) * | 2020-09-25 | 2020-12-18 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | Method for improving degraded plough layer of wheat-jade double-cropping area |
| CN113658637A (en) * | 2021-04-19 | 2021-11-16 | 河南农业大学 | Method for identifying corn straw carbon assimilation key microorganisms in soil |
| CN113875342A (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2022-01-04 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws |
| CN114467406A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-05-13 | 新疆农业大学 | Application of biochar and biochar-based phosphate fertilizer application reduction and efficiency improvement method |
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| CN116082091A (en) * | 2023-01-06 | 2023-05-09 | 东北农业大学 | Fertilizing measure under mode of returning rice straws in cold regions |
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| CN106327351A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-01-11 | 黑龙江省农业科学院土壤肥料与环境资源研究所 | Deduction method of suitable amount of biochar in soil-crop system of black soil region |
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| CN110012691A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-07-16 | 山东省水利科学研究院 | A kind of soil erosion method for blocking and controlling based on charcoal |
| CN111410590A (en) * | 2020-05-03 | 2020-07-14 | 新苑阳光农业有限公司 | Fertilizer applied by combining wheat straw biochar with straw and application method |
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| CN113658637B (en) * | 2021-04-19 | 2024-02-13 | 河南农业大学 | Identification method of key microorganisms for assimilation of corn stalk carbon in soil |
| CN113875342A (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2022-01-04 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for constructing sandy farmland soil body by utilizing straws |
| CN114467406A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-05-13 | 新疆农业大学 | Application of biochar and biochar-based phosphate fertilizer application reduction and efficiency improvement method |
| CN116082091A (en) * | 2023-01-06 | 2023-05-09 | 东北农业大学 | Fertilizing measure under mode of returning rice straws in cold regions |
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